The promulgation and implementation of the Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China (abbreviated as "Anti-food Waste Law" below) has made a historic shift from moral constraints to legal governance in China's long-standing anti-food waste. The law was promulgated under the background that food waste is common worldwide nowadays, it threatens global food security, and the solution to this problem has been attached great importance in China. The law provides a legal guarantee for the social practice of anti-food waste in China, and also sets a good example for the global anti-food waste career. The Anti-food Waste Law has the following six main characteristics: it focuses on top-level design and the legislative process is fast and concise; the legislative purpose is clear and the idea of resource conservation is consistent in the legislation; the legal measures are comprehensive and the regulatory responsibilities are extensive; the society is diversified and co-governed to highlight the efficiency of grain saving governance; the policy is implemented following the law and committed to serving the food security strategy; adhering to both morality and law to promote the transformation of food saving awareness into legal constraints. Judged from the practice of the past year, in the implementation of the Anti-food Waste Law, key issues such as further clarifying rights and responsibilities, refining the standard system and strengthening basic support still need to be resolved. Relevant departments should focus on taking the following measures to standardize and guide the implementation of the Anti-food Waste Law: establishing a long-term monitoring and assessment mechanism, building a scientific and effective monitoring and assessment method system; strengthening the linkage between relevant departments, etc. Giving full play to the role of the law in regulating various food waste behaviors in the whole society, thus effectively reducing food waste, ensuring national food security, and promoting the construction of ecological civilization and social civilization.

The enforcement of the Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China indicates that the resolution to food waste has transformed from scientific study to application. In order to quantify the amount of food thrown away and to promote waste reduction, a comprehensive and systematic national food waste monitoring and evaluation system is therefore needed to be in position. Facing some major issues raised during the implementation of the Law, this paper reviewed previous studies and literatures, identified the major definitions and scopes, and reviewed current research progress about food waste quantification, monitoring and evaluation by the global community. Based on these, the current working progress toward food waste monitoring and evaluation in China was analyzed, the concept extension of traditional to general food waste was proposed, and potential indicators for monitoring were suggested for consideration. The study could offer scientific supports for government departments concerned, lay a foundation for food waste quantification studies in a new stage, as well as provide references for the global community to achieve the 12.3 target of the sustainable development goals.

The traditional Chinese family pattern of "the man goes out to work while the woman looks after the household" makes women play a dominant role in family life, so female food waste behavior plays a decisive role in preventing family food waste. Based on the dual-system theory, this paper measures the degree of food waste in different gender groups from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience through event-related potential experiments, and explores the key factors affecting the degree of food waste. The results showed that: (1) There were obvious N270 EEG components in the participants of different genders, indicating that the degree of food waste was higher, and generally, women tend to waste more food than men. (2) Compared with the younger generations, the food waste level of the women who were born in the 1950s and 1960s was significantly lower. (3) Compared with women, men should improve their awareness of saving food, which has a more significant effect on reducing a waste of food. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical support for the effective implementation of the Anti-food Waste Law from the perspective of gender characteristics.

Festival food consumption is an important part of Chinese residents' food consumption, but it lacks accurate characterization of its characteristic structure at present. Based on the student network, this study obtained first-hand data of food consumption of 1728 meals of 192 Chinese households in 13 provincial-level regions through on-site 3-day tracking and direct-weighing method during the Spring Festival in 2018. The study quantitatively analyzed the structure and characteristics of household food consumption and food waste of Chinese residents during the traditional festival of family union for the first time. The results showed that: (1) During the festival, the per capita food consumption was 541.05 g/(cap·meal), and the per capita food waste was 30.72 g/(cap·meal). The per capita food waste rate of residents was 5.68%, much higher than that of the non-festival period by 3%. (2) Most of the food consumption was fresh food and luxury items that are not bought on a daily basis. Vegetables (21.73%), meat (17.77%), rice (12.45%), fruits (8.39%) and aquatic products (7.88%) were the main items. The structure of food waste was similar to that of food consumption, with vegetables (26.20%), meat (21.58%), rice (16.34%), aquatic products (11.78%) and alcohol (8.43%) as the main components. (3) During the festival, there are significant differences in food consumption among families of different population sizes and there are significant differences in food waste among different regions and groups. The amount of food consumption and waste per capita in rural households is higher than that in urban households. Food consumption and waste amounts are higher in households with higher income and smaller population sizes. The results of this study quantitatively outlet the characteristics of food consumption behavior of Chinese residents during the Spring Festival, which provides references for the monitoring and evaluation of food waste in the implementation of the Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China.

The Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China was issued and came into force on April 29, 2021. Monitoring and evaluation of food waste is the major part and the important basis for the implementation of the Law. Based on the principles and requirements of the Anti-food Waste Law, this study proposes a new quantification method from photos for food waste, and tests the validity and the feasibility based on 656 observations from four typical cafeterias in Beijing. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Based on the image method, the food waste index in the typical cafeterias was 0.64, 0.02 lower than that obtained by weight method, and the average plate waste generated by consumers in the typical cafeterias was 58.62 g/cap/meal in 2021, which was 2.40 g/cap/meal higher than that obtained by the weight method. (2) There is a significant correlation between the food waste rate obtained by the image method and that obtained by the weight method (Pearson cor=0.76, p<0.01), and the agreement between two sets of measurements has a good consistency (CCC=0.757, p<0.01), which confirmed the validity and the feasibility of the image method. (3) When using the image method to carry out monitoring and evaluation, we find that the results that include kitchen waste weight data are more reliable. This study explores a scientific, reliable, simple and feasible quantitative monitoring and evaluation method of food waste, and provides effective scientific and technological support for the enforcement of Anti-food Waste Law.

The food waste generated by tourists is an important component of the food waste in China, which poses severe challenges to the sustainable development of tourist destinations and different regions. This paper uses literature analysis to explore the driving factors and monitoring and evaluation techniques of tourists' food waste behavior. The results show: (1) The food consumption behavior of tourists has the characteristics of consumption and culture, complexity and impulsiveness, necessity and symbolism, habitual and exploring. (2) The push of globalization industrialization, urbanization, traditional culture, policies, the promotion of stakeholders of upstream and downstream industrial chains and operation management of tourism enterprises, the contextuality of tourists' food consumption, age, and income are important driving factors for tourists' food waste behavior. (3) The methods that can be used to measure food waste by tourists include food diaries, direct measurement, mass balance, waste composition analysis, various survey statistical methods and tree structure model, the evaluation of tourists' food waste behavior is mainly based on qualitative research, the monitoring methods that can be used include the use of purchasing and inventory tables, vehicle weighing equipment, patented technology of automatic food waste tracking system, and smart menus. The research conclusions have reference value for promoting the implementation of the "Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China" and improving the accuracy of decision-making by relevant departments to reduce tourists' food waste.

Food waste is a serious problem in China, which poses great challenges to food security, resources and the environment. The development of the top-level waste-reduction strategy for guaranteeing food security has commenced with the newly issued Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China and the Action Plan on Saving Food. However, the specific operational mechanism now needs to be explored urgently. Through information obtained from official websites of Japanese ministries and commissions and relevant policy documents, this paper summarizes Japan's food waste reduction practices from the aspects of laws, regulations, policy objectives, operational mechanism, monitoring system and national actions, and makes a comparative analysis of China's current food waste reduction actions. It is pointed out that Japan has formed an effective food waste reduction guarantee system. The country expanded producer responsibility, established targets for waste-reduction at different stages, created a monitoring and accounting system, and carried out cross-sectoral cooperation and national actions to reduce food waste. However, in Japanese farms, there is less concern with food loss and waste, participation in the system is voluntary and there is a lack of binding incentive schemes. This paper puts forward the following policy suggestions: the concept of food safety should shift from increasing production to both increasing production and reducing consumption; make laws more targeted and binding; develop cross-sectoral collaboration mechanisms to reduce food waste at all levels; establish a food loss and waste monitoring and accounting system, and set industry specific targets.

In order to explore "how urbanization drives the change of food system" and "what human-land coupling relationship is implied by the change of food system", this paper took the food system of Beijing as an example to study the evolution process of the food system since 1978, and revealed the human-land coupling relationship implied by the change of food system. In addition, the index systems of food system change and urbanization driving force were established, and the driving force evaluation, Granger causality test, regression analysis and network analysis were combined to study the driving force and action mechanism of food system evolution in Beijing. The results show that the food system in Beijing has experienced a process of weakening local agricultural production, increasing food consumption demand, and increasing food circulation mileage in the past 40 years. From a geographical perspective, this change is essentially a process in which the human-land coupling relationship contained in urban food consumption expands from proximity to a greater distance -- that is, the evolution process of local and tele-coupling of food system. Among the influencing factors driving this process, income growth is the main initial driving force, non-agriculturalization of elements is the main intermediate link, and population agglomeration has the most extensive impact, which is ultimately led to the increasing proportion of external supply and the continuous increase of food miles. The research shows that the human-land relationship contained in food system is not limited to a specific place or region, but in the form of "flow space" and place space interconnected and permeated. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a theoretical perspective and research method integrating "flow space" and place space to recognize the human-land coupling relationship in such open systems.

Currently, due to China's continuous rise of international dependence on food, reducing food losses and avoiding waste has become an important way to solve the problem of the resilience of the food security system. However, thanks to the obvious variations in the dietary structure of residents in different regions, the implementation of food saving policies and regulations should pay attention to these regional differences. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the food consumption habits (especially the dietary structure or ratio) of residents in different areas. In this context, taking Yantai, Lanzhou, Xinxiang, and Jiujiang as examples, our study used a questionnaire survey to explore the differences of the food consumption and its corresponding production land demand in the four cities. The results show that: (1) There are significant regional differences between dietary structures and their corresponding consumption of land resources, and this difference is closely related to the urban natural conditions and local dietary customs. (2) The origins (global, local and domestic) of food consumption of residents in the four cities tend to be different, and such differences are relatively small in local origins but significant in global origins. Finally, based on the analysis results, the paper discusses the policy possibilities for food saving and anti-food waste. First of all, the implementation of anti-food waste policies and regulations should fully take into account the regional characteristics of residents' food consumption, in order to formulate targeted food consumption standards and dynamic monitoring systems. Secondly, in the context of global fluctuations and food security, local governments should pay more attention to the possibility of cities reserving strategic origins for local food supplies in combination with spatial planning, so as to reduce the food losses during transportation.