Research on the well-being-oriented model system of monitoring-evaluation-warning for territorial spatial planning: Based on the capability approach
JIAO Lin-shen, ZHANG Min, ZHEN Feng, ZHANG Shan-qi, QIN Xiao
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3) : 584-599.
Research on the well-being-oriented model system of monitoring-evaluation-warning for territorial spatial planning: Based on the capability approach
({{custom_author.role_en}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_en_index++;}}The monitoring-evaluation-warning of territorial spatial planning is not only the key content of China Spatial Planning Observation Network (CSPON) but also an important mean to implement the people-centered development thought. However, existing studies predominantly emphasize spatial elements while overlooking resident well-being. The Capability Approach (CA) has been a powerful and more widely used evaluative framework for individual well-being and public policy. From the view of the CA, well-being is defined as capabilities and is the end for the human-oriented development. Inspired by the CA, this paper constructed an innovative conceptual model for well-being-oriented monitoring-evaluation-warning of territorial spatial planning. In this conceptual model, well-being is the final target instead of the spatial results, as well as a people-centered development ideology. The model is composed of three core elements: dynamic monitoring, accurate evaluation, and timely early warning. It is technologically underpinned by big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, which together offer robust analytical capabilities. Compared to existing research, our monitoring, evaluation, and warning system not only focuses on territorial space and key technologies but also encompasses the well-being of residents and the relationship between territorial space and resident well-being. Thus, we extend the scope of traditional studies by integrating well-being into the implementation and supervision of the territorial spatial planning, ensuring a more holistic and inclusive assessment of the planning's impact. To support the evolution of smart planning, we proposed three smart model systems for dynamic monitoring, accurate evaluation, and timely early warning respectively. The results of the practical application in the built environment show the promise of applying the model system to CSPON. This paper enriches existing literature by incorporating the CA and well-being, offering a novel perspective on how to reconceptualize the monitoring, evaluation and warning of territorial spatial planning. This paper also illustrates the pathways on how to implement the well-being thought in the monitoring-evaluation-warning of territorial spatial planning and providing theoretical reference and method support for CSPON construction.
territorial spatial planning / monitoring-evaluation-warning / well-being / capability approach / big data and artificial intelligence {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Indicators of well-being for monitoring-evaluation-warning for territorial spatial planning表1 面向国土空间规划监测评估预警的居民福祉指标体系 |
| 维度 | 指标 | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 健康长寿 | 平均寿命/年 | 居住地一定范围内，近5年已故人口的平均寿命，表征获取长寿的可行能力 |
| 平均疾病负担/种 | 居住地一定范围内，近5年已故人口的平均死因疾病数量，通过正向化处理，表征生存质量方面的可行能力 | |
| 残疾*（是/否） | 对有残疾的样本的其他两个指标赋予折减权重，将其设置为0.5，表征健康长寿维度中的福祉剥夺程度 | |
| 知识获取 | 受教育年限/年 | 基于受教育水平折算后的受教育年限，表征获取知识的可行能力 |
| 职业、技能资格证书等级/年 | 获取相应等级证书所需年限，表征在知识获取维度中的高级可行能力 | |
| 体面生活 | 住房成本/(元/月) | 房价或租金，表征与收入和住房相关的可行能力 |
| 低保家庭人均实际月收入* /(元/月) | 加入低保补贴后的人均实际月收入；将其与案例地人均月收入的比值作为折减系数，表征在体面生活维度中的福祉剥夺程度 |
| 注：带“*”标注的为剥夺指标，仅根据布尔值和实际值确定同纬度其他指标的折减系数。 |
Fig. 5 Well-being index and the spatial pattern presented by LISA diagram图5 福祉指数和空间分布模式LISA图 注：a图中，x轴为归一化后的福祉指数，0代表福祉最低，1代表福祉最高，黑色短横线长短代表标准差，多维福祉指数为聚合后的综合福祉，其余为特定维度内的福祉指数。b图为多维福祉指数在市域范围内的局部空间模式空间尺度为250 m的六边形网格，无六边形格网覆盖区域为无数据区域，下同。 |
Fig. 7 Group differences of well-being图7 居民福祉的群体差异 注：人群按纵轴分为左右两类人群，水平柱体的出现位置表明该群体的福祉水平低于对标群体，数值为差异程度，具体指与对标群体的福祉指数差值与自身福祉指数的比值；柱体颜色表示该群体内部的更小亚群，有助于呈现福祉群体差异在更小亚群中的微妙变化。 |
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土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）是地表综合集成研究的一个学科基础和前沿领域。本文利用定性与定量相结合的方法对1990—2018年的LUCC研究进展进行了系统综述。在回顾LUCC研究历程的基础上,结合文献分析,详细总结了不同LUCC研究阶段的基本特征和主要进展。进而阐述了当前LUCC研究面临的主要挑战,提出了未来LUCC研究的主要发展方向。1990年以来LUCC研究关注度不断提升,相关英文论文发文量和引文量呈指数增长趋势。LUCC研究正从1990—2004年间的过程研究阶段和2005—2013年间的影响研究阶段迈向2014年以后的可持续性研究阶段。当前LUCC研究正面临着如何借鉴可持续科学框架、整合新兴技术和支撑国土空间规划等挑战。未来LUCC研究需要与景观可持续科学和地理设计紧密结合,积极面向国土空间规划主战场,为建设美丽中国和落实联合国可持续发展目标服务。
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Maintaining an adequate quality of life in rural areas is fundamental to expedite processes of endogenous development of these areas. Policies applied in this sense require information tools that take into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept of quality of life and enable quantitative assessments of well-being. One of the greatest problems found in literature is that of succeeding in conjugating the theoretical approaches of well-being with coherent measurement methodologies. The goal of this paper is to propose a methodology that identifies conditions of an unsatisfactory quality of life on the territorial level, combining the theory of capabilities of A. Sen with tools of fuzzy analysis. This methodology thus proves to coherently combine the theoretical principles for defining the indicators with mathematical tools suited for aggregating and assessing them, thereby making it possible to work around and evaluate them, and allowing us to go beyond the traditional limits of the proposed models, such as the assumptions of substitutability and linearity in concisely evaluating the components of well-being. Moreover, the advantages of this model also include those of being flexible and transparent, which means it can be applied in diversified socioeconomic contexts and can be verified by stakeholders in the course of its principal phases of realisation. This methodology has been applied to the rural townships of Tuscany. The results have permitted us to point out the main causes of social exclusion and the strong relationships between levels of well-being, as they have been defined, and phenomena of population decline.
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刘吉祥, 肖龙珠, 周江评, 等. 建成环境与青少年步行通学的非线性关系: 基于极限梯度提升模型的研究. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(2): 251-263.
步行不仅是一种原始、便捷的交通方式,同时也是体力活动的重要组成部分,对于提升公共健康、改善交通拥堵和减轻污染排放等均有重要的积极意义。然而,包括青少年在内的城市居民步行比例持续下降,体力活动水平日益降低。青少年正处于身心发育的关键时期,体力活动的缺乏将导致肥胖等慢性非传染病,为其将来发展埋下巨大的健康隐患。如何通过对建成环境进行干预,提高青少年步行通学比例,从而提高其体力活动水平,引起了不少学者的关注,取得了较为丰硕的研究成果。然而,既有研究存在以下不足：第一,大部分已有研究以西方城市为案例,很少研究关注中国城市;第二,绝大部分既有研究基于线性或广义线性的假设考察建成环境对步行通学的影响,很少研究关注两者之间的非线性关系。鉴于此,论文以厦门岛为案例,基于极限梯度提升模型,考察青少年家和学校建成环境对其步行通学的影响。研究发现：① 通学距离是影响青少年步行通学最重要的因素,其相对贡献接近4成(39.99%);② 建成环境(以5Ds模型表征)作用显著,家、校建成环境相对贡献合计达36.28%,超过社会经济属性(23.73%),离市中心的距离和道路交叉口密度等变量具有重要作用;③ 全部建成环境变量和主要社会经济属性变量均与青少年步行上学存在非线性关系,且存在明显的阈值效应。研究为城市决策者关于提高青少年步行通学倾向提供了丰富的政策启示。
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Walking is not only a primitive and convenient transport mode but also an important integrant of physical activity, which is beneficial for the promotion of public health, alleviation of traffic congestion, and mitigation of transportation-induced pollution. In modern China, cities are expanding rapidly, people are enjoying a dramatic improvement in living standards, and the pace of life is accelerating. As a result, urban people, including adolescents, tend to travel in motorized modes increasingly more and walk less. The prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents has brought about a series of health issues, such as deterioration of physical fitness, obesity, and some non-communicable diseases (for example, diabetes and hypertension). Travel to school is among the most important routine travels for adolescents. Promoting adolescents' propensity of walking to school can effectively help them integrate physical activity into daily life and thus enhance their overall physical activity level. Hence, scholars from diverse disciplines (for example, geography, urban planning, and public health) have been drawn to examine the relationships between the built environment and walking to school. However, the current research is insufficient in the following two aspects. First, the existing research is mainly based on the Western context, whereas few studies have been conducted in China. Second, the majority of existing studies assumed a linear or generalized linear (for example, log-linear) relationship between the built environment and walking to school, and no studies, to the best of our knowledge, have examined the non-linear relationships between them. Therefore, this study, taking Xiamen, China as the case and employing its large-scale travel behavior survey dataset in 2015, explored the non-linear effects of the built environment on adolescents' propensity of walking to school. We applied a state-of-the-art machine learning method, namely extreme gradient boosting method (XGBoost), to fit the model, and interpreted the model with relative importance and partial dependence plots. The results show that: 1) Distance from home to school is the most important factor influencing walking to school, with the relative importance of 39.99%. 2) The built environment, which is characterized by the 5Ds (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit) model, is an important contributor, and relative contributions of the built environment variables at home and school collectively contributed 36.28% of the model's explanatory power, only second to distance to school, much higher than that of sociodemographic variables (23.73%). Distance to city center and population density around both home and school contribute a great deal. 3) All the built environment variables at both ends of school trips and the key sociodemographic variables have non-linear effects on adolescents' propensity of walking to school, and there exist obvious threshold effects. This study can inform decision makers with nuanced policy insights for promoting adolescents' behavior of walking to school. {{custom_citation.content}}
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Collection(s)
Table 1 Indicators of well-being for monitoring-evaluation-warning for territorial spatial planning
Fig. 1 Conceptual model of well-being-oriented monitoring-evaluation-warning for territorial spatial planningFig. 2 Well-being-oriented monitoring model system for territorial spatial planningFig. 3 Well-being-oriented evaluation model system for territorial spatial planningFig. 4 Well-being-oriented warning model system for territorial spatial planningFig. 5 Well-being index and the spatial pattern presented by LISA diagramFig. 6 The nonlinear impact of the built environment on well-beingFig. 7 Group differences of well-beingFig. 8 Spatial differences in the well-being effects of built environment elementsFig. 9 Early warning based on threshold effectFig. 10 Well-being prediction and well-being decline warning based on detailed planning plan/
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