As urbanization dynamics transform and dominant social challenges change, population migration in China has exhibited distinct new trends. Understanding the regional opportunity factors that shape migration is crucial for uncovering the driving forces behind these changes. This study builds on the theoretical framework of regional opportunity structures, developing an evaluation system that uses the entropy weight method, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method, and self-organizing map neural network techniques to assess and categorize the regional opportunity levels of China's prefecture-level cities. Using data from CMDS 2017, the research explores how regional opportunity levels affect both the mobility-stickiness of population migration. The main findings are as follows: (1) By introducing the geographical concept of "regional opportunities" into population migration research, this study creates a "mobility-stickiness" analytical framework. This framework investigates how spatial differences in regional opportunities shape migration behavior, focusing on four key dimensions: economic development opportunities, life service opportunities, institutional and cultural opportunities, and natural environment opportunities. (2) The overall regional opportunity levels in China are generally aligned with the levels of regional economic development and can be categorized into seven distinct clusters. (3) Major urban agglomerations and provincial capital cities are the primary destinations for population migration. Economic opportunities remain a key driver of migration from a mobility perspective, while differences in migration destinations and motivations shape the diverse impacts of various opportunity dimensions from a retention perspective. Individual characteristics also play a significant role in moderating how regional opportunities impact migration decisions. (4) Based on the influence of the dominant and limiting factors of regional opportunities on population migration, the study identifies four types of regional opportunity models: hard-factor dominant zones, hard-factor constrained zones, soft-factor dominant zones, and soft-factor constrained zones. Targeted strategies are suggested to address the unique challenges and strengths of each type. The framework for analyzing regional opportunities proposed in this study offers broad applicability beyond China, providing valuable insights for designing population management and regional development policies in other contexts.

Ecosystem assets, as an important part of the natural resource assets to support human socio-economic development, are the basis for the provision of ecosystem products and services to humans, and consequently for the generation of ecological benefits and gross ecosystem product, including natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands, artificial ecosystems based on natural ecological processes such as farmland and urban green space, as well as wildlife resources. Ecosystem asset quality is the synthesis of structural and functional characteristics of ecosystems, reflecting the capacity to provide ecosystem services sustainably. Assessing the ecosystem asset quality is one of the most complex parts in ecosystem asset accounting. As a new perspective of ecosystem accounting, ecosystem asset quality emphasizes both natural and socio-economic attributes of ecosystems, which is highly significant in promoting ecosystem valorization, ecosystem asset management and the realization of the value of ecosystem products. In this review, we systematically summarize the concepts, assessment methods and indicators of ecosystem asset quality, and also provide an overview of global relevant cases. Issues, such as the improvement of the indicator system and the comprehensive assessment, and suggestions for the assessment of ecosystem asset quality are proposed to establish a framework for future research, and to promote global ecosystem assessment and accounting with its application in ecological and environmental protection policymaking.

The energy conservation and emission reduction fiscal policy is a major institutional innovation in China's green finance sector and is crucial for achieving the "dual carbon" goals. This paper takes the pilot comprehensive demonstration cities for this policy as the exogenous policy impact, and analyzes its effects on energy and industrial structure transformation using a difference-in-differences model and a dual machine learning model. The results indicate that establishing comprehensive demonstration cities significantly enhances the optimization of energy structure and the upgrading of industrial structure in the region. These conclusions remain robust after a series of tests, including parallel trend and heterogeneous treatment effects. Mechanism analysis shows that the policy pilot can improve energy and industrial structures by promoting energy- and environment-oriented technologies and capacity utilization. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the implementation effect of the pilot policy is more prominent in core large cities, non-industrial base cities, highly market-oriented cities, and cities with low financial pressure. Further research demonstrates that constructing demonstration cities offers obvious advantages in promoting the realization of six tasks initially set by the policy, including industrial decarbonization, clean transportation, green building, service intensification, reduction of major pollutants, and large-scale utilization of renewable energy. The findings of the study provide valuable insights for designing and implementing more comprehensive green fiscal policies in China in the future.

Spatial justice refers to social equity in the production of space and the allocation of spatial resources, emphasizing the fairness in the distribution and utilization of spatial resources. In market-based historical and cultural districts, conflicts over the use of space arise among various stakeholders including businesses, residents, and cultural preservationists due to their competing needs and interests. These conflicts often create tensions between development, preservation, and everyday life. This study develops an analytical framework based on spatial production theory to examine the relationships between stakeholders in urban renewal, with a focus on achieving the goal of spatial justice in urban renewal. Using the Thirteen Hongs Historic Block in Guangzhou as a case study, the research draws on historical records, in-depth interviews, and survey data to uncover the root causes of spatial conflicts and the underlying factors and consequences of spatial injustice in market-based historic block. The findings reveal that spatial practices in the Thirteen Hongs Historic Block are shaped by the competing interests of government, market actors, and civil society. The unequal distribution of spatial rights has led to fragmented use of space, resulting in contradictions that hinder the realization of historical, economic, and social values. This spatial injustice stems from an imbalance of power, ineffective rule restructuring, and unequal access to resources. To address these issues, the study proposes a spatial justice-oriented approach to urban renewal. This approach includes three related strategies: a shared governance strategy to rebalance power relationships and achieve social equity, a collaborative governance strategy to ensure procedural fairness and institutional justice, a co-creation strategy to establish resource compensation mechanisms and achieve distributive justice. By integrating these strategies, the study aims to achieve a three-dimensional synergy of "value-procedure-outcome" spatial justice, fostering a more equitable and sustainable urban renewal mode.

Based on an analysis of 1106 central governmental policy texts 1949-2025), this paper identifies five stages in the evolution of urban regeneration policies in China: 1949-1978: urban environmental remediation; 1979-1993: urban housing compensation; 1994-2011: market-driven incremental expansion; 2012-2019: stock regeneration for high-quality development; and 2020-present: comprehensive regeneration actions. This paper systematically examines characteristics and evolutionary logic of each stage, using a four-dimensional framework: goal orientation, policy focus, policy carrier, and institutional support. This paper reveals five major trends: generalization (shift to a proactive and coordinated urban strategy), inclusiveness (from pursuing pure economic objectives to embracing social benefits and public value), refinement (from large-scale redevelopment to micro-level participatory planning), integration (combining various aims including enhancing urban competitiveness, industrial upgrades and heritage protection) and sustainability (more legally robust and systematical policy instruments). Current policies, however, face challenges of ambiguous government-market-society relations, imperfect legal frameworks, lack of interest coordination mechanisms and overemphasis on economic gains over socio-cultural values. To foster sustainable urban regeneration, this paper puts forward three key recommendations: strengthening national legal frameworks, optimizing multi-stakeholder collaboration, and meticulously balancing economic benefits with socio-cultural values. Besides, this paper concludes that the future path of urban regeneration will be defined by a synergy of micro-renewal, smart, and low-carbon strategies, underpinned by the people-centered philosophy of "co-creation, co-governance, and co-sharing".

Rural hollowing reflects spatial-functional misalignment among population, land, and industry during rural restructuring. Understanding its morphology and dynamics is essential for formulating precise, geography-informed rural revitalization strategies. This study explores the Zhuhai-Bayannur transect encompassing 224 counties, with a particular emphasis on the spatial heterogeneity of rural hollowing shaped by variations in physical geography and socio-economic development. The research constructs a multidimensional assessment framework that examines rural hollowing through the lenses of population dynamics, land utilization, and industrial structure. It further delivers a systematic interpretation of the spatial differentiation and temporal progression of rural hollowing, while elucidating the principal driving mechanisms behind its formation. The research findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, rural hollowing in the sample belt progressively intensified. Spatially, it demonstrates zonal differentiation, tiered advancement, and spatial agglomeration. (2) Rural hollowing exhibits significant gradient characteristics. The eastern region remains relatively stable, the central region has undergone rapid development, while the western region has remained persistently high. The severity of hollowing increases with elevation. Municipal districts, which began experiencing hollowing earlier, exhibit the slowest growth rate, while county-level regions, which lagged behind, show the fastest acceleration. (3) Geographically weighted regression analysis reveals that seven factors consistently and significantly influence rural hollowing, with marked spatial heterogeneity. The ratio of agricultural population to the total population and per capita net income of rural residents act as constraints on rural hollowing, while per-unit fiscal revenue exerts a predominantly positive influence. The growth in urbanization rate does not exert a sustained impact on rural hollowing. (4) Utilizing self-organizing map clustering and zonal methodologies, the sample belt is classified into seven typological regions of hollowing. Each zone displays distinct characteristics driven by disparities in natural endowments and economic development. Drawing on the findings, this paper proposes tailored governance strategies for region-specific subsystems to mitigate rural decline and underpin sustainable development and revitalization efforts.

Land system science is dedicated to addressing complex socio-economic and ecological challenges and developing sustainable land use solutions. Food inherently serves as a critical link between human societal systems and natural systems. Ensuring food security is not only a key component of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals but also a crucial task for China's agricultural production transformation and people's livelihoods improvement. This study systematically analyzes the research topics and key advancements in land system science related to food security goals. The findings reveal that, due to the land's position at the intersection of multiple interests associated with sustainable social development, the non-linear transformations and complex feedback mechanisms within land systems endow land system science with four prominent characteristics: interdisciplinarity, systematicity, sustainability, and complexity. In the realm of food security, land system science has achieved notable successes, encompassing five core research areas: land use strategies, land use transitions, land use telecoupling mechanisms, land use demand modelling, and the optimization of land management systems. These studies present the transformative trend towards emphasizing the significance of cross-spatiotemporal spillover effects, adopting systematic and holistic perspectives, and underscoring the sustainable development goals. Future research should be grounded in the logical foundation of food "flow spaces" and the food value chain, employing systems thinking to develop sustainable land use solutions and strengthen land system science in the areas of integrated research on multi-element coupling and interdisciplinary theoretical innovations, so as to contribute to the realization of food security goals.

The realization of Chinese path to modernization depends on the construction of a high-quality territorial space system. The essence of territorial space lies in the orderly support of human activities, with the goal of realizing the value of territorial space, and the bottom line is to ensure the security of territorial space. The territorial space system constitutes an organic whole centered on the human-nature system, formed through the interaction of various systems within a defined spatial range according to specific ordering principles. It comprises a static system grounded in natural resources and a dynamic system driven by human activities. Connectivity within the territorial space system arises from the circulation and energy flows of human and natural materials, manifesting as interlinkages among food, water, energy and ecology. This system exhibits spatiotemporal continuity, nesting between different levels and scales, and demonstrates the transience and mobility inherent to resulting flow spaces. The development and evolution of the territorial space system require support and guidance from the territorial spatial planning system, ultimately achieving enduring sustainability within the territorial space governance system. This progression facilitates the realization of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.

International digital infrastructure represented by submarine cables has important strategic value in information transmission, economic and trade stability, and military security, and can provide solid support for the spatial selection of China's overseas strategic pivots (COSPs). Based on the theoretical framework of spatial selection of COSPs and the distribution pattern of global submarine cable network, we identified global Internet gateways and then screened COSPs at the regional, national and teleport scales. The results show that: (1) Overseas strategic pivot is further extension of Internet gateway, which endows the latter with a pivot attribute and strategic meaning on the basis of its connotation. The identification logic of COSPs based on submarine cable network follows the three-level spatial scale of ''region-country-teleport'', and geopolitical theory, new state space theory and location theory respectively dominate the spatial selection of COSPs at higher scale, mesoscale and lower scale. They each have their own focus and are nested with each other, forming a logical framework of the spatial selection of COSPs based on submarine cable network. (2) The global submarine cable network exhibits a distinct spatial imbalance, a pattern further diversified by the cumulative effects of scale on node distribution. However, regardless of the scale, the global submarine cable network has formed a ''one heart, three poles, three corridors'' pattern with the rimland of the Eurasian continent as the heart, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore as the three poles, and the three main corridors spanning the North Atlantic, the southeastern and the southwestern sea area of the Eurasian continent. (3) The spatial selection results of COSPs have geographical proximity and similarity, mainly distributed in six strategic zones, namely East Asia-Southeast Asia strategic zone, Persian Gulf-Red Sea strategic zone, Mediterranean-Europe West Coast strategic zone, Africa West Coast strategic zone, Caribbean strategic zone, and Eastern North Pacific strategic zone, presenting a ''core-expansion-periphery'' distribution pattern. The results can enrich the research framework of submarine cable and strategic pivot, providing theoretical reference and policy inspiration for expanding China's overseas interests.

At the end of 2020, the tough battle against poverty achieved a comprehensive victory, but the problem of poverty has not been completely resolved. The manifestation and governance situation of poverty have undergone new changes, and preventing large-scale poverty relapse has become a fundamental project for promoting modernization of agriculture, rural areas, and state governance. Based on a comprehensive review of the theoretical connotations of poverty reversion across multiple disciplines, this study employs bibliometric analysis method to investigate the research trajectory and key issues surrounding the study of poverty reversion, while also offering insights into potential avenues for future research expansion. The results show that: (1) Academic research on poverty reversion has evolved through three distinct phases: theoretical introduction and causal analysis, thematic expansion and methodological innovation, and academic deepening with an application-oriented focus. (2) Research on poverty reversion spans the entire process of "forward-looking prevention-procedural diagnosis-systematic governance". It has accumulated extensive research achievements and practical experiences, focusing on core topics such as the measurement and early-warning of poverty reversion risks, the inducing factors and processes of poverty reversion, and regional models and pathways for preventing the poverty reversion. (3) From the perspective of research outlook, future studies on poverty reversion should engage in more extensive and in-depth discussions focusing on theoretical localization, governance digitization, thematic deepening, and global perspectives, in order to better serve poverty governance practices, rural revitalization, and rural modernization strategies.

Neo-endogenous development is an important way to realise the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and the reform of the land property rights system plays an important role in activating the internal and external development momentum of agriculture and rural areas. Based on the multi-period double-difference method, the study analyses and examines the impact of "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land on the neo-endogenous development of agriculture and rural areas and its mechanism of action using balanced panel data of 206 prefecture-level cities in China from 2008 to 2022. The study finds that: (1) "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land significantly improves the level of neo-endogenous development in agriculture and rural areas. (2) Promoting land scale and attracting capital investment are two important channels through which we can exert the policy effect of "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land. (3) "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land has significantly raised the level of neo-endogenous development in agriculture and rural areas. (4) "Three Rights Separation" of agricultural land will enhance the level of neo-endogenous development of agriculture and rural areas to a greater extent in areas with a lower degree of deepening of agricultural capital and better scientific and educational environments, and the policy effect will not be significantly different due to the loss of rural labour and the differences in natural resource endowment. This paper provides more theoretical support and empirical evidence for the use of land property rights reform to accelerate agricultural and rural development and thus achieve agricultural and rural modernization.

As an important component of the world's cultural heritage, agricultural heritage carries the essence of China's thousands of years of farming culture. With the rapid changes of modern society, agricultural heritage is facing unprecedented challenges, such as changes in population structure and the weakening of cultural identity. This paper takes the theory of social-ecological systems as the perspective, and adopts the method of exploratory case study. Through field research, in-depth interviews and literature analysis in Wangjinzhuang, Handan city, Hebei province, it constructs the evolution process model of the resilience of agricultural heritage, and tries to explore the evolution process and value reconceptualization of agricultural heritage, and unify the three strategic goals of ecological value, social function and cultural significance of agricultural heritage protection: (1) The evolution process of the resilience of agricultural heritage is a complex and dynamic process, covering many closely connected stages from the original stage to the regeneration stage, showing its dynamic changes and adaptive characteristics at different time scales. (2) The evolution process of the resilience of agricultural heritage not only reflects the response to external changes, but also the reconceptualization and transformation of its value system. Furthermore, this paper attempts to explore the logic of value reconceptualization of agricultural heritage: (1) Spatial empowerment: the interactive development of landscape genes and agricultural heritage. (2) Order reconceptualization: adaptive management of social dynamics and agricultural heritage. (3) Local knowledge: joint cultivation of multiple stakeholders and agricultural heritage. Through the study of the resilience of agricultural heritage, it provides a new perspective and strategy for the protection and sustainable development of agricultural heritage, which is of guiding significance for formulating relevant protection policies and promoting regional sustainable development, and helps the revitalization of rural areas.

Against the backdrop of digital-driven industrial ecosystem reconstruction, this study explores how collaborative agglomeration of digital and tourism industries impacts cultural-tourism (CT) integration, with the aim of identifying pathways that transcend traditional development models and foster new poles of high-quality growth. This study employs China's provincial panel data (2012-2022), applying methods such as the coupling coordination degree model, spatial econometric model, and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR). Key findings are: (1) The collaborative agglomeration shows an imbalanced pattern characterized by an initial "high in the east, low in the west" distribution, which later evolved into an intensified core-periphery structure. Early advantages in eastern coastal areas, driven by technology and policy, were subsequently moderated by technology diffusion, reducing inter-regional disparities. (2) This agglomeration promotes CT integration through a "local reinforcement and neighboring spillover" effect, with the strongest impacts in the eastern region and southeast of the Hu Huanyong Line. GTWR results further reveal that the western region, leveraging its resource endowment and the "East Data, West Computing" project, experiences a growing promotional effect. Conversely, the eastern region's advantage is reinforced through advanced digital applications in the later stage. (3) Threshold effects show no significant nonlinearity, with stable growth. Spatially, areas of Southeast Hu Huanyong Line have obvious synergy (backed by industrial foundations and policies), while central and western regions are hindered by weak technology and infrastructure. Notably, the west has a stronger spatial spillover effect, benefiting from "East Data, West Computing" cost advantages and rich cultural-ecological resources. This study enriches the CT integration theoretical framework and supports regional coordinated development policies. Therefore, it is vital to strengthen inter-regional technological cooperation, optimize the layout of digital infrastructure, and promote a two-way flow of "data-culture" elements to enhance national cultural-tourism integration.

National parks, as pivotal platforms for safeguarding biodiversity, sustaining ecosystem services, and propelling sustainable development, are progressively evolving into comprehensive platforms that integrate ecological conservation, recreation, education, and science research. Nature study travel, a novel form of activity that integrates nature education with study travel, aims to guide visitors in observing, learning, and experiencing natural ecosystems to enhance their environmental awareness and ecological literacy. The functional positioning of national parks is congruent with the objectives of nature study travel, thereby enabling national parks to provide ample natural resources as a foundation for such activities while concurrently offering suitable spatial and facility support for their implementation. A systematic review of domestic and international theories and research progress on the educational utilization, recreational utilization of national parks, and study travel was conducted to inform the development of a national park nature study travel system framework. This framework comprises four major components: resources and products, operations and management, stakeholders, and support and safeguards. The text subsequently provides a synopsis of the salient research issues, including resource survey and assessment, product design, activity processes and educational effects, multi-party collaboration and community integration, institutional systems and operational performance. Finally, it proposes practical pathways for nature study travel in national parks, tailoring these pathways to China's national conditions. The objective of this study is twofold: first, to furnish the academic community with insights and inspiration; and second, to offer a scientific basis and decision-making support for the optimization of multiple functions and the institutional development of China's national parks.

Based on the theory of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) and the simultaneous development of five educations, this study constructs a comprehensive framework to elucidate the mechanisms among landscape education, CESs values, and natural resources teaching. It compiles expert evaluations of illustrations from middle school geography textbooks and a collection of study-tour itineraries for Gansu province. Using methods including categorical statistics, kernel density estimation, and MaxEnt model prediction, the study assesses the CESs values of natural resources featured in middle school geography curricula and Gansu study sites, and explores pathways through which value evaluation can advance natural resources teaching. Findings indicate: (1) Digital landscapes convey the digital CESs values in theoretical teaching through multimedia courseware, textbook illustrations, and other forms. Students perceive the physical CESs values via observation, experience and research. The values of CESs provide a pivotal basis for selecting teaching materials and field sites. (2) The illustrations in chapters such as "Resources Security and National Security" carry high value. Mixed multiple illustrations layouts better express educational and spiritual values. Chapter cover illustrations convey aesthetic values, and educational and spiritual are strongly linked. Values evaluation informs textbook revision through the selection of graphic and textual cases, innovative arrangement methods, optimized visual effects, and exploration of ideological and political elements. (3) Study-tour courses in Gansu show overall agglomerative spatial distribution. Lanzhou city and surrounding counties are the main high-value areas for five types of CESs. The high-value areas in the Hexi Corridor are concentrated in oases and cities. Value distribution is highly correlated with the density of primary and secondary schools in the region. Values assessment guides study-tour product development and practical education-based construction. The research has practical significance in refining teaching strategies and objectives across educational levels, optimizing teaching resources, and linking of theory with practice in teaching.

The high-quality development of the supply-demand relationship in urban living space is related to the well-being of urban residents, but the imbalance and insufficiency of supply and demand contradictions still exist in the New Era. Based on this, combined with the shift towards humanization and intelligence in the field of research, and by drawing on the theories of spatio-temporal behavior and flow space, a diverse, dynamic, and interconnected perspective of activities is introduced to deepen the exploration of the supply and demand relationship of urban living space. By analyzing the connotation of the supply and demand relationship of urban living space, a conceptual model of the bottom-up translation and representation of the interactive relationship between "man and land" composed of the daily activities and the environment of urban residents is constructed. And combined with the support of multi-source geographic big data, a research framework covering key content and analysis ideas such as comprehensive evaluation, pattern recognition, mechanism revelation, and optimization mechanism is proposed. This research constructs a conceptual model and research framework from the perspective of activities, actively responding to the diverse forms of real life scenarios supported by elements such as "time, space, place, flow, virtuality, and entity". It improves the deconstruction and organizational reconstruction of the origin of the supply-demand relationship in living spaces, enriches the analysis path and comprehensive judgment of unilateral, bilateral, and systemic relationships inside and outside the supply and demand system, which provides useful insights and references for the transformation of urban living space services and governance.