Ecosystem assets, as an important part of the natural resource assets to support human socio-economic development, are the basis for the provision of ecosystem products and services to humans, and consequently for the generation of ecological benefits and gross ecosystem product, including natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands, artificial ecosystems based on natural ecological processes such as farmland and urban green space, as well as wildlife resources. Ecosystem asset quality is the synthesis of structural and functional characteristics of ecosystems, reflecting the capacity to provide ecosystem services sustainably. Assessing the ecosystem asset quality is one of the most complex parts in ecosystem asset accounting. As a new perspective of ecosystem accounting, ecosystem asset quality emphasizes both natural and socio-economic attributes of ecosystems, which is highly significant in promoting ecosystem valorization, ecosystem asset management and the realization of the value of ecosystem products. In this review, we systematically summarize the concepts, assessment methods and indicators of ecosystem asset quality, and also provide an overview of global relevant cases. Issues, such as the improvement of the indicator system and the comprehensive assessment, and suggestions for the assessment of ecosystem asset quality are proposed to establish a framework for future research, and to promote global ecosystem assessment and accounting with its application in ecological and environmental protection policymaking.

Land system science is dedicated to addressing complex socio-economic and ecological challenges and developing sustainable land use solutions. Food inherently serves as a critical link between human societal systems and natural systems. Ensuring food security is not only a key component of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals but also a crucial task for China's agricultural production transformation and people's livelihoods improvement. This study systematically analyzes the research topics and key advancements in land system science related to food security goals. The findings reveal that, due to the land's position at the intersection of multiple interests associated with sustainable social development, the non-linear transformations and complex feedback mechanisms within land systems endow land system science with four prominent characteristics: interdisciplinarity, systematicity, sustainability, and complexity. In the realm of food security, land system science has achieved notable successes, encompassing five core research areas: land use strategies, land use transitions, land use telecoupling mechanisms, land use demand modelling, and the optimization of land management systems. These studies present the transformative trend towards emphasizing the significance of cross-spatiotemporal spillover effects, adopting systematic and holistic perspectives, and underscoring the sustainable development goals. Future research should be grounded in the logical foundation of food "flow spaces" and the food value chain, employing systems thinking to develop sustainable land use solutions and strengthen land system science in the areas of integrated research on multi-element coupling and interdisciplinary theoretical innovations, so as to contribute to the realization of food security goals.

The energy conservation and emission reduction fiscal policy is a major institutional innovation in China's green finance sector and is crucial for achieving the "dual carbon" goals. This paper takes the pilot comprehensive demonstration cities for this policy as the exogenous policy impact, and analyzes its effects on energy and industrial structure transformation using a difference-in-differences model and a dual machine learning model. The results indicate that establishing comprehensive demonstration cities significantly enhances the optimization of energy structure and the upgrading of industrial structure in the region. These conclusions remain robust after a series of tests, including parallel trend and heterogeneous treatment effects. Mechanism analysis shows that the policy pilot can improve energy and industrial structures by promoting energy- and environment-oriented technologies and capacity utilization. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the implementation effect of the pilot policy is more prominent in core large cities, non-industrial base cities, highly market-oriented cities, and cities with low financial pressure. Further research demonstrates that constructing demonstration cities offers obvious advantages in promoting the realization of six tasks initially set by the policy, including industrial decarbonization, clean transportation, green building, service intensification, reduction of major pollutants, and large-scale utilization of renewable energy. The findings of the study provide valuable insights for designing and implementing more comprehensive green fiscal policies in China in the future.

As urbanization dynamics transform and dominant social challenges change, population migration in China has exhibited distinct new trends. Understanding the regional opportunity factors that shape migration is crucial for uncovering the driving forces behind these changes. This study builds on the theoretical framework of regional opportunity structures, developing an evaluation system that uses the entropy weight method, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method, and self-organizing map neural network techniques to assess and categorize the regional opportunity levels of China's prefecture-level cities. Using data from CMDS 2017, the research explores how regional opportunity levels affect both the mobility-stickiness of population migration. The main findings are as follows: (1) By introducing the geographical concept of "regional opportunities" into population migration research, this study creates a "mobility-stickiness" analytical framework. This framework investigates how spatial differences in regional opportunities shape migration behavior, focusing on four key dimensions: economic development opportunities, life service opportunities, institutional and cultural opportunities, and natural environment opportunities. (2) The overall regional opportunity levels in China are generally aligned with the levels of regional economic development and can be categorized into seven distinct clusters. (3) Major urban agglomerations and provincial capital cities are the primary destinations for population migration. Economic opportunities remain a key driver of migration from a mobility perspective, while differences in migration destinations and motivations shape the diverse impacts of various opportunity dimensions from a retention perspective. Individual characteristics also play a significant role in moderating how regional opportunities impact migration decisions. (4) Based on the influence of the dominant and limiting factors of regional opportunities on population migration, the study identifies four types of regional opportunity models: hard-factor dominant zones, hard-factor constrained zones, soft-factor dominant zones, and soft-factor constrained zones. Targeted strategies are suggested to address the unique challenges and strengths of each type. The framework for analyzing regional opportunities proposed in this study offers broad applicability beyond China, providing valuable insights for designing population management and regional development policies in other contexts.

Neo-endogenous development is an important way to realise the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and the reform of the land property rights system plays an important role in activating the internal and external development momentum of agriculture and rural areas. Based on the multi-period double-difference method, the study analyses and examines the impact of "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land on the neo-endogenous development of agriculture and rural areas and its mechanism of action using balanced panel data of 206 prefecture-level cities in China from 2008 to 2022. The study finds that: (1) "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land significantly improves the level of neo-endogenous development in agriculture and rural areas. (2) Promoting land scale and attracting capital investment are two important channels through which we can exert the policy effect of "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land. (3) "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land has significantly raised the level of neo-endogenous development in agriculture and rural areas. (4) "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land will enhance the level of neo-endogenous development of agriculture and rural areas to a greater extent in areas with a lower degree of deepening of agricultural capital and better scientific and educational environments, and the policy effect will not be significantly different due to the loss of rural labour and the differences in natural resource endowment. This paper provides more theoretical support and empirical evidence for the use of land property rights reform to accelerate agricultural and rural development and thus achieve agricultural and rural modernization.

The 2018 restructuring of China's Ministry of Natural Resources initiated a New Era for natural resource discipline. Systematically advancing its positioning and knowledge framework has become imperative, integrating science, technology, and engineering to enhance conservation, green resource utilization, and sustainability. This study employs bibliometric analysis and literature review to systematically delineate the developmental trajectory, disciplinary positioning, knowledge system, and implementation pathways of natural resource studies. The findings reveal that natural resource discipline in China has advanced from its initial stage through systematic disciplinary development, evolving from multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches into a transdisciplinary field. It has now established a natural resource-centered knowledge system, underpinned by theoretical foundations in formation mechanisms, sustainability, efficiency, and property rights. The discipline integrates survey and monitoring, evaluation, simulation modeling, and policy analysis to address applications spanning territorial spatial planning, resource asset management, protected area systems, and engineering project development. The establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources and clarification of its "Two Unifications" responsibilities, alongside reforms of natural resource asset property rights systems and unified territorial spatial planning policies, have invigorated the discipline. The field will now integrate practical needs to enhance disciplinary development, talent cultivation, and career pathways. As the knowledge system continues to be refined, the knowledge system of natural resource discipline in China will provide a robust theoretical foundation for the construction of a beautiful China and global sustainable development. Moreover, this discipline will continue to address societal demands for the utilization, protection, development, and management of natural resources by cultivating high-quality talent. In the future, professionals in natural resource discipline will integrate science, technology and engineering through transdisciplinary approaches to address national priorities directly. Leveraging artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain technologies, they will advance Beautiful China initiatives and contribute to global sustainable development goals while tackling emerging resource challenges.

With the in-depth development of resource science research and interdisciplinary integration, improving the teaching ability of natural resources has become an important issue that higher education needs to solve urgently. Based on the concept of "Mutual Promotion of Teaching and Competition", this paper analyzes the discipline characteristics, teaching requirements and teaching mode of resource science, and probes into the role of "Mutual Promotion of Teaching and Competition" mode, which combines teaching research and discipline competition, in promoting the teaching ability of natural resources. Through the analysis of the National College Students Natural Resources Science and Technology Works Competition, the positive effect of this model on improving teachers' teaching ability and students' learning ability is verified. By participating in the discipline competition, teachers can update the teaching ideas and methods in time, integrate the frontier knowledge into the classroom, and improve the teaching quality. By combining theory with practice through competition, students can develop enhanced practical problem-solving awareness and cultivate innovation capabilities. The advantages of "Mutual Promotion of Teaching and Competition" mode in improving teaching quality and stimulating innovation ability can provide reference for resource science teaching reform.

As an important component of the world's cultural heritage, agricultural heritage carries the essence of China's thousands of years of farming culture. With the rapid changes of modern society, agricultural heritage is facing unprecedented challenges, such as changes in population structure and the weakening of cultural identity. This paper takes the theory of social-ecological systems as the perspective, and adopts the method of exploratory case study. Through field research, in-depth interviews and literature analysis in Wangjinzhuang, Handan city, Hebei province, it constructs the evolution process model of the resilience of agricultural heritage, and tries to explore the evolution process and value reconceptualization of agricultural heritage, and unify the three strategic goals of ecological value, social function and cultural significance of agricultural heritage protection: (1) The evolution process of the resilience of agricultural heritage is a complex and dynamic process, covering many closely connected stages from the original stage to the regeneration stage, showing its dynamic changes and adaptive characteristics at different time scales. (2) The evolution process of the resilience of agricultural heritage not only reflects the response to external changes, but also the reconceptualization and transformation of its value system. Furthermore, this paper attempts to explore the logic of value reconceptualization of agricultural heritage: (1) Spatial empowerment: the interactive development of landscape genes and agricultural heritage. (2) Order reconceptualization: adaptive management of social dynamics and agricultural heritage. (3) Local knowledge: joint cultivation of multiple stakeholders and agricultural heritage. Through the study of the resilience of agricultural heritage, it provides a new perspective and strategy for the protection and sustainable development of agricultural heritage, which is of guiding significance for formulating relevant protection policies and promoting regional sustainable development, and helps the revitalization of rural areas.

The innovative development of tourism resources in the context of the construction of a strong tourism country concerns the fundamental task of high-quality development of tourism. Scene theory, which is based on cultural consumption and cultural practice and emphasizes local cultural style and aesthetic characteristics, provides a new perspective for tourism resource innovation. On the basis of clarifying the connotation of tourism scene theory, this paper analyzes the logic and path of scene-driven tourism resource innovation with Yucun and Anjihood, Anji, Zhejiang province as typical cases. It is found that: as an important cultural power to drive the innovation of tourism resources, scene has formed two basic logics of creative production and creative weaving, the former embodied in the scene as a form of new quality productive forces to stimulate creativity, with the system and activities as the internal mechanism to attract and cohesion of creative talents and trigger the creative groups to carry out creative practices, resulting in the scene of the internal resonance, which drives the continuous creation of new tourism resources; the latter embodied in the scene as the reconstruction of the structure of tourism resources. Scene as the weaving force to reconstruct the structure of tourism resources, with capital and media as the internal mechanism, to create an aesthetic style and attract consumer groups to take pictures, resulting in the external resonance of the scene, which in turn drives the re-empowerment of silent resources. This paper reveals two different paths of scene-driven tourism resource innovation from the perspective of scene theory, with a view to expanding the value connotation of scene creation in tourism resource innovation and tourist destination shaping, and providing new ideas for tourism resource innovation in the New Era.

Protected areas play a significant role in curbing the loss of biodiversity and promoting the recovery of ecosystems. Treating the gradual upgrading of protected areas in China since 2007 as a quasi-natural experiment, this study employs balanced panel data of China's protected areas from 2000 to 2022 and utilizes a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model to evaluate the policy effects of protected areas upgrading in China. The research results show that: (1) The upgrading of protected areas in China has significantly promoted the improvement of habitat quality, with the policy effect being ''delayed but ultimately effective'' and exhibiting a fluctuating upward trend. (2) Protected areas located in Eastern and Central China, included in priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and managed by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (NFGA) are more sensitive to the policy response of upgrading and are more conducive to the improvement of habitat quality in upgraded protected areas. (3) The study recommends encouraging protected areas upgrading to enhance conservation effectiveness, with approval decisions taking into account factors such as geographic location, priority conservation status, and administrative authority. Additionally, dynamic monitoring, adaptive management, and full life-cycle assessments should be implemented to maximize the policy effects of protected areas upgrading.

As repositories of high-quality ecological resources, rural areas hold significant potential for advancing China's goal of common prosperity. However, a persistent challenge lies in how to leverage these ecological advantages to generate sustained income growth for rural populations. Drawing on a case study of village X in Nanping city, Fujian province, this study explores the mechanism through which Ecological Product Value Realization (EPVR) promotes farmers' income growth. Based on long-term field observation and in-depth interviews, the research adopts a value co-creation perspective to investigate how the collaborative creation and distribution of ecological value drives rural economic outcomes. Findings indicate that the key to linking EPVR with sustained farmer income lies in the establishment of a value co-creation mechanism that emphasizes both sustainability and inclusivity. Specifically, it involves coordinated participation among multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, enterprises, village collectives, and villagers, across four interconnected processes: (1) Consensus-building, through which actors align on shared goals for ecological resource utilization; (2) Value symbiosis, which facilitates collaborative development of ecological products and associated services; (3) Benefit-sharing, ensuring fair and transparent distribution of ecological gains to foster trust and long-term engagement; and (4) Sustainable realization, which institutionalizes practices and builds capacities to secure long-term ecological and economic value. Through the value co-creation mechanism, farmers are positioned not merely as passive beneficiaries but as active participants in value generation and distribution, enabling them to share more equitably in the added value of ecological products. This study provides a novel perspective and practical pathway for sustaining farmers' income growth, offering insights for advancing rural revitalization and achieving a broader goal of common prosperity.

Urban informality is a common phenomenon in rapidly developing cities, and the "Three Olds" redevelopment is an important aspect of achieving high-quality urban development in the later stages of urbanization in China. Addressing the current lack of academic attention to the redevelopment of informal land use in the context of the "Three Olds" initiative, this paper, based on the theories of urban informality and scalar politics, selects a typical case of "Three Olds" redevelopment in Dongguan city. Using qualitative research methods such as document analysis and in-depth interviews, this study explores the processes and mechanisms involved. The research finds that Dongguan's "Three Olds" redevelopment policy has undergone a scalar political process consisting of three stages: policy application, policy piloting (including normalization), and policy revision. This process is accompanied by a shift in the roles of the main actors from "dominant" to "subordinate" and vice versa, as well as the interactive evolution of the land parcels from "informal-formal-informal" states. During the implementation of the "Three Olds" redevelopment, two pathways emerge: one where the interests of all actors align, leading to smooth redevelopment, and the other where, in cases of conflicting interests, local governments revise policies and redistribute benefits. These pathways cycle to achieve a new equilibrium. The study contributes to further enriching the theoretical understanding of urban informality and provides practical insights for the "Three Olds" redevelopment and urban renewal and governance.

This study clarifies the basic connotation of the value of natural resources under ecological security, constructs a theoretical analytical framework of "policy-technology-market-society", and systematically explores new models and pathways for enhancing the value of natural resources under ecological security, in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for promoting the high-quality management of natural resources in the New Era. The new models for enhancing the value of natural resources under ecological security mainly include the digital empowerment model, the combined supply model, the circular regeneration model and the resource ecology-oriented development model, so as to realize the digital management throughout the entire life cycle, optimized allocation, circular utilization, and efficient use of natural resources. The pathways for enhancing the value of natural resources under ecological security include the institutional innovation pathway, the technology-empowerment pathway, the market activation pathway, and the social co-governance pathway. These pathways are aimed at promoting development with a combination of rigidity and flexibility, enhancing efficiency through full-chain efforts, enlivening the market with diverse measures, and aggregating strength through collaborative cooperation, thereby propelling the construction of ecological civilization to a new level.

Agricultural ecosystem accounting is an important support for understanding the sustainability of agricultural production, the health of the ecological environment, and the quality and safety of agricultural products. Currently, there are three international standards for agricultural ecosystem accounting: the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (SEEA-AFF), the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA2021), and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Agriculture & Food (TEEB-AgriFood). Based on these three international standards, some countries have carried out agricultural ecosystem accounting. This article first reviews the development process of the three international standards, and compares them from six aspects: theoretical basis, accounting perspective, accounting object, accounting scope, classification standard, and account expression. Secondly, the international practices of agricultural ecosystem accounting are summarized from the overall situation and practical experience. Finally, combined with the current situation of agricultural ecosystem accounting in China, policy recommendations for agricultural ecosystem accounting in China are proposed.

The institution of territorial spatial governance for 'integrated mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grassland and deserts' is a direction for exploring ecological civilisation and is crucial for China to modernise its governance systems and capacity. This paper analyses the core concepts and theoretical logic of territorial spatial governance and analyses its governance problems and realisation bases. It explores the appropriate ways forward for the specific institutional construction. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The current governance problems are that the ecological feedback of the governance object needs to be taken seriously, the coordination and linkage of the governance subject is still a problem, along with the fact the synergy and empowerment of the governance system is not yet in place. (2) It is necessary to respond to the demand for modernisation of the national governance system and capacity in the context of China's natural ecology, taking into account fairness and efficiency, and integrating security and development, yet to define the basis of the realisation of the governance subject and the governance system. (3) We should carry out the construction of territorial spatial governance institutions for 'integrated mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses' in three aspects, namely, the governance object, governance subject and governance system.

The greater food approach sets forth elevated requisites and novel benchmarks for the advancement of conceptualization, expansion of connotations, transformation of objectives, and evolution of strategies in the governance of non-grain conversion of cultivated land. A reevaluation of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance through the greater food approach not only aids in rectifying the imbalance in food supply and demand, but also establishes a fundamental underpinning for national security assurance. Findings reveal that: (1) The crux of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land under the greater food approach lies not in the dichotomy of "grain" versus "non-grain" but rather in the judicious allocation of diverse food categories within the framework of the greater food approach. (2) The greater food approach and "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance in the theoretical logic of the fundamental goal and value orientation consistency, theoretical origin and practice to follow the same origin, determines the two in the practical logic of interaction and linkage, embracing the greater food approach serves as the guiding ethos for "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance, constituting the bedrock and avenue for enacting the greater food approach. (3) Governance of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land under the greater food approach encounters challenges such as lagging adjustments in planting structures, an inverted significance of grain and income gradients, simultaneous existence of production bottlenecks and wastage, as well as incongruences between universally applicable rectification measures and localized idiosyncrasies. (4) Proposals encompass five overarching strategies for systematized governance of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land oriented towards the greater food approach, focusing on the preservation of grain within land, crops, techniques, losses, and policies. Grounded in the multifaceted demands and holistic outlook of the greater food approach, the optimization of governance strategies proffers invaluable insights for the theoretical refinement and practical exploration of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance amidst the backdrop of a multidimensional transformation in the agricultural and food system.

Adhering to the principle of shaping tourism through culture and highlighting culture through tourism, we will promote the deep integration development of culture and tourism, providing clear direction for this development in the New Era. This study involved a systematic review of research on the integration of culture and tourism, and we summarized the conceptual connotations and research hotspots of this integration. The study findings revealed that: (1) Chinese-style modernization served as the value guide for promoting the deep integration of culture and tourism, which was an important path toward achieving Chinese-style modernization. The deep integration of culture and tourism leveraged and boosted Chinese-style modernization. A close internal logical relationship existed between them. (2) The deep integration of culture and tourism refered to the mutual intersection, integration, and optimization of cultural undertakings, cultural industries, and tourism at the resource, product, organizational, and technological levels. It involved innovating different types of tourism destination carriers in the common market. Through the process of resource integration to product integration, and product integration to industry integration, it continuously derived new formats, expanded the industrial scope, extended the industry chain, and shaped the value chain. This was a process of "1+1>2" wherein culture and tourism achieved broader, deeper, and higher levels of integrated development. The deep integration of culture and tourism was not a simple resource integration or "resource-product" integration but a comprehensive and deep "resource-product-industry" integration characterized by typical self-organization, adaptability, nonlinearity, and emergence. (3) In the context of Chinese-style modernization, focusing on research regarding the internal logic, evaluation, paths, mechanisms, and institutional supply of the deep integration of culture and tourism was important. By continuously deepening research content and innovating research themes, we could unleash the huge potential and strong vitality of the deep integration of culture and tourism, better promote the steady and long-term development of the tourism industry, and contribute to the realization of Chinese-style modernization through the power of culture and tourism.

The monitoring-evaluation-warning of territorial spatial planning is not only the key content of China Spatial Planning Observation Network (CSPON) but also an important mean to implement the people-centered development thought. However, existing studies predominantly emphasize spatial elements while overlooking resident well-being. The Capability Approach (CA) has been a powerful and more widely used evaluative framework for individual well-being and public policy. From the view of the CA, well-being is defined as capabilities and is the end for the human-oriented development. Inspired by the CA, this paper constructed an innovative conceptual model for well-being-oriented monitoring-evaluation-warning of territorial spatial planning. In this conceptual model, well-being is the final target instead of the spatial results, as well as a people-centered development ideology. The model is composed of three core elements: dynamic monitoring, accurate evaluation, and timely early warning. It is technologically underpinned by big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, which together offer robust analytical capabilities. Compared to existing research, our monitoring, evaluation, and warning system not only focuses on territorial space and key technologies but also encompasses the well-being of residents and the relationship between territorial space and resident well-being. Thus, we extend the scope of traditional studies by integrating well-being into the implementation and supervision of the territorial spatial planning, ensuring a more holistic and inclusive assessment of the planning's impact. To support the evolution of smart planning, we proposed three smart model systems for dynamic monitoring, accurate evaluation, and timely early warning respectively. The results of the practical application in the built environment show the promise of applying the model system to CSPON. This paper enriches existing literature by incorporating the CA and well-being, offering a novel perspective on how to reconceptualize the monitoring, evaluation and warning of territorial spatial planning. This paper also illustrates the pathways on how to implement the well-being thought in the monitoring-evaluation-warning of territorial spatial planning and providing theoretical reference and method support for CSPON construction.

Normalised monitoring of natural resources plays a crucial role in regulating natural resources and guaranteeing the effectiveness of management policies, and it is a key support for achieving high-quality economic and social development in natural resources. In view of the challenges of natural resources monitoring in terms of rapid perception of natural resources information, comprehensive analysis of human-land relations in land space, and efficient support for the precise management of operations, the objectives and connotation of natural resources normalised monitoring was systematically analyzed. By integrating the requirements of contemporary land space monitoring and supervision, this study proposes the "intelligent perception-dynamic cognition-accurate control" framework for natural resources monitoring. This framework focuses on three key aspects: perception, cognition, and control. In the perception phase, we established an integrated data perception network to dynamically perceive and rapidly identify natural resources using multi-source data. Subsequently, through dynamic analysis incorporating indicators like implementation effectiveness, bottom line control, boundary control, and structural efficiency, we explored the correlation of natural resource elements, process coupling, trend prediction, and early warning. Utilizing national land spatial planning and control tools, our framework promotes proactive trends while controlling negative ones, facilitating comprehensive element coupling analysis, full-cycle process management, and spatial use regulation. To illustrate the practical application of our approach, we examined the supervision and protection of arable land, demonstrating how normalised monitoring enables comprehensive monitoring, dynamic assessment, and decision-making support. To ensure the effective application of monitoring results, it is necessary to clarify the legal status and usage methods of regular monitoring results from a policy perspective. This will also facilitate the promotion and application of regular monitoring. At the implementation level, it is recommended to establish a mechanism for results sharing and business collaboration, thus achieving the goal of "one monitoring, multiple topics, and numerous applications" in regular monitoring of natural resources. This study serves as a valuable reference for the monitoring and regulation of natural resources, offering insights into achieving full coverage, element inclusion, and process management.

Territorial ecological restoration (TER) is vital for China to address land degradation challenges, achieve its carbon neutrality strategy, and build the Beautiful China. However, the current TER planning system needs enhancement in its systematic, holistic, and integrated approach to support the unified conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands. This paper draws on the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) concept proposed by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15.3 to establish a logical framework for LDN-oriented TER planning in China, highlighting key research questions to achieve LDN. The findings are: (1) The evolution of LDN reflects the global shift from fragmented to integrated ecological restoration projects. Its conceptual framework and implementation logic offer foundational and universal aspects that can guide the exploration of systematic TER planning in China. (2) LDN-oriented TER planning focuses on addressing land degradation through a singular metric (the proportion of degraded land) to achieve one goal (LDN), following a planning logic of "status analysis-degradation identification-setting LDN goals-identifying LDN pattern-implementing LDN measures-monitoring LDN". (3) Key research questions for achieving LDN in TER include diagnosis of ecological problems, identification of ecological restoration priority area, delineation of TER implementation units, and design of TER monitoring mechanisms. To promote the localization of the LDN concept, it is recommended to establish a balancing mechanism for ecosystem degradation and restoration, targeting the avoidance, alleviation, and restoration of quantity, quality, and productivity degradation across all land-use types, so as to coordinate planning formulation and project implementation.

Whether and how the "dual-carbon" goals could be included in the territorial spatial planning law (TSPL) is a crucial issue in the construction of the rule of law for territorial spatial planning (TSP). By reviewing the existing legal documents and the practice of TSP, the legislative mode of "systematic integration+special embedding" can be adopted to integrate the "dual-carbon" goals into the TSPL in a comprehensive way. By clarifying the principles of periodicity and spatiality of the "dual-carbon" goals, a specialized system of "dual-carbon" regulations will be constructed. By proposing a legislative optimization plan that emphasizes both procedural and substantive aspects, improving the allocation of administrative powers of the relevant departments, scientifically setting up legal responsibilities, and making sure that the TSPL is well connected with energy legislation, the codification of ecological and environmental codes. The above measures provide a guarantee of TSP for the realization of the "dual-carbon" goals.

A watershed is a spatial carrier that integrates development and security, and is an important region for achieving harmonious coexistence between human and nature in modernization. As such, watershed spatial governance has become an important entry point and strategic project for current provincial and municipal spatial planning. To deepen the theoretical understanding of watershed spatial governance, this study established the fundamental framework of "scale connection, value realization, path optimization" and conducted empirical research using Hubei province as a case study. The results showed that: (1) Based on the theory of the relationship between human and water, watershed spatial governance should integrate natural and administrative boundaries. It should prioritize the coordinated management of ecological and economic functions in distinct zones, while also considering the objectives of ecological conservation and social advancement. (2) The spatial difference between economic value and ecological value of watershed in Hubei was obvious, and the ecological protection and economic development of some watershed units were relatively unbalanced. (3) The realization of spatial multi-value could effectively guide watershed zoning and classification management. In Hubei, the watershed governance zoning included five types: "four modernizations" complex type, livable town construction type, modern agricultural development type, ecological security protection type, and ecological security-economic development complex type. The research results can provide guidance for deepening the human-water relationship in watersheds and ensuring the implementation of watershed governance planning.

The meticulous construction of traditional village spaces has emerged as a pivotal direction for the protection and utilization of contiguous areas, imposing heightened demands on spatial cognition and revitalization. This research undertakes a comprehensive analysis at both regional and village levels: regionally, spatial analysis methods grounded in GIS geographic information systems are deployed to scrutinize the geographic distribution, density, and spatial differentiation characteristics of traditional Huizhou villages. At the village level, empirical investigations leveraging 3D scanning and virtual reality technologies are conducted to explore data channels and technical applicability in data acquisition and utilization. The findings reveal that traditional Huizhou villages exhibit a pattern of highly concentrated distribution in successive clusters, posing significant challenges related to homogeneous competition and development. Consequently, a collaborative interactive technology system has been established to analyze commonalities and distinctions among villages, enabling optimized spatial design. The developed technical system and methodology can refine regional resource allocation and dynamically elevate spatial quality, bearing substantial significance for the sustainable development of traditional regional villages.