New quality productive forces are the core driver for building a modern tourism sector and also support the development of a strong tourism nation. In order to deeply understand the scientific connotation of new quality productive forces and clarify the theoretical logic and strategic path of new quality productive forces empowering the high-quality development of tourism industry, several experts on regional economic development, the digital economy, tourism management and geography were interviewed. The interviews were based on the logic of "problem orientation-innovative thinking-path mechanism", focusing on the background, opportunities and challenges, core meanings, drivers, and innovations empowering the high-quality development of tourism new quality productive forces. There were three main conclusions from this research. The first was the strategic opportunities and risks of promoting the high-quality development of tourism through new quality productive forces against a background of rapid and continuous technological change. New quality productive forces optimize resource allocation through scientific and technological innovation, and improve the production efficiency and growth quality of tourism. They also produce new tourism development models and forms of business, constantly generating momentum to drive high-quality economic and social improvements. Especially in rural tourism, the role of new quality productive forces is particularly significant. It promotes the gradual improvement of the rural tourism production network, enhances cooperation among rural tourism stakeholders, helps rural tourism participants evolve new production initiatives, and ultimately reinvigorates rural areas with increased prosperity. However, given globalization and rapid digitalization, innovation in tourism faces a series of challenges. In particular, the lack of systematic development of tourism software and hardware, risks of data security and privacy protection, resistance to change and innovation in traditional tourism, and the "growing pains" brought by the transformation to new technologies deserve attention. The development of new quality productive forces in future tourism must focus on technological innovation, find and prepare a quality tourism workforce, optimize and more closely integrate products and services with human talent, and significantly improve the total factor productivity of tourism. Second, the process of empowering the high-quality development of tourism must encompass technological innovation leading to industrial modernization. Innovation plays a leading role in new quality productive forces and is the core driver of the high-quality development of tourism. The new quality productive forces empowering this tourism development have several specific features. Technological innovation leads the modernization of the tourism sector and is a prerequisite for the high-quality development of tourism. Factor integration and supply-demand matching are the intrinsic requirements for the high-quality development of tourism. Other critical ingredients are digitization, greening and artificial intelligence. The significant improvement of total factor productivity must be the core goal for the high-quality development of tourism. Third, the guidance of national strategy is crucial to the progress and prospects for new quality productive forces empowering the high-quality development of tourism. New quality productive forces are receiving widespread emphasis since their inception and have become a core issue highly valued by the tourism sector in China. In the New Era, modern technology has become a key production factor in tourism. Additionally, the transformation and upgrading of tourism is dynamically advancing, growth is strengthening, and the ability of tourism to serve national economic and social-cultural strategies is becoming more noticeable. However, it should not be overlooked that high-quality tourism development is still faced with serious problems such as weak technological innovation capabilities, uneven regional development, inadequate circulation of factor resources, and insufficient human talent for tourism. To further enhance the beneficial impacts of new quality productive forces in stimulating the high-quality development of tourism, it is necessary to focus on deepening the reform of the system and operations in tourism, optimizing the creative allocation of tourism production factors, accelerating the development of a modern tourism sector, and improving the quality of professional tourism talent. These three recommendations will not only enhance the understanding and application of new quality productive forces to a certain extent, but also provide decision-making support for building China into a leading tourism nation in the world.

The protection and utilization of traditional villages is not only a major practical issue to realize China's rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization, but also a hot topic in the integration and cross-research of geography, sociology, planning, economics and other disciplines. In order to systematically explore the theoretical cognition, practical problems, system mechanism, practical experience and effective path of the protection and utilization of traditional villages in China, 11 experts in the research field of traditional villages were invited to conduct interviews. The interview mainly focuses on the classification of Chinese traditional villages from three perspectives: policy change and typical model, macro mechanism and core theme, theoretical cognition and practical path, and focuses on specific practices such as industrial integration, landscape protection, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and locality, based on the theoretical understanding of the macro system and mechanism for the protection and utilization of Chinese traditional villages. Advanced theoretical and practical issues such as industrial integration, landscape protection, organic renewal, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and locality were discussed in depth. According to the main views of the experts, the protection and utilization of China's traditional villages in the new era should focus on: (1) The main problems of protection and utilization of Chinese traditional villages facing the impact of rapid urbanization and modernization, the innovation of mechanism and system, and the realization path. In view of the conflict between modern civilization and agricultural civilization faced by traditional Chinese villages and the major strategic needs for national rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization, the combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" is adopted to build a diversified integration mechanism featuring multi-subject participation, organic integration of agriculture, culture and tourism, and overall coordination. By exploring the endogenous growth factors of traditional villages and the historical inheritance and cultural context of traditional villages, strengthening the leadership of rural grassroots party building, giving play to the role of villagers as the main body, reshaping the public cultural space system of traditional villages and all-round digital twin modeling, etc., we will create a living environment that is in line with modernization development and ecological civilization construction and jointly build a cultural map, to realize the transformation of traditional Chinese villages from "vegetable gardens" and "back gardens" to "spiritual homes". (2) Core themes and specific spatial practices of protection and utilization of traditional Chinese villages for rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization. Focus on the core themes of traditional village classification, industrial integration, organic renewal, landscape protection, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and local reconstruction, and strengthen the classification and classification of traditional villages based on the coupling of key factors such as "livelihood, water, food, energy and land"; focus on the significance, connotation and influence mechanism of the time dimension, space dimension and attribute dimension of traditional village industrial transformation; focus on the three tasks of "protection and development countermeasures, measures to improve people's livelihood, and strategies to activate utilization" to promote the organic renewal of traditional settlements; emphasis should be placed on the gene protection and inner spiritual value mining of traditional human settlement cultural landscape, the "living" protection and utilization of traditional living space and the "activation" of traditional cultural heritage; focus on the diversification of traditional village activities, "co-construction, co-governance and sharing" and the construction of beautiful villages; the importance of natural non-human elements and human beings as spatial order construction and place construction of traditional villages and their active practice are emphasized to promote the realization of multi-functionality and multi-value of traditional villages. Pay attention to the excavation of traditional cultural heritage and intensive and efficient material space, create a harmonious and comfortable social space and protect and inherit traditional culture space; focusing on rural elements such as "ecology, culture, subject, and industry", strengthening ecological background, inheriting and developing local culture, balancing capital advantages and local embeddedness among local and cross-local subjects, so as to realize local reconstruction and characteristic remodeling of traditional Chinese villages.

Achieving a balance between environmental conservation and tourism development, and addressing the negative effects of seasonal fluctuations are crucial for the high-quality development of ecotourism destinations. Touristification serves as a prevalent strategy to address these challenges in these areas. However, existing research on touristification lacks effective analytical tools and explanatory mechanisms, making it difficult to delineate the evolution stages, causal mechanisms, and spatiotemporal impacts of tourism development over time. This paper extends the application of touristification theory through a case study, constructing a spatiotemporal model of touristification. Employing observation methods, interviews, and the collection of secondary data, we have obtained multi-source data to delineate the over-two-decade touristification process of the Sayram Lake scenic area in Xinjiang, from an ecological pasture to a mature ecotourism destination. Our study elucidates the multidimensional evolution of touristification and the developmental logic of its various stages. The findings reveal that Sayram Lake has undergone four distinct stages of touristification: government-led internal spatial touristification, government-led external spatial touristification, enterprise-led in-depth spatiotemporal touristification and government and enterprise-led off-peak temporal touristification. In general, tourism destination exhibited an initial internal then external touristification; the focus shifted from the high season and daytime first, then touristification to night-time and off-peak periods. Each stage of touristification at Sayram Lake intersects with the others, each with distinct key issues and driving forces at play. Internal touristification is key to building attractions, while external touristification is crucial for enhancing accessibility, and both should be harmonized. This paper introduces a new touristification model that provides analytical tools to understand the evolutionary patterns of touristification, the causal relationships at different stages, and their impacts. The model offers guidance for balancing conservation and development in ecotourism destinations, resolving the supply and demand contradictions between peak and off-peak seasons, and promoting high-quality development. By providing case studies and pathways, this model serves as a reference for stakeholders in ecotourism to effectively navigate the complexities of touristification.

China's social economy has shifted from the stage of high-speed growth to the stage of high-quality development. Promoting high-quality management of natural resources has become a major issue related to the overall development of the country. Accelerating the construction and cultivation of new quality productive forces (NQP) and enabling high-quality management of natural resources is of great practical significance to promoting Chinese-style modernization. Regarding the logic and path of NQP enabling high-quality management of natural resources, relevant scholars from different disciplines were invited to present their views on the following topics: (1) The logical relationship between NQP and natural resource management;(2) the positioning and function of NQP in natural resource management; (3) the inspiration and requirements of NQP for natural resource management; (4) the key areas of NQP promoting high-quality management of natural resources; the path of (5) NQP to cope with climate change and implement the dual-carbon strategy; (6) NQP to empower the modernization of territorial spatial governance; (7) NQP to reshape the new form of coordinated urban-rural development;and (8) NQP to ensure food security and promote the construction of an agricultural power, etc. This work aims to explore the specific application of NQP in natural resource management, with a view to providing scientific reference for promoting high-quality management of natural resources and helping the Chinese-style modernization. Overall, special attention should be paid to the following key issues in empowering high-quality natural resource management with NQP: (1) break the barriers of natural resources management and mechanism innovation oriented to the coordination of the whole area, the whole factor, the whole process and the multi-department; (2) key areas and paths for cultivating NQP for comprehensively ensuring the security of natural resources and strengthening the stability of supply of key resources; (3) construction and practice innovation of digital intelligence NQP cultivation system for efficient use and accurate management of natural resources.

Urbanization and carbon emissions are both national focuses, academic research hotspots, and policy governance difficulties. Based on the perspectives of economic development, population transfer, and urban expansion, this paper analyzes the mechanisms of urbanization and carbon emissions from the multi-dimensional perspective of "industry-population-land", and uses decoupling analysis, Kaya-LMDI factor decomposition, and STIRPAT-LSDV model to empirically study the mechanisms of urbanization and carbon emissions in China. The study indicates that: (1) The material elements of urbanization, namely industry, population, and land, play a crucial role in the evolution of urbanization, and their changes are the logical starting point for changes in carbon emissions. The underlying logic, important factors, and spatial guarantee of the coupling interaction between urbanization and carbon emissions are economic development, population transfer, and urban expansion. (2) Since China acceded to the WTO, industrialization has accelerated. The relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions has changed from weak decoupling to growth coupling and even negative decoupling. As China enters the stage of high-quality economic development, the role of industry, population, and land urbanization in promoting carbon emissions has gradually diminished. (3) From 1990 to 2020, the effects of China's energy structure, energy efficiency, low-carbon economic structure, per capita economic level, economic scale, urban population size, urban population density, urban land size, and urban land use intensity on carbon emissions in the process of urbanization were 1.37, -139.98, -138.61, 163.53, 223.95, 60.41, -25.24, 85.66, and 138.29 billion tons, respectively. (4) Between 2003 and 2020, China's energy structure, energy efficiency, proportion of output value of the secondary and tertiary industries, urban population, and urban built-up area increased by 1% respectively, and carbon emissions correspondingly increased by 1.111%, -0.560%, 0.771%, 0.477%, and 0.488%, respectively. The interaction mechanism between urbanization and carbon emissions has spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The research results can provide scientific basis and decision-making reference for the implementation of new urbanization and the "Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals" strategy.

The relationship between ecosystem services (ES) and human well-being (HWB) is a central issue in the science and practice of sustainable development, and numerous studies have mushroomed in recent decades. However, the diverse frameworks, approaches, and methods used in studying the ES-HWB relationship have rarely been reviewed systematically. Thus, here we provide an overview of the research frameworks, approaches, and methods for studying the ES-HWB relationship. In addition, we discuss future research directions. Our review shows that research frameworks for studying the ES-HWB relationship can be classified into four types, including frameworks related to the Entitlement and Capacity Approach, the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework, and the Ecosystem Services Cascade framework. The four types of frameworks differ in their origins, core elements, and application scenarios, but show similarities in their construction logic and inherent assumptions. Methods for analyzing the ES-HWB relationship can be categorized as direct valuation, statistical analysis, model simulation, and qualitative assessment. To facilitate ES and HWB relationship research, future studies need to update the research framework, innovate research methods based on the recently developed method (e.g., machine learning), and develop coherent guidelines for indicator selection and quantification.

Loss of sustained attention to tourism resources is the phenomenon of reduced or shifted attention to tourism resources, which is important for enhancing the risk-resistant ability of tourism resources. Based on the big data of online public opinion and the comprehensive use of sentiment analysis, LDA theme model, fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis and other research methods, the study explores the factors and paths that affect the loss of sustained attention to tourism resources based on the establishment of comprehensive evaluation indexes to measure the loss of sustained attention to tourism resources. The study found that: (1) The loss of sustained attention of tourism resources is characterised by volatility, but tends to be stable internally. (2) During the study period, the loss of sustained attention of Zibo, Hongyadong, and Harbin Ice and Snow Festival showed a decreasing trend, the loss of sustained attention of Chaka Salt Lake, Beer Festival, Impression Liu Sanjie, and Da Song Qianguo Love showed an increasing trend, and the loss of sustained attention of Datang Nocturnal City showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend. (3) The loss of sustained attention of tourism resources is influenced by the interaction of tourism supply, market demand, new media communication and other factors, and the paths that form the low loss of sustained attention of tourism resources are product innovation and media marketing. The results of the study provide theoretical reference for understanding the inner logic of the sustainable development of tourism resources in the new media era, and provide practical guidance for effectively matching public service supply, and improving resource quality and promotion.

High-speed rail (HSR), as a fast and efficient modern transportation system, has a profound impact on regional and urban economic development and spatial structure evolution. This paper obtains data on HSR service network and urban economic data of 215 cities and counties in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2009-2019, analyzes the development impact of HSR network expansion through indicators such as urban HSR operation, accessibility and connectivity. Based on the multi-period Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, we examine the impact of HSR network on the change of urban commercial land prices, and analyze the variation of HSR impact. The results show that: (1) The YRD HSR network expansion significantly reduces travel time between study units and improves network accessibility for prefecture-level and below units to a greater extent. The HSR network constitutes a regional backbones centered by Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou. (2) The opening of HSR services, the improvement in accessibility and connectivity, positively influenced the average commercial land prices of cities and counties, resulting in price appreciation of 6.6%, 7.2%, and 7.4%, respectively. HSR network expansion has facilitated the relocation of business service industries to regional central cities with more frequent and convenient train services. With the advancement of HSR construction and planning in the future, local governments need to carefully consider the network effect of HSR in the context of local geographical and socioeconomic conditions to regulate the supply of commercial and service land use.

The rapid development of rural tourism not only induces changes in the morphology of cultivated land utilization but also propels the structural transformation of cultivated land use functions. The focus on the diverse uses of traditional resources is highlighted by the new perspectives on tourism resources, supporting the idea that cultivated land provides multiple functions in rural destinations. Our research employs the trade-off/synergistic perspective to investigate the sustainable development issue resulting from the multifunctional transformation of cultivated land during the evolution of rural tourism destinations. To do an empirical study for this aim, we chose Zhongyuan township in Jiangxi province. First, by building an index system, we quantitatively measured the multifunctional level of cultivated land. Next, we used a geographic detector to analyze the factors that influence the multifunctional level of cultivated land. Finally, we used the Sperman rank correlation coefficient to analyze the trade-off/synergistic relationships. The results show that: (1) During the period, the indexes of comprehensive function and cultural function of cultivated land increased, but those of production, living and ecological function decreased. (2) During the age of rapid development, natural factors primarily influence the multi-functionality of cultivated land in rural tourism destinations. As for the stable consolidation phase, the supply capacity of recreational facilities and transportation services has a noticeable impact, and the degree of factor interaction varies. (3) Although there is often a synergistic relationship, there is rarely a clear trade-off relationship between the many functions of cultivated land. The highest level of synergy between the several functions of cultivated land has shifted from "production-life" to "production-culture", as a result of the fast development of rural tourism destinations that are now entering the stage of consolidation and development. The theoretical goal of our research is to show that the role of cultivated land resources is complex and can lead to structural alterations between various sub-functions as rural tourism grows. This tells us that, practically speaking, we ought to increase the range of options available to us so as to make use of the resources found on cultivated land. Leveraging market forces may be necessary to fully realize the variety of ways and forms of employing cultivated land resources, which will lead to the creation of unique and diversified tourism products, within strict compliance to rules for the conservation of cultivated land resources.

Innovative methods for evaluating the effectiveness of ecological restoration planning in national land space are of great practical significance for optimizing ecological restoration management policies, consolidating the ecological restoration process and enhancing the effectiveness of ecological restoration. On the basis of combing the research progress at home and abroad, and based on the demand for monitoring and evaluating the implementation effectiveness of China's ecological restoration planning, this paper takes Hubei province as a case study area, and based on fieldwork and research, and relying on departmental data, adopts the methods of hierarchical analysis and expert consulting to study the evaluation method of the implementation effectiveness of ecological restoration planning for the national land space. The results show that: (1) The indicator system for assessing the effectiveness of ecological restoration planning based on the dimensions of "implementation progress" and "goal achievement" can objectively reflect the effectiveness of the current implementation of ecological restoration planning. (2) The implementation of ecological restoration planning for national land and space in Hubei is progressing well, and the "implementation progress" and "goal achievement" dimensions of ecological restoration planning can be objectively reflected. The assessment results of "implementation progress" and "goal achievement" are 67.97 points and 86.40 points, respectively, and the stage-by-stage "goal achievement" effect is better than that of "implementation progress". "On the whole, the scores are higher in the areas of "project implementation and condition construction", while the scores in the areas of "financing and project management" are higher due to insufficient participation of social capital and unsound project supervision mechanism. Overall, the scores are higher in "project implementation and condition construction", while in "financing and project management", due to insufficient participation of social capital and inadequate project supervision mechanism, the effectiveness needs to be improved; from the point of view of "target achievement", the effectiveness of ecological protection target is better than that of restoration and management target, and the fulfillment of relevant binding indexes is better than the expected indexes in the plan. (3) The indicator system and methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of ecological restoration planning are operational, the results of the evaluation can objectively reflect the effectiveness of ecological restoration planning, and the results of the study are recognized by the local government.

The rapid development of urbanization has placed traditional village cultural landscapes at risk of decline. Tourism-induced production and consumption of landscape symbols offer new perspectives for the protection and revitalization of traditional village cultural landscapes in the new era. Using actor-network theory and taking Huangling village in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi, as a case study, this research explores the process and mechanisms of tourism placemaking under the symbolization of the "Shaiqiu" cultural landscape. The results show that: (1) Huangling Tourism Company plays a pivotal role in the local tourism development, acting as a key actor in the symbolization of the "Shaiqiu" landscape, mobilizing diverse actors through interessement, enrolment and mobilisation. (2) The tourism development in Huangling village undergoes two stages: the shaping of the core symbol of "Shaiqiu" and the integration of the generalized "Shaiqiu" landscape symbol. Throughout this evolution, the obligatory passage point (OPP) of the actor network shifts from "Develop rural tourism, revitalize Huangling" to "Enhance the quality of tourism projects, create a rural tourism complex." (3) The agency of key actors, exploration of non-human actor attributes, and the intervention of significant heterogeneous actors are intrinsic mechanisms driving the local tourism development in Huangling village under the symbolization of cultural landscape. This study broadens the theoretical understanding of placemaking from the perspective of landscape symbolization, offering practical insights for the protection and renewal of traditional village cultural landscapes in the new era.

Collaborative governance by multiple subjects is an inevitable requirement to promote high-quality development of comprehensive land consolidation in the context of rural revitalization. It is also an effective path to integrate multiple resource elements, coordinate the actions of multiple subjects, and improve governance efficiency. This article first constructs a logical framework for multi-subject collaborative governance of comprehensive land consolidation from the perspective of organizational relationships. Using G twon, J county, Hubei province as a case study, this research constructs a multi-subject collaborative governance network through social network analysis, covering command transmission, resource flow, and information communication. It then examines the network's structural features and employs exponential random graph models to explore the networks' underlying mechanisms, both internal and external. The results show that: (1) The density of the three networks in the comprehensive land consolidation in the case area is low, and a closely connected multi-subject collaborative governance system has not yet been formed. (2) The command delivery network and resource flow network have a typical "core-edge" structure and "small world" characteristics. There are command delivery clusters centered on county governments and town governments, and resource flow clusters centered on construction enterprises. A large number of rural collectives and villagers are located on the edge of the network and do not play a major role. (3) The formation of the three networks is affected to varying degrees by endogenous mechanisms such as reciprocity, core-periphery effects, transitive closure effects, and connectivity effects, as well as exogenous mechanisms such as subject attributes and entrainment effects. Based on this, it is proposed that in order to improve the effectiveness of collaborative governance by multiple subjects in comprehensive land consolidation, the stabilizing role of core subjects should be strengthened, diversified participation channels should be built, and the endogenous motivation of rural collectives and villagers should be brought into play.

The historical changes in land use and land cover hold significant value for understanding the dynamics of human-environment interactions across various eras. Traditional land reclamation priority models have often overlooked the principles of land use conversion and the neighborhood effects, resulting in inaccuracies in the reconstruction process. This study utilizes a diverse range of historical documents to quantify the total cropland area and nine influential factors over five pivotal years, spanning from 1885 to 2000 in Vietnam. Employing the ANN-FLUS model, known for its prowess in huge-volume data processing and extraction of land conversion rules, the analysis delves into cropland distribution changes. The findings revealed that: (1) The cropland area experienced a growth from 1,532×10³ hectares to 6,200×10³ hectares, characterized by an initial rapid expansion and a subsequent deceleration after the 1940s. (2) Historically, the cropland has predominantly been distributed in the Red River Delta, Mekong River Delta and the Central Coastal Plain. Nationally, the pattern of cropland reclamation has transitioned from a concentrated, gradual spread to a more dispersed and swifter enlargement. (3) The ANN-FLUS model demonstrates its efficacy in the reconstruction of cropland distribution in Vietnam for the year 1950, achieving a Kappa coefficient of 0.65, a notable improvement over the reclamation priority model's 0.54 and the HYDE 3.2 dataset model's 0.50.

Urban-rural integration is a crucial avenue for the low-carbon transformation of national spaces, particularly in understanding its mechanisms for low-carbon land use within the context of regional integration. Employing the ESTDA framework and spatial econometric models, we quantified the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban-rural integration's impact on low-carbon land use in the Yangtze River Delta. This involved assessing the development level of urban-rural integration and the efficiency of low-carbon land use. Our analysis revealed the following findings: (1) Between 2005 and 2020, the Yangtze River Delta experienced a fluctuating upward trend in both urban-rural integration development level and low-carbon land-use efficiency, with notable regional disparities and a spreading pattern centered around the region's central cities. (2) A significant positive spatial correlation was observed between urban-rural integration and low-carbon land use efficiency, with an increasing spatial dependence. Local patterns remained stable, showing spatial clustering convergence for both high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) types. (3) In contrast to the evolution of low-carbon land use patterns, urban-rural spatial integration exhibited weak correlations, with local patterns and dynamic transitions displaying path-dependent and spatially locked features. (4) Urban-rural integration emerged as a key factor influencing low-carbon land use, with each 1% increase in its development level resulting in a 0.2% increase in local low-carbon land use efficiency. Among the control factors, the direct effects of technological inputs and the degree of opening up were positive, while the direct effects of financial and ecological pressures were negative. Fiscal stress, environmental regulation, public service facilities, and land marketization showed no significant spatial spillover effects. The results of our study provide references for formulating low-carbon and efficient land-use policies, promoting high-quality development through the integration of urban and rural areas.

How to seek solutions with clear objectives, appropriate interventions, and integrated approaches is especially critical to integrated protection and systematic governance (IPSG) of full-array ecosystems (FAE). Thus, the concept of land degradation neutrality (LDN) was introduced into the practice of IPSG in FAE, whereby a theoretical framework encompassing dual objects, dual laws, dual principles, indicator systems, and value orientations was constructed. Then, in the case of urban agglomeration of north slope of the Tianshan Mountains, the type identification and degree measurement of degraded and improved land was completed at the pixel scale, while the gap to LDN was quantified at both administrative units and grid scales. The results showed that: (1) At the pixel scale, the area of improved land was marginally higher than that of degraded land in 2005-2020, which was mainly mildly improved or degraded. Severe degradation was often associated with the transfer-in of unutilized land, urban land, and mining land, along with the transfer-out of water bodies, glaciers, and forests. However, cultivated land and grassland could affect degradation or improvement no matter whether the transfer occurred or not. (2) At the regional scale, the target of LDN was not achieved in the study area, owing to the denial of land resources maintaining ecosystem services and functions. Similarly, the vast majority of administrative units or grids encountered the simultaneous negation of the dual objects, while achieving LDN is only rare. (3) Drawing upon normative value orientations, functionalist tendencies, and human-land coordination, we propose that emphasis should be placed on coordinating the bottom-line thinking with moderate governance, unifying the differential treatment of elements with system-wide integrated protection, and subsequently synergizing multiple objectives to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. In conclusion, the LDN target encompasses characteristics of openness, inclusivity, and prudence, so this study could provide scientific foundations and decision-making references for the IPSG of FAE in dryland.

Promoting the free and orderly flow of factors in urban agglomerations and improving the efficiency of resource allocation is a necessary requirement for promoting high-quality development under the dual circulation context. Using the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle as the research area, this study integrated multiple sources of big data such as Baidu Migration, express logistics networks, and Baidu Index to establish a method for measuring the intensity of factor flow, and used an improved gravity model to simulate the intensity of factor flow under natural conditions. The study constructed a factor flow obstacle index to measure the level of factor flow obstacles between cities, and used QAP regression model to explore the factors influencing these obstacles. The results show that: (1) Regardless of actual or simulated factor flow, the intensity of factor flow between Chengdu and Chongqing is the highest, and the intensity of factor flow between these two cities and other prefecture-level cities is higher than that between other prefecture-level cities. (2) The factor flow between cities in Sichuan province mostly shows a promoting effect, while the factor flow between Chongqing and other cities in Sichuan is generally hindered. (3) The level of obstacles to factor flows in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle is jointly influenced by various factors such as the system, society, policies, and facilities. Administrative divisions and differences in urban-rural structure tend to form barriers to factor flows between cities. Spatial proximity and the interconnection of road facilities can promote efficient factor flows between cities. Central cities with high administrative levels have a certain dominant role in factor flows. Based on this, several strategies and suggestions are proposed to overcome the obstacles to factor flows in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle.