
Demarcation of national park boundary based on ecological security pattern: A case study of Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Park
WANG Qi, WANG Hui, YU Hu
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4) : 951-965.
Demarcation of national park boundary based on ecological security pattern: A case study of Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Park
The national park boundary is essential for balancing ecological and socio-economic values. As the prerequisite for comprehensive planning and scientific management of national parks, the national park boundary demarcation concerns the coordinated development of ecological environment and social economy within the national park region. Using theoretical analysis of ecological security and overall coordination, this paper proposed a theoretical framework for the demarcation of national park boundaries, established a model methodology for the demarcation of national park boundaries based on ecological security and overall coordination patterns, and applied them to the proposed Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Park as a case study for verification. And the results can be detailed as follows: (1) Under the research paradigm of "plaque-resistance surface-corridor", the foundation of the original protected region and typical landscape were incorporated into the ecological security assessment system, and a methodological model based on ecological security and overall coordination was established to make up for the weak protection of core values and the single orientation of the previous nature reserve boundary delineation. (2) 10 ecological patches, 5 key corridors and 11 auxiliary corridors in Nyingchi city were identified, followed by analysis of the original protected foundation and typical landscape, and determination of the basic boundaries based on ecological security together with water bodies, mountains and administrative boundaries, the demarcation area was 11200 km2. (3) The above results were taken together, through the superposition of spatial data such as population, urbanization, scenic spots and boundary control, the boundary schemes based on coordinated development and territorial sovereignty orientation were determined and the demarcation areas were 16300 km2 and 37300 km2, respectively. This study aims to fill the gaps in the current research on national park boundary demarcation, explore the method and provide theoretical and practical reference for future national park construction.
national park / boundary delineation / ecological security pattern / overall coordination / Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Resistance factors and scores of ecological security pattern表1 生态安全格局阻力因子及分值 |
阻力因子 | 阻力分值 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
坡度/(°) | 0~5 | 5~15 | 15~25 | 25~35 | >35 |
土地利用类型 | 林地、水域 | 草地 | 耕地 | 未利用地 | 建设用地 |
植被覆盖率 | 0.81~1 | 0.63~0.81 | 0.42~0.63 | 0.24~0.42 | 0~0.24 |
距水域距离/m | <500 | 500~1000 | 1000~1500 | 1500~2000 | >2000 |
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Ecosystem services (ESs) are material and spiritual benefits obtained from the composition and functions, and processes occurred in ecosystems. They are fundamental and critical for survival and development of human society. They not only reflect the status of ecological security comprehensively from the aspect of ecosystem by ecosystem services supply, but also provide an avenue for human society to perceive the changes of ecosystem composition and function through changes in ecosystem flows. ES is inherently coupling with regional ecological security. A sustainable supply and delivery of ESs indicates a well regional ecological security. Therefore, ES concept and ES evaluation are essential in assessing regional ecological security status. However, theories and methodology related to integrating ES approach into ecological security assessment are insufficient. It is necessary to give a systematic exploring of methodology for combining ES with regional ecological security pattern. In this study, the inherent connection between ES and regional ecological security pattern is revealed. According to the feedback mechanism between the ecosystem capacity on ecosystem services provision and human societies through ES flow, a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework (DPSIR) is outlined. In this framework, ES demand of human society is the driven force; Intensity of ES extraction indicates the pressures; Ecosystem composition and function, and integrality and stability of ES delivery network are defined as state variables; ES supply capacity and capacity to deliver ES to human society are indicators for impact. ES flow is considered as a media to feedback information on ecosystem to human society. This framework is provide a map to study regional ecological security pattern, and may broaden the view of regional ecological security assessment and the regulation of ecosystem pattern for ecological security maintenance and improvement. In the end, some critical research issues that are relevant to the DPSIR framework are given. At present, 3 key issues need to be untangled for the DPSIR framework provided here: 1) response of the spatial coupling between ES demands and ES supply capacity; 2) threshold of human activity intensity for maintaining the integrity and stability of ES flow network; 3) models for regional ecological security pattern assessment and coupling ES demands and ES supply. {{custom_citation.content}}
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Ecosystem preservation and restoration of Mountain-River-Forest-Farmland-Lake-Grass System is very important for national ecological security. Current researches on ecosystem preservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning lack the determination and identification of key areas from a perspective of ecosystem integrity and landscape connectivity. Due to wetland degradation and homogeneity of habitat types that resulted in the low ecosystem resilience, it is urgent for in Yantai, a typical bay city in China, to restore degraded ecosystem and preserve natural resources. In the study, a regional ecological security pattern was proposed and key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration including pinch points, barrier points, break points and fragmented ecological functional land were identified using habitat quality model, habitat risk assessment model, granularity inverse method, minimum cumulative resistance model and circuit theory. The results showed that the ecological hubs covered an area of 668.85 km2, with a total of 1548.36 km corridors between them, and most of the hubs were water body and forests. All of them constructed a "two horizontal and two vertical" ecological security pattern. Key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration were identified based on the ecological security pattern, including a total of 13 ecological pinch points, 8 ecological barrier points, 39 ecological break points, and 1308.66 km2 of fragmented ecological land. Suggestions of restoration were proposed, with a combination of the spatial distribution characteristics and land use status of various key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration. It would help to provide scientific guidance for identifying key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration for territorial spatial planning and sustainable ecosystem management. {{custom_citation.content}}
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