The peripheral area of the nature reserve is the place that attracts tourism service facilities concentrated and undertakes the important functions of ecological protection and regional socio-economic development. Clarifying the spatial evolution characteristics and mechanism of the peripheral area of the nature reserve is significant for the nature reserve's overall protection and sustainable development. From land-use change analysis, this study discusses the spatial evolution of the peripheral area of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve under the tourism-led development model. This paper firstly defines the three functional spaces of "ecological stability function - production and living function - tourism service function" in the peripheral area of the nature reserve, and constructs the 3-functional-space identification method based on the division of land-use types. Then through multi-source data analysis, this paper shows the spatial evolution of the peripheral area of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve from 2005 to 2020, and discusses the driving mechanism. Results show that: (1) The peripheral area of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve is dominated by ecological stability function space, but gradually transformed into production and living function space and tourism service function space, and the change of function space is mainly concentrated in the periphery of cities and towns with intensive human activities. (2) The ecological stability function space increases first and then decreases, and the landscape pattern is gradually diversified. The functional space for production and living has been increasing, and the rapid development of urbanization has promoted the transformation of a large number of ecological stability functional spaces. The functional space of tourism services has increased significantly, gradually forming an industrial structure dominated by tourism, and promoting the transformation from ecological stability functional space, production and living functional space to tourism functional space. (3) The transformation of functional space is affected by the natural environment, policy guidance, social and economic development and other factors. Among them, policy guidance, urban development and tourism industry development are the main driving forces to promote the transformation of the three functional spaces.

The nature reserve system, mainly national parks, is an important source of carbon sinks for China's terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Taking the Wuyi Mountain National Park tourism-ecosystem as the main research object, using a bottom-up approach and the whole life cycle (lca) tourism carbon footprint analysis method, and using data from the national park's land geographic information system (GIS) platform, we focused on the Wuyi Mountain National Park's full-cycle carbon footprint measurement, the carbon sequestration capacity and analysis of different land types, the carbon source and carbon sink. The results show that: (1) The total carbon emission of the national park in 2019 was 2864481.86 t, of which the carbon footprint of tourism was 2836467.58 t. Transportation, catering and accommodation were the three segments with the highest carbon footprint, accounting for 65.28%, 28.58% and 3.04% respectively, and the overall carbon emission of tourism in general showed a more obvious upward trend between 2015 and 2019, but the growth rate of carbon emissions was not entirely consistent with the trend of changes in the growth of the number of tourists. (2) The carbon sequestration in national parks in 2019 was 126862.61 t. Tree woodland, bamboo woodland and shrub woodland were the three land types with the highest carbon sequestration capacity, at 103664.98 t, 219035.11 t and 1054.87 t, hard broad species and horsetail pine are the forest types with the most important carbon sink capacity. (3) Wuyi Mountain National Park tourism-ecosystem is a carbon sink with an average annual net carbon sink of 88241.86 t. However, the national park is a significant carbon source based on the analysis of the whole life cycle results, with the ratio of ecosystem carbon uptake to total carbon emission of 4.48% and the net carbon source value of 2737619.25 t. The carbon footprint efficiency of ecotourism in national parks in 2019 was 12698.28 yuan/t, which is a high efficiency level globally. (4) Building a tourist growth system, developing a carbon neutral behaviour promotion system for enterprises and improving the legal protection system for nature reserves are important carbon neutrality path options for national parks.

The national park boundary is essential for balancing ecological and socio-economic values. As the prerequisite for comprehensive planning and scientific management of national parks, the national park boundary demarcation concerns the coordinated development of ecological environment and social economy within the national park region. Using theoretical analysis of ecological security and overall coordination, this paper proposed a theoretical framework for the demarcation of national park boundaries, established a model methodology for the demarcation of national park boundaries based on ecological security and overall coordination patterns, and applied them to the proposed Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Park as a case study for verification. And the results can be detailed as follows: (1) Under the research paradigm of "plaque-resistance surface-corridor", the foundation of the original protected region and typical landscape were incorporated into the ecological security assessment system, and a methodological model based on ecological security and overall coordination was established to make up for the weak protection of core values and the single orientation of the previous nature reserve boundary delineation. (2) 10 ecological patches, 5 key corridors and 11 auxiliary corridors in Nyingchi city were identified, followed by analysis of the original protected foundation and typical landscape, and determination of the basic boundaries based on ecological security together with water bodies, mountains and administrative boundaries, the demarcation area was 11200 km². (3) The above results were taken together, through the superposition of spatial data such as population, urbanization, scenic spots and boundary control, the boundary schemes based on coordinated development and territorial sovereignty orientation were determined and the demarcation areas were 16300 km² and 37300 km², respectively. This study aims to fill the gaps in the current research on national park boundary demarcation, explore the method and provide theoretical and practical reference for future national park construction.

National parks are the most important nature reserves, which have unique advantages in protecting the ecological environment, and promoting economic and social development. Quantitative analysis of the impact of human activities on key ecosystem services, and scientific assessment of the main existing problems can help national parks regulate their protection and utilization behavior and enhance their capacity for sustainable development. In this study, we used InVEST model and generalized additive model to explore the spatio-temporal patterns of human activities and key ecosystem services, including water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and habitat quality, and analyzed the impacts of human activities on ecosystem services in Qilian Mountain National Park. The results showed that: (1) The intensity of human activities in the study area gradually decreased from 2000 to 2019, the overall spatial distribution characteristics are high in the west and low in the east. (2) Soil conservation, carbon sequestration and habitat quality all showed an increasing trend, with a distribution pattern of low in the west and high in the east. However, the amount of water conservation increased first and then decreased, and there was obvious spatial heterogeneity, which changed significantly during the study period. (3) There was a negative correlation between human activities and habitat quality, carbon sequestration and soil conservation. The results indicate that the increase of human activity intensity will directly affect the provision of key ecosystem services in national parks. It is suggested that the future management of national parks and the formulation of related ecological protection policies should fully consider the impact of human activities. According to the intensity of human activities, targeted zoning management and control will be implemented to improve the effectiveness of protection.