非农化和非粮化造成大量耕地不再用于农业用途和粮食生产，严重影响粮食综合生产能力，威胁国家粮食安全。识别非农化和非粮化时空演化特征及不同阶段的驱动因素是科学管控和决策的基础。本文以县域为基本研究单元，评估了非农化和非粮化动态演变特征，选择耕地资源本底、社会经济及农户主观因素构建综合指标体系，采用地理探测器模型量化了不同阶段的驱动因子。分析发现，中国耕地非农化和非粮化具有明显的空间集聚效应，“胡焕庸线”以东非农化程度较高，非粮化现象呈现由东北向西南加剧的空间格局。1980—2020年非农化程度呈现减弱且范围缩小的趋势，而非粮化经历了“增长—平稳”的变化过程。1980—2020年主产区非粮化进程减缓，而2010—2020年主销区非粮化增长速度分别为主产区和产销平衡区的1.49倍和1.33倍。与1980—2000年相比，2010—2020年主产区的非农化速度下降了77%，而产销平衡区非农化的增加速度分别是主销区和主产区的1.63倍和4.65倍。耕地资源禀赋是导致非粮化的基础原因，且土壤质量、地形因子与社会经济存在显著的交互作用，农民的逐利行为是决定耕地非粮化根本原因。农业劳动力为非农化的显著影响因子，城镇化对非农化的解释力2010—2020年有所提升。本文提出分类设定管制规则和补贴机制、分区推进管控政策、加强动态监测与风险预警、加强责任监督与考核的建议。

The land conversion processes concerning non-agricultural and non-grain production areas have prominently decreased arable land availability, which substantially impacted grain production capacity and threatened national food security. Thus, it is critical to establish a novel scientific approach to identify spatio-temporal evolution patterns of land conversion and its influencing factors in different stages. This study evaluates the evolutionary characteristics of non-agricultural and non-grain fields by constructing a comprehensive index system that considers factors like cultivated land resources, social and economic conditions, and farmers' subjective perspectives, using a county as the basic research unit. For a comprehensive analysis, a geographical detector model was utilized to quantify driving factors in different stages. The results indicated spatial clustering effects for non-agricultural and non-grain fields throughout China, particularly in the eastern region beyond the "Hu Huanyong Line". Further analysis revealed a spatial pattern for non-grain conversion phenomenon was more intense in the southwestern than the northeastern fields. Over the past four decades, non-agricultural fields recorded an area expansion, but the year-wise area increase was gradually reduced, while non-grain areas exhibited a "growth-stable" change pattern. Although progress in non-grain was less in primary producing areas over the last 40 years, an increase of 1.49 times and 1.33 times was recorded from 2010 to 2020 in PSB (production and sales balance area) and Mrt (marketing) areas, respectively. Compared to the period 1980-2000, the rate of non-agricultural conversion in primary producing areas decreased by 77% during 2010-2020, while the rate of non-agricultural conversion increased by 1.63 and 4.65 times for PSB and Mrt regions, respectively. Based on these findings, this paper puts forward suggestions, such as setting control rules and subsidy mechanisms according to area classification, promoting control policies based on regional considerations, strengthening dynamic monitoring and risk warning, as well as enhancing supervision and assessment.

The impact of dietary structure adjustments among residents on the utilization of arable land has attracted academic attention. This study used the time series data for the dietary structure of residents from 1992 to 2021 in China to explore the dynamic impact mechanism of dietary structure upgrading on non-grain production by using VAR model, and analyzed the direction and degree of impact by using impulse response diagram and variance decomposition. This analysis indicated five key features of this system. (1) The average value of the non-grain production rate was 31.02% during the period of 1992-2021, and it showed a fluctuating upward trend. (2) The proportion of plant food consumption by the residents was decreasing and the proportion of animal food was increasing, and the structure of food consumption was shifting from singular to diversified. (3) The intake levels of protein, fat, dietary fibre, and calcium showed fluctuating upward trends, and the intakes of energy and carbohydrate showed a fluctuating downward trends, and the change in the dietary nutrient intake level of residents was consistent with the trend of change in the per capita food consumption structure. (4) On the whole, protein, fat and calcium intake had positive effects on non-grain production, indicating that increases in animal food consumption would aggravate the non-grain production. (5) Overall, energy, protein, and calcium intakes had greater impacts on non-grain production. The results of this study can provide scientific support for the non-grain governance strategy of arable land and the decisions regarding arable land protection from the concept of “an all-encompassing approach to food”. These results also have positive significance for optimizing the mode of arable land use, improving the efficiency of arable land use and ensuring food security under the background of dietary structure adjustments and upgrading.

【目的】本文旨在探明非粮化行为对土壤健康的潜在损害，为科学评估非粮化对耕地生产力和生态功能影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用实地踏勘、采样分析、模型评价和数据统计与分析等方法，从徐州市城乡结合部现状为设施大棚、果园、杨树林、草地、公路景观林和撂荒地等6类典型非粮化田块和对照耕地共采集80个表层土样，测定土壤物理、化学、生物及重金属污染等23项指标，并构建耕地健康评价模型探索非粮化对耕地健康的影响。【结果】研究表明：①非粮化显著改变了土壤理化和生物指标，非粮化土壤纤维二糖水解酶、碱性磷酸酶和细菌多样性指数显著低于对照样（P < 0.05）。设施大棚土壤有机质、总磷、有效磷、有效钾、总氮和硝态氮含量最高，且与其他5种非粮化类型存在显著性差异（P < 0.05）；②与对照样相比，6类非粮化导致耕地土壤生产力、持水净水、碳固存、养分循环和生物多样性等不同的功能或多或少产生失衡，甚至处于亚健康状态；③结构方程模型拟合显示土壤养分、酶活性、生物多样性指数和重金属污染指数主导了非粮化土壤的健康分异。【结论】非粮化对耕地健康有影响，且不同行为的健康损害差异大，这一结果为非粮化分类整治、稳固粮食安全指明了方向。

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the potential damage of non-grain conversion of cultivated land on soil health, and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the impact of non-grain conversion on land productivity and ecological functions. [Methods] 80 surface soil samples were randomly collected from six types of non-grain conversion land, including facility vegetable field, orchard, poplar forest, grassland, highway landscape forest, and fallow land, and the control farmland in the rural-urban fringe area of Xuzhou City through field survey, sampling analysis, model evaluation, and statistical analysis. A total of 23 indicators of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as heavy metal pollution were measured to construct the cultivated land health assessment model, to explore the impact of non-grain conversion on land productivity and soil health. [Results] The results show that: (1) Non-grain conversion significantly changed soil physio-chemical and biological characteristics. The activities of cellulose disaccharide hydrolase, alkaline phosphatase, and bacterial diversity index in non-grain conversion soil were significantly lower than those in the soil of the control site (P < 0.05). The soil organic matter content (27.92-36.33 g·kg^-1), total phosphorus (0.89-1.54 g·kg^-1), available phosphorus (186.82-307.01 mg·kg^-1), available potassium (199.09-305.03 mg·kg^-1), and total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in facility vegetable plots were the highest, and there were significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to the other five non-grain conversion land use types; (2) Compared to the farmland control site, the six types of non-grain conversion land use have led to some imbalance of different soil functions including productivity, water retention and purification, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity, even resulting in a suboptimal health state; (3) The structural equation model fitting result shows that soil nutrients, enzyme activity, biodiversity, and heavy metal pollution index dominated the soil health differentiation of non-grain conversion sites. [Conclusion] Non-grain conversion had an impact on cultivated land health, while there were considerable differences in health damage among different land uses. The results provide some reference for targeted management of non-grain conversion of farmland and safeguarding food security.

粮食生产的根本在耕地，耕地保护是确保国家食物安全的基石。本文基于1987—2020年中国居民食物消费数据，引入虚拟土地概念及进口食物数据测算食物消费所需耕地面积和虚拟进口耕地，并探析该阶段中国全域和分区农业种植结构，在此基础上构建“大食物观”背景下中国耕地保护的分区调控与协同机制。中国居民膳食结构呈现出动物性食物消费量上升并逐渐以肉类为主的特征，由此研究发现关于耕地调控的结论如下：① 1987—2020年中国居民食物所需耕地面积逐渐逼近临界值，虚拟进口耕地增加近20倍，且耕地需求正在向多元化种植需求导向转变。② 中国全域农业种植结构尚未满足居民膳食消费需求，存在结构失衡、供给不足和库存过剩的问题，九大农区农业种植结构存在显著差异。③ 耕地保护转型应以保护现有耕地资源为基底，以种植结构转型、调控农区生产布局为主力，落实区间协同和保障适当的国际进口为辅助，以系统视角出发将耕地资源压力向生命共同体转移为核心，多方位构建中国耕地分区保护机制。文章可为制定食物均衡需求导向的耕地保护方略提供科学参考，为新时代保障国家食物安全和资源可持续利用提供理论菜单。

The foundation of food production lies in cultivated land, and the protection of cultivated land is the cornerstone to ensure national food security. Based on the food consumption data of Chinese residents from 1987 to 2020, this study introduced the concept of virtual land and imported food data to estimate the cultivated land area required for food and virtual imported cultivated land, and analyzed the overall and zonal agricultural planting structure of China at this stage. On this basis, it constructed the zonal regulation and coordination mechanism of cultivated land protection in China in the context of "Greater Food" approach. The Chinese dietary structure presented the characteristics of increasing animal food consumption and gradually focusing on meat. Therefore, this study found the following conclusions on the regulation of cultivated land: (1) From 1987 to 2020, the cultivated land required by the Chinese dietary structure gradually approached the critical value. The virtual imported cultivated land increased by nearly 20 times, and the cultivated land demand was changing to the orientation of diversified planting demand. (2) The total agricultural planting structure in China has not yet met the dietary consumption demand of residents, and there are problems of structural imbalance, insufficient supply, and excess inventory. There are significant differences in the agricultural planting structure of the nine major agricultural areas of China. (3) The transformation of cultivated land protection should take the protection of existing cultivated land resources as the base, the transformation of planting structure, the regulation of agricultural production layout as the main force, the implementation of regional coordination and the guarantee of appropriate international imports as the assistance, and the transfer of pressure on cultivated land resources to the living community as the core from a systematic perspective, so as to build a multi-directional protection mechanism for China's cultivated land. This study can provide a scientific reference for the formulation of cultivated land protection strategy oriented by food balance demand and provide a theoretical menu for ensuring national food security and sustainable resource utilization in the new era.

保障国家粮食安全的根本在耕地。在国土空间用途管制的大背景下，对耕地数量的单一管控已转向落实“藏粮于地”战略，“大食物观”也赋予粮食安全新的内涵，“非粮化”治理亟需探索新时期耕地用途管制的应对逻辑并构建理论框架体系。通过对“非粮化”治理的政策回溯和困境揭示，提出应对逻辑要着眼于底线管控、动态发展和价值实现三个不同维度的治理视角，深入辨析安全与效率、供给与需求、资源与资产的关系。理论框架需参照多层级规划目标、精细化分区管理、全生命周期流程和差别化规则体系的原则，围绕管制基础、管制模式、管制环节和管制手段四个核心内容构建用途管制体系。研究结果可为防止耕地“非粮化”、完善耕地保护制度提供参考。

The fundamental guarantee of national food security lies in cultivated land. In the background of territorial and spatial use control, the single control of cultivated land quantity from the past has turned to the implementation of "storing grain in the land" strategy nowadays, and the "integrated food security thought" has also given a new connotation to the national food security strategy. The governance of "non-grain" in the new era needs to explore the response logic of cultivated land use control and thus construct a theoretical framework system. By reviewing the implementation of "non-grain" governance policies and the current dilemma between public goods and autonomous management, standard identification and policy implementation, consumption transformation and social service, this paper points out that the response logic of cultivated land use control should be focused on the three different dimensions of governance perspectives, namely bottom-line control, dynamic development and value realization. Aiming at each perspective, analysis of relationships should focus on the following aspects, protecting national and personal interests from the perspective of security and efficiency coordination, dealing with the self-sufficiency of rations and the upgrading of consumption from the perspective of supply and demand matching, realizing the priority and versatility of cultivated land utilization from the perspective of resource and asset transformation. The theoretical framework should refer to the principles of multi-level planning targets, refined zoning management, life cycle process and differentiated rule system. Further, the establishment of the use control framework consists of four core contents, regulation basis, pattern, section and methods. The regulation basis should refine the rules of "transfer-in" and "transfer-out" of cultivated land, which is helpful to improve the rule of law. The regulation pattern should make good use of the combination of partition, element and behavior, and carry out differentiated control measures mainly according to "three areas and three lines". The regulation section should highlight the "non-grain" governance of life cycle process, which needs to strengthen the role of use control in all aspects of investigation, registration, planning, restoration, utilization and supervision. The regulation methods should focus on innovation in aspects of administrative, social, economic and technical fields. In conclusion, this study can provide reference for the policy design of preventing "non-grain" and improving China's most stringent system of cultivated land protection.

转型期乡村空间利用问题成为影响粮食安全的重要因素,开展乡村空间综合治理成为推动粮食生产有序转型的重要动力。系统分析乡村空间治理导向的粮食生产转型机制及其安全效应,有益于完善粮食安全的理论和实践分析。本文以乡村空间治理导向的粮食生产转型内在机制分析为突破,结合平原农区典型案例进行实证研究,并探讨了乡村空间治理与粮食安全的内在关系。主要结论如下：（1）乡村空间的不合理利用是限制粮食生产高效运转的重要因素。（2）乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”治理,通过改变粮食生产所需的基础条件达到优化粮食生产的目的,推动粮食生产朝着规模化、高效化、绿色化和公正化转型。（3）香埠村空间治理显著改善了该村粮食生产条件,有效协调粮食安全保障与乡村转型发展的交互作用关系。（4）乡村空间治理能力现代化是提升粮食安全保障能力的重要手段和途径。传统农区开展乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”的综合治理,有利于保障转型期粮食安全,落实“藏粮于地”战略,具有现实意义。

“三农”是百年党建与中国城乡发展的一条重要主线。为推进新时代的“三农”问题破解与乡村振兴战略实施，特邀请“三农”问题与乡村振兴研究领域的10位专家开展访谈。访谈主要从历史过程与制度情境、城乡系统与跨尺度空间、政策理论—技术方法—实践路径相融合等三大视角，围绕“三农”战略阶段与制度变迁、“三农”问题的本质与新“三农”问题破解、乡村振兴机制与乡建实践等三条主线展开。主要结论有：（1）时空过程和制度语境下的“三农”问题本质、关键领域与体制机制创新。“三农”发展的规律认知与政策调控需要放在全球时空尺度与城乡地域系统中综合把握。“三农”问题是城乡地域系统整体框架下乡村地域系统功能提升的优化决策问题。城乡发展不平衡，农村发展不充分是新时代“三农”问题的集中反映，“三农”问题的症结在于“人地业”的不协调发展。新时代的“三农”发展体制和工作机制，需在国家粮食安全、农民生计发展、现代农业农村发展、乡村振兴与城乡融合发展等关键领域，抓好两个“底线”、做好两个“衔接”、促进两个“融合”。（2）城乡系统互动与人民共同富裕要求下的乡村振兴理论与“三生”空间规划。中国“三农”问题的研究与破解，根植于人地关系地域系统理论与区位理论、部门经济理论和经济周期理论以及发展经济学理论、社会功能理论与社会冲突理论的多学科沃土。在“三农”问题研究实践中也发展出了土地利用转型理论、乡村重构理论、乡村发展多体多极理论、界面理论、乡村吸引力以及乡村可持续性等理论。从区域发展理论和宏观战略政策来看，城乡融合发展与人民共同富裕，是区域均衡发展和中国式现代化的结果表征与应有之义。“让乡村生活具有吸引力”的民间表达与“2035年乡村基本实现现代化”的乡村振兴战略目标互为“表里”关系，可从乡村聚落演变与多功能转型、城乡互动下的乡村绅士化与乡村吸引力、乡村可持续性科学指导下的乡村现代化发展得到综合解释。提升地方品质是以创新驱动乡村振兴的本质要求和一般规律，基于禀赋的特色发展、数字化转型和城镇圈化是重要推进路径。以空间规划来引领城乡空间融合，以土地综合整治推动人居空间品质提升，以精细化管理助力农业空间多功能价值实现，以系统性保护和修复保障生态空间可持续利用，统筹乡村“三生”空间重构和功能融合发展，是乡村振兴和新型城乡关系构建的坚实基础。（3）生态文明建设与治理现代化新需求下全面乡村振兴的路径机制和乡村建设的技术支撑。全面乡村振兴需要“业”的振兴、“地”的改革、“人”的福祉发展与“技”的智能更新。一是统合农业高质量发展与乡村高品质宜业宜居问题，积极从大食物观的新思路，联动自然科学、工程技术创新与制度创新，落实食物安全和重要农产品供给保障安全；二是亟需创新农村土地系统的产权—治权融合机制，尤其是积极构建农户参与的农村绿色发展机制及生态环境治理外部性收益分享机制；三是打通农民分享农村资产升值收益的堵点、补齐小农户与现代农业有效衔接的短板、树立适应中国式现代化需要的县域治理理念；四是以“可计算乡村”理论和技术，推进国家与乡村之间的有效衔接和信息共享，通过多级主体共建共治共管，共同缔造宜居宜业和美乡村。上述观点，可为朝向中国式现代化的“三农”工作创新与乡村振兴实践提供理论借鉴和决策参考。

【目的】从消费和需求两个角度探讨口粮安全的区域差异和空间敛散性，以期为各区域更好地承担口粮安全责任提供科学依据。【方法】本文以口粮自给率作为衡量口粮安全的标准，基于消费统计法测量2000—2020年中国省域口粮自给率，利用Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法考察全国及四大区域口粮自给率相对差异的大小、来源及演变态势，进一步应用Kernel密度估计及空间收敛分析其绝对差异分布的动态演进过程及空间敛散性特征。【结果】①2000—2020年全国口粮自给率呈三阶段上升，四大区域口粮自给率上升程度差异明显，上升程度总体呈现中部&gt;东北&gt;东部&gt;西部的变化特征。②研究期内，东部及东北地区口粮自给率区域内差异显著扩大，中、西部地区略微扩大；区域间差异对全国口粮自给率区域差异的贡献率均值高达47.92%，远高于区域内差异20.38%的贡献率和超变密度31.71%的贡献率。③与西部地区不同，东部、中部和东北地区口粮自给率在分布形态和极化趋势上相似，表明研究期内三大区域内的绝对差异不断扩大，存在高低两极分化现象。④空间溢出效应情境下，全国和四大区域口粮自给率均存在显著的绝对β收敛和条件β收敛，口粮生产的各影响因素对区域口粮自给率条件收敛起着决定作用。【结论】中国整体口粮的绝对安全掩盖了区域口粮的不安全，但是未来口粮安全区域差异有缩小的可能。

There is growing global concern over food loss and waste and its impacts on resources and environmental issues, and curbing food loss and food waste is becoming another way to ensure food security. However, knowledge of food loss and waste is entirely inadequate worldwide. Here, based on a great amount of literatures and documents at home and abroad, we gave a whole review of research progress on food loss and waste on global scale and found that there is still a long way to go to reduce food loss and waste globally, however, there has been considerable researches. Firstly, it was lack of standardized theoretical framework that includes the definition of food loss and food waste, the demarcation of study segments and the research methods, which caused the difficulty to compare the previous findings. Secondly, there were few researches focusing on economic underdeveloped countries and regions, and the researches about countries in economic transformation mainly concentrated in the 70-80s of the 20th century, so there were less researches about current situation of these countries, especially food loss in postharvest segments. So it was urgent to strengthen case studies of the countries and regions above. Thirdly, reducing food waste by changing consumer behavior was also an important aspect to be strengthened, which can provide policy makers with effective interventions to curbing food waste in consumer segments. In the end, this research gave a prospect that the reduce of food loss and waste will be of great importance in the future and called for cutting down food loss and waste by different ways.

近年中国粮食国际依赖程度持续上升,降低损耗、避免浪费成为解决粮食安全体系韧性问题的重要途径。然而由于不同地域城乡居民的饮食结构明显不同,实施开源节流的食品供应保障政策法规必须重视居民食材消耗的地域差异性,因此基于全球化视角解析居民食材的本地供应比例及其地域差异成为有待补阙的课题。为此,以烟台、兰州、新乡、九江4个城市为例,采用问卷调查的方式,探究4个城市食材消耗和对应生产土地需求量的差异性。结果显示：（1）不同食材与对应消耗的土地资源存在显著的地域差异,且这一差异与城市自然本底和居民饮食习俗密切关联;（2）4个城市居民食谱的全球化、本土化和本地化具有明显区别,虽然不同食材的本地化程度差异相对较小,但全球化程度差异显著。基于分析结果,探讨了粮食安全与反食品浪费的政策建议：一是反食品浪费的政策法规实施,需充分结合居民食材消耗的地域性特征,建立针对性的食材消耗标准与动态监测系统;二是在全球波动、强调粮食安全的背景下,地方政府应结合国土空间规划,讨论城市预留本地食材供应的战略性产地的可能性,以减少运输过程中的损耗。

食物浪费及其产生的资源环境问题与全球粮食安全密切相关,减少食物浪费逐渐被认为是保障粮食安全的Plan B。消费端是造成食物浪费的重要环节,消费者作为消费端食物浪费的主体,其在消费阶段产生的食物浪费是食物损耗与浪费的主要来源。本文采用直接称重法,在全国典型地区（北京、上海、四川、山东、河南和西藏）获取居民食物浪费的一手数据,首次在全国尺度上测算了消费端食物浪费总规模及其资源环境效应。结果显示：（1）2018年全国居民消费端食物浪费共3432万t,人均食物浪费量67.33 g/d,其中粮食浪费量占比最高（35.44%）,其次是蔬菜（34.83%）和肉类（15.38%）。（2）2018年全国居民消费端食物浪费所占用的生态足迹达6254万hm²,人均生态足迹为448 m²,按中国人均生态足迹1.5 hm²计算,相当于4169万人的生态位被挤占;水产类（39.28%）和肉类（34.22%）的生态足迹占比最大,分别为2456.23万hm²和2140.25万hm²。研究结果有助于推进我国消费端食物浪费的减量化,对于缓解食物浪费的环境影响和资源消耗压力、改善全球粮食安全等方面具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。

新时代国内外环境发生了深刻变化,对国家粮食安全战略提出了新要求。重新思考和梳理新形势下粮食安全面临的一系列新问题和新变化,不仅有助于深化对粮食安全问题的系统认知,同时对推动供给侧改革背景下农业产业升级和农村持续发展具有积极意义。目前,我国粮食安全领域陷入产量多、进口多、库存多、补贴多和浪费多的&#x0201c;五多怪圈&#x0201d;。传统农学派、经济学派和资源环境学派等不同学科对粮食安全问题的理解和观点存在较大差异,体现了粮食安全问题的复杂性。粮食安全概念从强调对粮食量的保障和供给、强调市场条件下的个人购买能力,到从基本保障提升到生活品质、强调国家对风险的抵御能力,内涵不断充实和延伸,是社会经济发展的必然选择和要求。现阶段应当从全产业、多尺度、精准化、多维度、多因素视角全方位解读粮食安全的最新内涵。面对新时代,在我国粮食出现阶段性、结构性供大于求的背景下,构建&#x0201c;营养、绿色、多元、开放&#x0201d;的新时代粮食安全观势在必行。