
Spatial evolution of the peripheral area of nature reserve under the guidance of tourism:Taking the peripheral area of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve as an example
ZHU He, LIU Jia-ming
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4) : 918-933.
Spatial evolution of the peripheral area of nature reserve under the guidance of tourism:Taking the peripheral area of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve as an example
The peripheral area of the nature reserve is the place that attracts tourism service facilities concentrated and undertakes the important functions of ecological protection and regional socio-economic development. Clarifying the spatial evolution characteristics and mechanism of the peripheral area of the nature reserve is significant for the nature reserve's overall protection and sustainable development. From land-use change analysis, this study discusses the spatial evolution of the peripheral area of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve under the tourism-led development model. This paper firstly defines the three functional spaces of "ecological stability function - production and living function - tourism service function" in the peripheral area of the nature reserve, and constructs the 3-functional-space identification method based on the division of land-use types. Then through multi-source data analysis, this paper shows the spatial evolution of the peripheral area of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve from 2005 to 2020, and discusses the driving mechanism. Results show that: (1) The peripheral area of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve is dominated by ecological stability function space, but gradually transformed into production and living function space and tourism service function space, and the change of function space is mainly concentrated in the periphery of cities and towns with intensive human activities. (2) The ecological stability function space increases first and then decreases, and the landscape pattern is gradually diversified. The functional space for production and living has been increasing, and the rapid development of urbanization has promoted the transformation of a large number of ecological stability functional spaces. The functional space of tourism services has increased significantly, gradually forming an industrial structure dominated by tourism, and promoting the transformation from ecological stability functional space, production and living functional space to tourism functional space. (3) The transformation of functional space is affected by the natural environment, policy guidance, social and economic development and other factors. Among them, policy guidance, urban development and tourism industry development are the main driving forces to promote the transformation of the three functional spaces.
peripheral area of nature reserve / spatial evolution / mechanism / Changbai Mountains {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Land use classification based on three functions types表1 基于三类功能的土地利用分类方案 |
功能 | 类型 | 对应第三次全国土地调查工作分类与土地利用现状分类 |
---|---|---|
旅游服务功能 | 旅游接待用地 | 无专门划分,此处指酒店、宾馆等游客接待设施用地 |
旅游集散用地 | 无专门划分,此处指游客集散服务设施用地 | |
旅游景区用地 | 无专门划分,此处指旅游景区、景点用地 | |
生产生活功能 | 已建设用地 | 商服用地、工矿仓储用地、住宅用地、公共管理与公共服务用地、部分特殊用地、部分交通运输用地 |
待建设用地 | 无专门划分,此处指建设中、拆迁后或尚未利用的可开发用地 | |
耕地、园地 | 耕地、园地、设施农用地 | |
生态稳定功能 | 水域 | 水域及水利设施用地 |
林地 | 林地 | |
草地 | 草地 | |
其他 | 裸地 | 其他土地(裸土地、裸岩石砾地、沙地、盐碱地等) |
Fig. 3 Land use status of the study area in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020图3 2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年研究区土地利用状态 |
Table 2 Functional space and land use classification statistics of the study area in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020表2 2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年研究区功能空间和土地利用分类统计 |
功能空间 | 用地类型 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2020年 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
生态稳定功能空间 | 林地 | 1220.10 | 1233.49 | 1217.71 | 1214.71 |
草地 | 20.16 | 18.39 | 18.41 | 19.18 | |
水域 | 3.44 | 3.94 | 4.73 | 4.14 | |
小计 | 1243.70 | 1255.82 | 1240.85 | 1238.03 | |
生产生活功能空间 | 待建设用地 | 1.16 | 1.88 | 3.39 | 3.92 |
耕地、园地 | 12.08 | 29.04 | 37.30 | 35.44 | |
已建设用地 | 17.74 | 24.48 | 29.11 | 33.23 | |
小计 | 30.98 | 55.40 | 69.79 | 72.59 | |
旅游服务功能空间 | 旅游接待用地 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 1.15 |
旅游集散用地 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.10 | |
旅游景区用地 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 1.41 | |
小计 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 1.13 | 2.67 | |
其他 | 裸地 | 38.64 | 1.91 | 1.59 | 0.07 |
Table 3 Landscape pattern indices of the study area in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020表3 2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年研究区部分景观格局指数 |
年份 | NP | LPI | SHDI | CONTAG | AI | C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005年 | 339.0000 | 9.1714 | 0.2555 | 91.0937 | 98.1648 | 0.2581 |
2010年 | 575.0000 | 9.2558 | 0.2810 | 92.1203 | 97.9861 | 0.4378 |
2015年 | 676.0000 | 9.3154 | 0.2829 | 92.0426 | 97.7509 | 0.5147 |
2020年 | 1015.0000 | 10.0281 | 0.3266 | 91.4294 | 97.0362 | 0.7728 |
Table 4 Statistics of hotels in the study area in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020表4 2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年研究区酒店数量统计 |
年份 | 池北区 | 池西区 | 池南区 | 总计 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
酒店/个 | 客房/间 | 酒店/个 | 客房/间 | 酒店/个 | 客房/间 | 酒店/个 | 客房/间 | ||||
2005 | 1 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 150 | |||
2010 | 9 | 491 | 6 | 113 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 604 | |||
2015 | 55 | 2996 | 52 | 4471 | 1 | 60 | 108 | 7527 | |||
2020 | 337 | 8683 | 217 | 8264 | 10 | 213 | 564 | 17160 |
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Boreal forest areas in the Russian Far East contained very large intact forests. This particular area is considered one of the most productive and diverse forests in the boreal biome of the world, and it is also home to many endangered species. Zeya State Nature Reserve is located at the southern margin of the boreal forest area in the Russian Far East and has rich fauna and flora. However, the forest in the region faced large-scale forest fires and clearcutting for timber recently. The information of disturbances is rarely understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of disturbance and forest dynamics around the reserve. Our study used two-year overlaid Landsat images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), to generate forest-cover-change maps of 1988–1999, 1999–2010, and 2010–2016. In this paper, we analyze the direction of forest successional stages, to demonstrate the effectiveness of this protected area in terms of preventing human-based deforestation on the vegetation indices. The vegetation indices included the normalized burn ratio (NBR), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI). The study provided information on the pattern of forest-cover change and disturbance area around the reserve. The NDWI was used to differentiate between water and non-water areas. The mean values of NBR and NDVI were calculated and determine the forest successional stages between burn, vegetation recovery, grass, mixed forest, oak forest, and birch and larch forest. The accuracy was assessed by using field measurements, field photos, and high-resolution images as references. Overall, our classification results have high accuracy for all three periods. The most disturbed area occurred during 2010–2016. The reserve was highly protected, with no human-disturbance activity. However, large areas from fire disturbance were found (137 km2) during 1999–2010. The findings also show a large area of disturbance, mostly located outside of the reserve. Mixed disturbance increased to almost 50 km2 during 2010–2016, in the buffer zone and outside of the reserve. We recommend future works to apply our methods to other ecosystems, to compare the forest dynamics and disturbance inside and outside the protected area.
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Exploring the ecological vulnerability of nature reserve and its surrounding area is essential to the maintenance of regional ecological security and sustainability of human development, especially under the stress of global change and human activities. Based on the integration of "sensitivity-resilience-pressure" conceptual model and spatial principal component analysis (SPCA), we analyzed the ecological vulnerability of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve and its surrounding 30 km buffer in 2005 and 2015. The main driving factors were further analyzed. The results showed that the ecological vulnerability of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was mainly potential, slight, and light levels in 2005 and 2015, indicating the ecological vulnerability inside and outside the reserve was in a good condition. For the whole region, the ecological vulnerability showed a slight downward trend from 2005 to 2015. The degradation area inside and outside the reserve were 254 and 967 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively, with the contribution rate to the increase of overall vulnerability being 30.8% and 69.2%, respectively. The changes in ecological vulnerability inside the reserve were mainly related to the changes in net primary production (NPP), vegetation coverage, and the nearest distance to the road, whereas it was mainly related to the changes in NPP, vegetation coverage and gross domestic product (GDP) density outside the reserve.
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基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年土地利用现状遥感监测数据,利用转移矩阵对中国“生产—生活—生态”结构转型的时空演化特征进行研究,引入生态环境质量指数和土地利用转型的生态贡献率分析中国1990—2018年“三生空间”变化的生态环境效应,利用地理加权回归模型(GWR)对中国生态环境效应的主要影响因素及其作用效应的空间分异进行识别。结果表明:(1)研究期内中国生产、生活空间增加,生态空间减少,总体呈现“入不敷出”的态势。(2)中国1990—2018年生态环境质量的高值区以中国的南部和东北部为主,低值区主要分布在胡焕庸线西北部;其他生态空间和农业生产空间对草地和林地生态空间的挤占是导致研究期内生态环境质量恶化的重要原因。(3)坡度、年平均降水量、土地利用强度、海拔、地形起伏度、人口密度和年平均气温等是中国生态环境质量格局的主要影响因素,且各因素作用效应的空间差异明显。未来中国的政策制定和经济发展应考虑“三生空间”转型的生态环境效应及其主导影响因素,促进“三生空间”用地结构的合理分布,推进中国的生态文明建设。
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本文在探究“生产—生活—生态”三生空间理论内涵的基础上,分析了土地利用功能与土地利用类型的辩证关系,依据土地利用现状分类国家标准,建立了三生空间分类与评价体系,揭示了1990-2010年间中国三生空间的格局及其变化特征。结果表明:① 生产空间主要分布在胡焕庸线东南侧的主要城市群及粮食主产区,其扩张区域主要分布于东北平原、新疆西北、宁夏、兰州—西宁、四川盆地、环渤海、长三角、厦漳泉、珠三角等地区,缩小区域主要分布在黄土高原、呼伦贝尔大草原、江汉平原、闽南丘陵等地区;② 生活空间主要集中在全国主要城市及城市群,整体上呈现“东高西低、北高南低;大分散、小集聚”的空间格局,其扩张过程表现为环渤海、长三角、珠三角三大城市群的大规模、区域式扩张和各主要省会城市的小规模、点状式扩张。③ 生态空间主要分布在胡焕庸线西北侧,整体呈现“西高东低,南高北低”的空间格局;④ 工业化、城镇化是中国三生空间变化的基本动力,西北和东北地区的农田开垦、华北平原和三大城市群的城镇化建设、黄土高原的退耕还林等是导致三生空间区域差异的主要原因。本文可以为三生空间的分类规划和优化决策提供参考依据。
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胡千慧, 陆林. 旅游用地研究进展及启示. 经济地理, 2009, 29(2): 313-319.
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朱鹤, 张圆刚, 林明水, 等. 国土空间优化背景下文旅产业高质量发展: 特征, 认识与关键问题. 经济地理, 2021, 41(3): 1-15.
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焦庚英, 杨效忠, 黄志强, 等. 县域“三生空间”格局与功能演变特征及可能影响因素分析: 以江西婺源县为例. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(5): 1252-1267.
基于“三生空间”理论,对婺源县国土空间按功能属性分为生产、生活和生态空间,采用景观格局指数分析婺源县“三生空间”的分布格局及其演变特征,并采用空间核密度估计方法分析“三生空间”功能转换面积的空间分异特征,以揭示全域旅游发展背景下县域“三生空间”的演变特征;同时采用冗余分析方法(RDA)对可能影响“三生空间”变化的社会经济因素进行分析,以期解析“三生空间”格局与功能演变的原因。结果显示:2002—2018年婺源县“三生空间”中生产空间与生态空间的平均斑块面积和聚集度逐渐减少,而生活空间的平均斑块和聚集度逐渐增大,说明不断增大的城镇规模和生活空间割裂了生产空间、生态空间的连续性,使生产空间、生态空间更加分散化、破碎化。从转入与转出的角度来看,生产空间和生态空间是生活空间面积变化的主要来源,生产空间中转为生活空间的占生活空间面积变化的56%,主要以耕地为主;生态空间转为生活空间的面积占生活空间转入面积的44%,且以林地或草地为主。婺源县“三生空间”中生活空间面积呈明显的增加趋势,生态空间面积呈缓慢的增加趋势,生产空间面积则呈显著的下降趋势。这一演变格局与社会经济发展有一定关系,其中旅游经济发展带来的住宿与餐饮业收入对生态空间格局与功能演变的相关关系最为显著,说明旅游经济在加速婺源县城镇化的同时改善了生态环境。
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张红旗, 许尔琪, 朱会义. 中国“三生用地”分类及其空间格局. 资源科学, 2015, 37(7): 1332-1338.
工业化、城市化和经济的快速发展导致中国人地关系紧张,争地现象多发。为兼顾粮食安全、经济发展和生态保护之间的关系,需要协调土地不同功能用地的矛盾。现行的土地利用分类体系,注重土地的生产、生活功能,对生态功能考虑不够。本研究以土地的主体功能为出发点,兼顾其他功能,纳入生态用地的概念,构建了“三生用地”分类体系,统筹生产、生活和生态用地空间。通过先分区再分类的方法,提取了中国“三生用地”的分布范围。结果表明,生态用地、生态生产用地、生产生态用地和生活生产用地等面积分别为603.70万km<sup>2</sup>、135.38万km<sup>2</sup>、200.19万km<sup>2</sup>和20.73万km<sup>2</sup>,各占国土面积的62.89%、14.10%、20.85%和2.16%。生态用地主要分布在中西部,生态生产用地因其生产功能具有明显的地域分异,生产生态用地和生活生产用地则更集中分布在东部地区。
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Rapid development of industrialization,urbanization and economy causes tension in the human-land relationship. To take into account the relationship between food security,economic development and ecological protection,one needs to coordinate contradictions and conflicts between different functional land types. The current land use classification system emphasizes the industrial and living function of lands but insufficiently considers ecological function. This study built an Ecological-living-industrial Land Classification System from the perspective of land functions incorporating the concept of ecological land. The new land classification is more suitable to coordinate ecological,living and industrial land spaces. The Ecological-living-industrial Land Classification System includes three levels. The first level includes four major types:ecological regulation land,ecological-industrial land,industrial land,and living-industrial-ecological land. The second level subdivides dominant functions into 15 functional land categories. The third level is based on land cover types. According to zoning and re-classification,we extracted ecological-living-industrial land and their spatial distribution at a national scale. The area of ecological regulation land,ecological-industrial land,industrial land,and living-industrial land area are 6 037 000km2,1 353 800km2,2 001 900km2 and 207 300km2 respectively;accounting for 62.89%,14.10%,20.85% and 2.16% of total area,respectively. Ecological land are mainly locate in central and western China, ecological-industrial land reflects obvious regional differentiation,and industrial-ecological land and living-industrial land are concentrated in eastern China. {{custom_citation.content}}
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庄大方, 刘纪远. 中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究. 自然资源学报, 1997, 12(2): 105-111.
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张镱锂, 阎建忠, 刘林山, 等. 青藏公路对区域土地利用和景观格局的影响: 以格尔木至唐古拉山段为例. 地理学报, 2002, 57(3): 253-266.
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<p>Based on digital land use maps of 1995, 2000 and road map of Resources and Environment Data Center of IGSNRR, CAS, the land use and landscape pattern change(LULPC) of Golmud, Qumaleb, Zhidoi are studied, in macro-scale, exerting Arc/GIS 8.1 and landscape ecology methods. LULPC of road buffer zones and the bound of construction land expansion is stressed. The conclusions are given as follows: 1. Prominent changes have taken place in land use and landscape pattern from 1995 to 2000. (a) Woodland area increased 0.4%, grassland area reduced 6.26%, water area increased 7.17%, construction land area increased 323.8%, unused land area increased 6.96%, cultivated land area reduced 51.43%. Especially, land degraded seriously, grassland area reduced 22.8% and unused land area increased 43.96% in Qumaleb. (b) The comprehensive land use dynamic degree is 2.25 and the land use dynamic degree of construction land is the biggest, while cultivated land takes the second place and woodland takes the least. (c) The land use degree comprehensive index is 195.2 in 1995, and 156.4 in 2000, reduced 38.8. The fundamental reason is that a great deal of grassland had been transformed into unused land in 5 years. (d) Landscape changed dramatically. The sum of patches increased 1999 and the landscape fragmentation degree increased from 0.115 to 0.124, showing the enhancement of land fragmentation degree. The diversity index increased from 1.308 to 1.331, implying the enhancing of landscape heterogeneity. The fractal degree increased from 1.453 to 1.456 and the shape of patches got complicated. 2. Differed from the corridor effect of other traffic main lines, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its“point”radiation effect can be seen easily. (a) The land use degree comprehensive index of road buffer zones dropped except the 1 km zone, 40-45 km zone and 50-60 km zone. The land use dynamic index enhanced when the distance to the road get longer, obviously differing from other study areas due to sparse population and sluggish economic development. The landscape diversity index and fractal dimension has no relationship with the distance to the road. (b) The expanding range of Golmud City is confined in 3 km buffer, for Wudaoliang buffer, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in Nanshankou buffer. 3. The new formula ( K = (U<sub>a</sub> +U<sub>b</sub> - 2U<sub>c</sub>) U<sub>a</sub> <sup>-1</sup>T<sup>-1</sup> ×100% ) is used to nicely define the land use dynamic degree exactly.</p>
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李晓文, 方精云, 朴世龙. 近10年来长江下游土地利用变化及其生态环境效应. 地理学报, 2003, 58(5): 659-667.
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邬建国. 景观生态学:格局, 过程, 尺度与等级. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007.
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黄孟勤, 李阳兵, 冉彩虹, 等. 三峡库区腹地山区农业景观格局动态变化与转型. 地理学报, 2021, 76(11): 2749-2764.
山区农业景观格局动态分析有利于厘清农业景观发展的动态轨迹与方向,对农地用途的合理规划和管理有重要意义。本文提出了山区农业景观格局转型理论框架,并在三峡库区草堂溪流域进行了实证研究,从整体—微观的角度解析2000—2018年期间,以坡耕地、撂荒地和果园为代表的农业景观格局转型特征。研究发现:① 果园沿河谷的扩张和撂荒地在较高海拔处的扩张明显压缩了坡耕地的空间,这导致区域景观多样性的整体增强,而在局部地形上的差异明显,斑块破碎但聚集度增强;② 研究区农户耕种范围内的农业景观格局转型主要表现为耕—果转换型、综合型、部分撂荒型和撂荒型4种模式,各模式揭示了山区农业景观格局的不同发展阶段;③ 在以社会经济因素为主的驱动下,三峡库区山区的农业景观格局转型具有双向性,表现为以传统均衡分布的纯粮种植景观向河谷生态经济双赢的经果林景观和较高海拔的撂荒地转变。研究结果揭示了近年来中国山区农业景观格局演变的独特性,对库区山区农村土地利用和农业生态系统的深入认识以及库区乡村发展和生态环境的改善均有启示意义。
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Analyzing the agricultural landscape pattern in mountainous areas is conducive to clarify the dynamic change and development direction of the agricultural landscape, and is of great significance to rational planning and management of agricultural land. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for agricultural landscape pattern transformation in mountainous areas, and conducts an empirical study in the Caotangxi watershed, Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA). Transformation characteristics of agricultural landscape pattern during 2000-2018 represented by sloping farmland, abandoned land, and orchard are analyzed from a holistic-local perspective. The research findings show that the orchard expanded along river valleys, and the abandoned land expanded at high elevations in the case study, leading to a reduction in sloping farmland. Therefore, there are differences in the regional landscape at the holistic and local levels. In other words, this phenomenon enhances the region's holistic landscape diversity but causes the fragmentation and aggregation of landscape patches in local areas. Meanwhile, the agricultural landscape pattern transformation within the farmers’ farming range in the study area is mainly manifested in four modes, including sloping farmland-orchard conversion, comprehensive conversion, partial abandonment and complete abandonment. Different transformation modes reveal different development stages of the mountainous agricultural landscape pattern. Generally, driven by socioeconomic factors in mountainous areas of TGRA, the agricultural landscape pattern transformation is bidirectional. The attribute is expressed as the transformation from the traditional grain-planting landscape with even distribution to the ecological-economic win-win orchard in valleys and the transformation from sloping farmland to abandoned land in high-elevation areas. Overall, the results reveal the uniqueness of agricultural landscape pattern evolution in China's mountainous areas in recent decades, which has enlightenment for the in-depth understanding of rural land use and agricultural ecosystems in mountainous areas of the reservoir area, and the improvement of rural development and ecological environment. {{custom_citation.content}}
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