Under the profound advancement of ecological civilization construction and high-quality development strategies, territorial spatial planning, as a core instrument of China's spatial governance system, has seen continuously strengthened demands for "whole-life cycle" management. National policy documents explicitly require the establishment of an integrated "sky-ground-space-network" monitoring system to enhance closed-loop management across the entire chain of planning implementation. In this context, monitoring the implementation of territorial spatial planning has become a critical tool for coordinating development and security, balancing conservation and exploitation, and a key guarantee for translating the vision of "multi-plan integration" from blueprint to reality. However, challenges persist in theoretical frameworks, technical pathways, and institutional coordination. To address these, we invite interdisciplinary experts from academia and industry in spatial planning, land management, geomatics, to exchange insights on the theoretical foundations, content frameworks, methodological innovations, and institutional mechanisms of monitoring territorial spatial planning implementation. Synthesizing expert viewpoints reveals the following priorities: (1) Refining indicator-driven system to ensure effective transmission and dynamic feedback of planning objectives. (2) Leveraging AI and digital twins to empower digital governance while balancing technical rationality with human-centric values. (3) Strengthening institutional synergy to transform monitoring outcomes into actionable spatial governance policies. Overall, monitoring territorial spatial planning implementation is a systemic endeavor. Future efforts must deepen cross-disciplinary collaboration, explore monitoring-response mechanisms for emerging challenges like climate change and urban-rural integration, and advance the modernization of territorial spatial governance capabilities.
The Chinese tourism industry is undergoing a profound reconstruction of its value logic. Tourists are increasingly shifting their pursuit from objective functions to subjective meaning, and their decision-making focus is moving beyond facility evaluation toward deeper interaction and value co-creation. In the face of this transformation, however, tourism resource development remains frequently trapped in a cycle marked by resource similarity, product homogenization, and mediocre experience. This stagnation stems largely from the traditional development paradigm, which overlooks the active role of tourists and fails to recognize tourism as a meaning-generating process. Accordingly, this study begins by systematically reviewing the dialectical evolution of tourism resource development paradigms from resource-oriented and product-oriented to experience-oriented, and argues that the industry must now advance toward a new paradigm centered on "scenario co-creation". Furthermore, it contends that this shift represents not merely a methodological innovation, but a new ontology of tourism resources, manifested across three key dimensions: in value logic, from functional supply to the activation of emotional value and place spirit; in subject relations, from tourists as passive recipients to active co-creators; and in experience mode, from standardized product consumption to an open-ended process of meaning co-creation. Finally, from the perspectives of concept, pathway, and evaluation system, this article demonstrates that such a paradigm shift offers a critical pathway for promoting high-quality development in tourism and enhancing public well-being, while contributing theoretical insights and a practical framework for effectively communicating China's story through tourism in a global context.
Ecological spatial governance is crucial for modernizing China's governance system and achieving the Beautiful China vision. This study develops an analytical framework to examine its mechanisms and pathways. Key findings include: (1) Eco-environmental governance modernization exhibits a spatial shift, restructuring rights, patterns, processes, and services, supporting ecological governance and the Beautiful China strategy. (2) A "conflict-coordination-symbiosis" framework establishes a holistic governance system, balancing spatial-element coordination, structure-function synergy, and value-efficiency integration. (3) Governance is implemented through socio-ecological integration, multi-objective synergy, and stakeholder negotiation, enhancing Beautiful China mechanisms. (4) Cross-tier operational mechanisms enable improved spatial planning, land-use regulation, and ecological restoration, facilitating the Beautiful China goal.
With the evolving global governance system and shifting geopolitical dynamics, tourism has increasingly become an essential dimension in the reshaping of international order. This study examines the Huangshan Scenic Area as a case study, employing participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and literature analysis to investigate the pathways, characteristics, and logic of a scenic area's participation in global governance, particularly through its interaction with international tourism organizations. The study finds that the engagement of scenic areas in global governance unfolds through a phased progression: "rule acceptance, knowledge reconstruction, rule output". In the initial phase, the scenic area becomes embedded in the asymmetric discourse power of international organizations, where it adjusts externally imposed rules to local contexts through limited autonomy, thus achieving localization and ensuring compliance with local frameworks. In the intermediate phase, as friction arises between local practices and international ideals, the area leverages accumulated local experiences, internalizes and re-expresses rules, and undergoes a process of governance knowledge reconstruction. This phase sees an upgrading of governance capabilities, with the scenic area gradually asserting its governance discourse through international exchanges. In the final phase, the area standardizes its experiential knowledge, expands its global networks, and actively shapes international agendas, driving the global dissemination of local governance knowledge and achieving a feedback loop in rule development. This process not only allows the scenic area to contribute to the formation of global governance structures but also enables it to assert its influence within these structures. This case study underscores the active role of scenic areas in reverse knowledge production and the shaping of global governance rules. It demonstrates how tourism destinations in developing countries, often at the periphery of global governance, have the potential to break free from knowledge marginalization, thereby contributing meaningfully to global tourism governance. The study highlights the evolving nature of governance interactions and the increasing importance of local knowledge in global decision-making processes, offering valuable insights into the broader dynamics of tourism governance in the context of global power shifts.
Promoting the high-quality development of ski tourism resorts is crucial for China's ice-snow economy. This study identifies both opportunities and structural dilemmas in this process, clarifies the empowerment mechanism through new quality productive forces, constructs an empirical model using Chongli as a case, and proposes actionable pathways.The findings indicate that: (1) Ski tourism resorts currently face six structural dilemmas: a misalignment between strong policy impetus and inefficient grassroots implementation; opportunities for industrial integration versus insufficient connotative innovation; empowerment by digital and intelligent technologies alongside challenges in inclusive transformation; green and low-carbon transition constrained by climate and environmental factors; surging market demand coupled with a shortage of professional talent; and regional collaboration opportunities coexisting with product homogeneity. (2) The empowerment mechanism operates through technology-driven development, factor transformation, and industrial integration. Technological innovation provides the driving force, factor transformation applies technology into practice, and industrial integration achieves systemic upgrading. These three components interact synergistically, collectively propelling resorts toward high-quality development. (3) Using Chongli as a case study, a high-quality development model empowered by new quality productive forces is established, encompassing three key dimensions: high-quality industrial development, spatial collaborative governance, and proactive adaptation to climate change. (4) Four targeted pathways are proposed: formulating cross-departmental policies oriented toward new quality productive forces; driving market cultivation and marketing through digital and intelligent technologies; building a composite talent system aligned with the needs of new quality productive forces and establishing a regional collaboration mechanism supported by such forces. This study provides theoretical insights and practical references for the sustainable development.
The successful hosting of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics has promoted the rapid development of China's ice and snow industry, which is facing a transformation from scale expansion to quality improvement in the post-Winter Olympics Era. Based on the development status and policy evolution of China's ice and snow industry from a supply-demand perspective, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system snow industry using the push-pull theory, incorporating both endogenous thrust and exogenous pull. It systematically examines the synergistic effect of key indicators such as equipment manufacturing industry agglomeration, human capital density index, and ice and snow infrastructure density, and reveals the factor allocation patterns and development paths of the industry across three major regions (Northeast China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Yangtze River Delta) during the Beijing Winter Olympics, highlighting interregional industrial chain interactions. The results indicate that China's ice and snow industry is showing an overall positive development trend, with industrial integration effects gradually becoming apparent, ice and snow tourism revenue showing sustained growth, and consumption potential being effectively unleashed—though further exploration is still needed. From the perspective of regional development pattern, the three provinces of Northeast China maintain a leading position in the construction of ice and snow infrastructure by virtue of their natural resource advantages, but the agglomeration of equipment manufacturing industry has declined; The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has fully benefited from the legacy effect of the Winter Olympics and has performed well in event coordination and ice and snow education. The Yangtze River Delta region has shown a strong late-mover advantage through the construction of indoor venues and technological innovation in equipment manufacturing. Accordingly, this paper proposes a three-dimensional high-quality development path for the ice and snow industry characterized by "supply-demand synergy and regional linkage", providing a theoretical basis and policy reference for cultivating new quality productive forces in the ice and snow economy and advancing the national strategy of building China into a leading ice and snow nation.
Amid the boom of southerners traveling north for ice and snow tourism, a central challenge for sustainable development is how northern destinations seize these opportunities and how southern destinations engage in exchange and mutual learning with their northern counterparts. Drawing on more than 50000 tourist reviews from 61 destinations, this study applies text sentiment analysis, structural topic model, hierarchical clustering, and fuzzy‑set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to identify experiential dimensions, compare relative strengths and weaknesses under varying conditions, and examine drivers of positive and negative sentiment across northern and southern destinations. The findings are: (1) A total of 22 topics related to the experiences of ice and snow tourists can be categorized into seven dimensions. Among these topics, "animal performances" have received insufficient attention in extant literature. (2) The advantages of southern ice and snow tourism destinations lie in "scenic spot services and image", while the advantages of northern ice and snow tourism destinations lie in "ice and snow leisure and entertainment". The evolution of ice and snow tourism destinations is a dynamic process of balancing "relying on natural endowments" and "optimizing service experience". (3) The reasons for the positive or negative sentiments of tourists in northern and southern ice and snow tourism destinations are complex and vary from region to region. These sentiments are the result of the multidimensional interaction of ice and snow tourism experiences. The study offers theoretical and practical insights for the ice and snow tourism market, facilitating the comprehension of tourist needs and the optimization of regional targeting. (4) "Family experience" and other factors are significant conditions for fostering positive sentiment among tourists, while "cost and risk" and other factors are important causes of negative sentiment among tourists. (5) The reasons for tourists' positive or negative sentiments in northern and southern ice and snow tourism destinations are complex and vary from region to region. These sentiments are the result of the multidimensional interaction of ice and snow tourism experiences. The study provides theoretical and practical insights for understanding tourist needs and optimizing regional targeting in the ice and snow tourism market.
In the process of modernizing the territorial space governance system, rural territorial space serves as a key field for the evolution of human-land relationships, and the value realization of its resources has become a core proposition for addressing the urban-rural dual structure and achieving sustainable development. This study introduces the perspective of the three elements of spatial performance, namely "cost-output-resilience". Starting from the deconstruction of the multi-dimensional attribute characteristics and the connotation of value realization of rural territorial space resources, this study clarifies the internal connection between their value realization and the improvement of spatial performance. Based on the practical dilemmas in the current value realization practice, this study constructs a logical framework for the coordinated development of the two, and further explores the operational paths for value realization. The study finds that: (1) The attributes of rural territorial spatial resources serve not only as the fundamental support for their valorization process but also as crucial constraints. The former, based on the characteristics of unbalanced development and utilization, multi-dimensional value features, and scarcity of product supply, fundamentally define the latter's logic of value composition, practical implementation paths, and potential value levels. In essence, the valorization of rural territorial space resources is the systematic identification, transformation, and manifestation of the diverse values embodied in their attributes. Thus, the two do not exist in isolation; instead, they form a tight causal chain. (2) The three core contradictions arising in the process of value realization of rural territorial space resources, namely hidden costs, inefficient utilization, and disordered factor linkage, have a clear corresponding relationship with the three elements of spatial performance improvement. Furthermore, the two are deeply coupled in terms of goal coordination, two-way dynamic interaction, and jointly dependent factors. (3) The operational paths for the value realization of rural territorial spatial resources cannot be separated from the overall consideration and coordinated promotion of the three elements of spatial performance. Specifically, the cost dimension is measured by both explicit and implicit costs to optimize decision-making; the output dimension is enhanced through improved capacity utilization to boost conversion efficiency; and the resilience dimension is strengthened by factor linkage and three-dimensional governance to mitigate systemic risks.
As an important carrier for maintaining ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, national parks have gradually become core areas for ecological protection worldwide. Effectively controlling human activities and mitigating their adverse effects on habitat quality is an important way to promote the scientific construction, management and sustainable development of national parks. Based on the land use and human footprint data of the candidate areas of Shennongjia National Park in 2000, 2010 and 2020, the spatiotemporal patterns of habitat quality and human activities were analyzed. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation and geographically weighted regression methods were used to explore the impact of human activities on the habitat quality of the national park. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the overall habitat quality of the candidate areas ofShennongjia National Park showed a trend of first decreasing and then slowly increasing, and more than 90% of the areas still maintained a relatively high or high habitat quality level. Except for the Xingshan Wanchaoshan Nature Reserve, where the habitat quality increased by 0.211%, the habitat quality of other nature reserves decreased slightly. (2) From 2000 to 2020, human activities in the candidate areas of Shennongjia National Park remained at a relatively low level and relatively stable, and the average human footprint index decreased from 5.424 to 5.233. The areas with low, relatively high, and high human activity levels in the candidate areas continued to expand, up by 8.651%, 0.961%, and 0.414%, respectively. (3) The overall impact of human activity on habitat quality in the candidate areas of Shennongjia National Park was negative and the degree of impact gradually deepened. However, in the Xingshan Wanchao Mountain Nature Reserve and the Badong Golden Monkey Nature Reserve within the park, the appropriate growth of human activities promoted the improvement of habitat quality.
The economic growth effect of regional strategic superposition deserves in-depth exploration. Using unbalanced panel data of 1859 county-level units in China from 2010 to 2022 and multi-period difference-in-differences model, this study investigated the impact of the combined ecological protection and targeted poverty alleviation policies on the county-level economic growth. The research finds that the combined policies exert a synergistic effect so as to promote the county-level economic growth, while collectively circumventing the fallacies of composition and decomposition. The superimposition of dual policies can promote county-level economic growth through two primary channels: industrial synergy and fiscal synergy. Reducing the degree of industrial agglomeration can achieve a crowding-out effect on the county-level economic growth. Counties that implemented ecological protection prior to targeted poverty alleviation exhibit a stronger economic growth effect than those implementing the policies in the reverse order. The promoting effect of the superimposition of dual policies on the economic growth of counties varies due to differences in the types of ecological function zones, ethnic minorities, deep poverty, the development level of ecological industries, and spatio-temporal dimensions of counties.Based on this, relevant policy suggestions are put forward.
The reform of the rural residential land system has long been a critical issue in the study of Chinese rural affairs, and its importance has become increasingly prominent within the context of the rural revitalization strategy. In response to the relative lack of research on how this reform empowers rural revitalization, this paper selects Dayu county in Jiangxi province, a national pilot area for rural residential land system reform, as a case study. Using qualitative methods such as documentary analysis, field investigations, and semi-structured interviews, this study examines the process and mechanisms through which the residential land reform enables rural revitalization. The findings reveal that the key actors involved in this empowerment process include governments at various levels, rural grassroots communities, and social capital. The process unfolds around three main actors through three stages: policy implementation by local governments, institutional practice through collaborative self-governance at the grassroots level, and policy response via industrial embedding by social capital actors. Throughout this process, the subjectivity construction of rural communities, the embedded governance of governmental institutions, and the capital allocation and market linkages facilitated by enterprises serve as the internal, external, and core forces, respectively, enabling rural revitalization through the reform. Together, these elements form a three-dimensional (institution-capital-community) framework that drives reform and contributes to rural revitalization. This research offers theoretical and policy implications for the scientific, rational, and efficient utilization of rural residential land and provides directions for advancing rural revitalization.
Against the backdrop of the construction of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), agricultural trade between China and ASEAN plays a significant role in maintaining regional and even global food security. This study employs the Social Network Analysis (SNA) in conjunction with the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) method to scrutinize the structural characteristics and driving factors of the agricultural product trade network between China and ASEAN countries. The research findings reveal that: (1) The agricultural products trade network between China and ASEAN is experiencing a continuous expansion in scale and complexity. Furthermore, its structure is gradually evolving from a dual-core model to a single-center model, with China emerging as the central node in this regional food supply network. (2) The escalating connectivity within this trade network is characterized by a heightened degree of clustering coefficients and a notable enhancement in reachability. Overall, it embodies the quint essential "small world" network attributes. (3) In terms of primary trading partners, the core agricultural products trade circle of China within the ASEAN region is comprised of Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. In terms of primary trade categories, crops such as grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, natural rubber, and animal and plant oils and fats occupy a dominant position in bilateral agricultural product trade flows and value chains. (4) The establishment and evolution of trade relations are jointly influenced by socioeconomic factors and alliance relationships. Concurrently, geographical accessibility plays a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic variations in trade intensity. In light of the aforementioned research findings, China should deepen its economic collaboration with ASEAN members. Through collaborative efforts, they can establish a robust and efficient agricultural trade system with enhanced risk mitigation mechanisms. In the future, China ought to further strengthen agricultural product trade with ASEAN countries and bolster the robustness of agricultural supply chains.
Based on the "Greater Food" perspective, this study systematically explores the characteristics of China's agricultural use, which is highly significant for ensuring national food security and optimizing agricultural spatial utilization. By integrating the EBM-GML model, a convergence model, and the spatial mismatch index, this study examines China's agricultural total factor productivity (ATFP) from the perspective of the "Greater Food" concept. It analyzes both its dynamic evolution and spatial mismatch patterns, and then identifies associated types of agricultural land use issues. The results indicate that: (1) From 2014 to 2022, China's ATFP showed an overall increasing trend, driven primarily by technical efficiency, and was marked by a pattern of "high in the east, moderate in the center, and low in the west". (2) There was absolute β-convergence and conditional β-convergence over time, with the central region demonstrating the fastest convergence rate. (3) Chinese provinces have small differences in the spatial mismatch between ATFP and technical efficiency, mainly characterized by low and medium mismatch types, which were primarily distributed in the western region and the central grain-producing areas. Meanwhile, regions with positive mismatch types of ATFP and technological advancement showed an increasing and agglomerating trend. (4) Five problematic region types were identified based on comparisons of total factor productivity, technical efficiency and technological advancement in agricultural space, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed for each type of problematic region. It is suggested to take the "Greater Food" perspective as the guiding principle and formulate differentiated policies for agricultural spatial utilization transformation, based on regional resource endowments and local characteristics.
To interpret the intrinsic relationship between the order of desertification control and the order of residents' production and life from the perspective of residents' subjectivity is of great practical significance for promoting sustainable ecology restoration in karst mountainous areas. This study takes Zhenfeng county, Guizhou province as the research area, and identifies typical villages for desertification control through remote sensing interpretation. Based on the theoretical framework of cultural ecosystem services, an evaluation index system for village residents' perception of desertification control is constructed. Regression models are used to examine the impact of residents' perception of desertification control on cultural benefits, and to delineate the mechanism through which cultural benefits for village residents are shaped under such initiatives. Results indicate that: (1) Village residents have shown a positive feedback trend towards the effectiveness of desertification control. (2) The three variables that characterize the perception of environmental space governance have a significant positive impact on the level of cultural ecosystem benefits. From the perspective of sub-dimensional effects, there is a correlation between the perception of cultural benefits and the interaction characteristics between space and residents. (3) The two variables representing perceptions of cultural practice reshaping both exhibit a significant positive effect on the level of cultural ecosystem benefits, though their influences vary across different sub‑dimensions. Among them, the impact of reshaping perception through leisure activities on ability development is not significant. (4) Under the influence of desertification control initiatives, the cultural ecosystem benefits for village residents emerge through a sequential mechanism: "governance project implementation → community practice response → cultural ecosystem benefits generation." This pathway further promotes the expansion of governance objectives from ecological restoration to broader community development.
Exploring the impact of climate change and human activities on grain production efficiency is of great significance for ensuring national food security and promoting regional sustainable development. This study takes 135 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) as research units and uses relevant data from 1990 to 2022. The Super Slack Based Measure (Super-SBM) model is applied to measure the level of grain production efficiency, and further analyses are conducted using the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model and Pearson correlation method to systematically examine the impact effect of climate change and human activity factors. The results show that: (1) From 1990 to 2022, grain production efficiency in the YRB exhibited a slow upward trend, with the average level rising from 0.4659 to 0.5990. The spatial pattern displayed a southwest-to-northeast distribution, with high-efficiency areas gradually concentrating in regions such as Hubei and Sichuan. (2) The grain production efficiency in the YRB is significantly influenced by climate change and human activities, exhibiting pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity. (3) The impacts of climatic factors are predominantly positive, concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB, with the influence intensifying over time. Expansion of construction land and population agglomeration exert negative effects in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB, while showing positive impacts in certain upstream regions. Agricultural production intensity exhibits negative effects in the middle and upper reaches but positive effects in the lower reaches. Economic development exerts a negative influence across the entire basin, with relatively weak impacts in the middle and lower reaches. Accordingly, it is recommended to formulate region-specific, climate-adaptive agricultural development strategies, while optimizing patterns of human activity interventions, so as to promote high-quality and sustainable agricultural development in the YRB.
Exploring the complex relationships among elements within tourism systems holds significant importance for the sustainable development of tourism destinations. However, traditional tourism research often fails to capture the nonlinear dynamics in destination evolution. By integrating Complex Adaptive Systems theory with the established Tourism Area Life Cycle model, we construct a ternary system framework that examines the interactions among tourism resources, tourism support, and tourism response. This framework is empirically tested using a comprehensive panel dataset from 2013 to 2023 for the Guangdong-Fujian-Zhejiang Coastal Urban Agglomeration. By combining principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and an XGBoost-SHAP model, we elucidate the complex and nonlinear contributions of various influencing factors. The results yield several crucial insights. First, the interaction between the tourism resource and support subsystems follows a complex adaptive process of "independence-coupling-decoupling". This nonlinear trajectory fundamentally shapes the phased characteristics and generative mechanisms of the tourism response, challenging deterministic stage-based progression. Second, the synergy between the intrinsic appeal of the resource subsystem and the robustness of the support subsystem jointly establishes the foundational capacity for attracting tourist flows and stimulating consumption. Third, empirically, the Guangdong-Fujian-Zhejiang Coastal Urban Agglomeration tourism landscape exhibits a clear, staged progression, yet this is accompanied by significant spatial differentiation and ongoing structural optimization among its constituent cities. Based on these findings, this study argued that destination strategies must be dynamically calibrated to their specific evolutionary, aligning with the "independence-coupling-decoupling" path. This requires a strategic shift in focus: from initially building foundational elements, to fostering synergistic linkages during the "coupling" stage, and ultimately to driving innovation within the support system in the "decoupling" phase. Furthermore, destinations are advised to cultivate a multi-dimensional cultural tourism product system by deeply integrating non-traditional experiential elements to unlock new potential in both tourist flows and consumption. Ultimately, this research contributes a new analytical paradigm for understanding and managing the complex dynamics of tourism destinations.
The digital economy and green innovation have become crucial pathways for driving economic transformation and upgrading while achieving sustainable development. This paper constructs an indicator system for the digital economy and green innovation based on the entropy weight method. It employs techniques such as the coupling coordination degree model and geographic detector to examine the spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of the coupling coordination degree between the digital economy and green innovation in the Yangtze River Delta region. The findings reveal: (1) Overall, the levels of digital economy and green innovation in the study area show an upward trend, with green innovation surpassing digital economy in level but growing at a slower rate. (2) Temporally, their coupling coordination degree has continuously improved, advancing from barely coordinated to moderately coordinated. Among provinces, the ranking from highest to lowest is: Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui. (3) Spatially, the coupling coordination exhibits distinct non-equilibrium characteristics, forming a "core-periphery" structure. Its spatial evolution features the gradual formation of a Z-shaped pattern centered on Shanghai, supported by Hefei, Nanjing, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo. (4) Factors influencing their coupling coordination, ranked by impact from highest to lowest, are: economic development level, openness to the outside world, human capital, industrial structure, and government support. Significant two-factor interaction effects exist among these influencing factors. Corresponding policy recommendations are proposed for different provinces to continuously support the coordinated evolution of the digital economy and green innovation in the Yangtze River Delta region.
Coordinating the spatial arrangement of production-living-ecological (PLE) spaces and establishing a secure pattern for food and ecology in megacities are crucial for regional sustainable development. Addressing the difficulties that megacities face in optimizing PLE spaces from the perspective of food-ecological security, this study develops a step-by-step framework that includes potential identification, scale allocation, layout simulation, and spatial morphology evaluation. The framework follows the functional roles and optimization logic of PLE spaces. It combines spatial suitability assessment, multi-objective planning (MOP), land-use simulation, and landscape pattern analysis. Wuhan is used as an example to explore how spatial patterns change under food security, ecological security, and urban development objectives. The results show several key findings. First, the suitability of production, living, and ecological spaces in Wuhan varies markedly spatially, demonstrating a clear functional regionalization. Second, under different priority scenarios, the spatial pattern of PLE spaces evolves in different ways. The proportions of land designated for production, living, and ecological uses change, and their boundaries evolve in tandem. Third, the optimization scenarios improve the overall balance among land functions. However, the degree of landscape fragmentation and the complexity of spatial forms vary by scenario, indicating that different planning strategies lead to distinct spatial outcomes. This research provides a methodological reference for spatial planning and governance in megacities. It offers practical support for coordinating food production needs with ecological protection and for promoting sustainable territorial development.
