Conducting resource and environmental metabolism research at the village scale not only allows for the direct and quantitative observation of human activities' characteristics in resource utilization and their impact on environmental disturbances, but also supports the accelerated establishment of a waste recycling system and the achievement of a positive ecological cycle. Based on the analysis of the concept of resource and environmental metabolism, this article uses CiteSpace 6.3R1 to construct a co-occurrence map of keywords from current domestic and international literature on resource and environmental metabolism analysis. By comparing the current research status, it explores the comprehensive utilization paths and trend characteristics of resource and environmental metabolism analysis. On this basis, it investigates existing issues in village resource metabolism in terms of data composition, model construction, account design, and optimization control, aiming to propose paths that can improve resource utilization efficiency and reduce environmental impact. In the current context, the problems of rural resource metabolism research need to be explored and optimized in several aspects. First, it is necessary to establish a sound mechanism for data entry, sharing and calling to ensure the comprehensiveness and reliability of resource and environmental data. Second, an integrated model of resource-environment metabolism needs to be developed to better understand and predict the relationship between resource utilization and environmental change in village areas. At the same time, the village scale resource environment and socio-economic metabolism integrated account is constructed to realize the coordination and integration of resource environment and economic and social development. Finally, it is also necessary to improve the comprehensive resource-environment-economy management capacity of the village system, so as to realize the effective utilization of resources and the sustainable improvement of the environment through scientific and reasonable management measures. In this process, government departments, research institutions, enterprises, and various sectors of society should work together to form a cohesive force that promotes the sustainable use and protection of resources and the environment in rural areas, creating favorable conditions for harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.

The island is defined as "a small piece of land surrounded by water". Recently, island cognition has experienced a change from emphasizing insularity to emphasizing relationality. Since the 1980s, the understanding of islands has undergone a shift from emphasizing insularity to emphasizing relationality, focusing more on the understanding of "mainland-island", "island-island", and "island-sea" relationships. The shift in island cognition challenges the dichotomy of island/mainland and land/sea, and interprets islands more in terms of the mutual construction of space, society, and the land-sea environment. In terms of research topics, "mainland-island relationship" mainly focuses on decolonial turn, island colonization, non-sovereign island governance, and island geopolitics. "Island-island relationship" mainly focuses on archipelagic turn, island transport geography, island migration and the impact of informatization on islands. "Island-sea relationship" focuses on aquapelagic turn, island culture and identity, island sustainable development under climate change, and island-marine tourism research. The interpretation of mainland-island relationship is the discussion of the unequal power relationship between continent-island, the interpretation of island-island relationship is the cognition of the dynamic correlation of islands, and the interpretation of island-sea relationship is the consideration of human-land-sea interaction. The island is an important support for the implementation of future national maritime strategies. By sorting and prospect, this paper hopes to enrich the current cognitive dimensions of island spatiality and provide an interpretation based on the relational perspective for the governance of marine territory.

Due to the unclear delineation of the regulatory power and ownership of national parks under the administrative management system, the management of property rights of natural resource assets owned by the whole people in national parks generally faces problems such as insufficient legitimacy of ownership authorization and poor implementation mechanisms of ownership. Through the analysis of the property rights structure characteristics and the definition of management responsibilities of natural resource assets owned by the whole people in national parks, starting from the legal analysis of rights (powers) and their exercise models, this paper clarifies the boundaries of ownership and regulatory rights of national park state-owned natural resource assets from the perspectives of management objectives and content, legal nature and application, exercise subjects and models, and responsibilities. Based on the actual situation of national park protection, construction, and management, 24 owner responsibilities of natural resource assets in national parks are proposed, with a focus on two key issues, namely, the division of responsibilities for technical work according to the purpose of execution, and the exercise of national park franchise rights as a civil right in a delegated agency model. Finally, suggestions for the implementation of owner responsibilities are proposed from the perspectives of ideology, legal system, and mechanism, providing technical references for the systematic, legal, and standardized management of natural resource assets owned by the whole people in national parks.

The natural forest logging ban policy represents a crucial initiative for safeguarding national ecological security and advancing the "Two Mountains" theory. This study utilizes panel data from 2005 to 2022, covering major distribution areas of collective forests, and employs a staggered DID model to analyze the policy's effects on enhancing forest carbon sink capacity and increasing rural residents' income. The results indicate that: (1) The natural forest logging ban policy significantly enhances the forest carbon sink capacity and raises rural residents' income from a long time while it has a significant negative impact on rural residents' business income in the short term. (2) The main mechanism is to enhance the forest carbon sink capacity through investment in ecological construction and protection, and to increase the income of rural residents through non-farm transfer employment and the optimization of the forestry industry structure. (3) The effect of the policy on enhancing carbon sink capacity is more pronounced in regions with abundant resources and underdeveloped industries. In contrast, the income growth effect is more evident in the regions with poor resource endowments and weak industrial bases. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the natural forest logging ban policy, increase forestry ecological investment and industrial support, expand new forms of forestry industry, and open up channels for realizing the value of forestry ecological products, thus achieving the integrated goals of high-level natural forest protection and high-quality economic development.

Land serves as the core carrier of territorial space and is also a significant entity for carbon emissions and carbon sequestration. Optimizing land use patterns is a crucial means of regulating territorial space carbon emissions. Using the composite carbon coefficient method, a 30 m×30 m grid-scale carbon budget index was constructed to precisely evaluate the carbon budget changes due to land-use variations in the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration (CCUA) from 2000 to 2020. This study also identified driving factors influencing carbon budget changes using POI data, and on this basis, constructed a carbon budget monitoring and early warning index, followed by risk zoning. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) During the study period, the total land-use area in the CCUA changed by 22700 km², accounting for 12.32% of the total land area. This change resulted in an increase of 18.44 million tons in net carbon emissions, primarily due to the mutual conversion between cultivated land and construction land. (2) Cultivated land-to-construction land conversion represented a "super-enhanced" source of increased net carbon emissions in Chengdu and Chongqing's main urban areas, whereas conversion from construction land to cultivated land served as a "super-enhanced" source of reduced net carbon emissions in the rural areas adjacent to these "dual-core" cities. (3) Industrial space and transportation space were the dominant factors driving the increase in "super-enhanced" net carbon emissions. The key to regulating the carbon functionality of territorial space lied in expanding the scope for reducing net carbon emissions or narrowing the scope for increasing net carbon emissions. (4) The carbon budget risk zones identified based on the dominant factors indicate that Chengdu, the main urban areas of Chongqing, Luzhou, Mianyang, and other locations were classified as extremely high-risk areas.

To achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) power generation in China will continue to grow rapidly, and the land use is a key issue facing its development. Floating PV, as an important PV development mode, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, shows significant benefits over land-based PV in terms of land conservation, water evaporation reduction, PV performance improvement and mitigation of aquatic weed growth. Also, if floating PV could be integrated with existing hydropower, it would contribute to the transmission and large-scale consumption of PV power generation. However, these benefits are often presented in a qualitative manner and systematic quantitative analysis has not yet been available. Based on hydropower plant information, meteorological data, PV system performance model and water evaporation model for water bodies covered by PV system, this paper evaluates the potential power generation, land conservation and water evaporation reduction benefits from floating PV in the "existing hydropower + floating PV" power generation system, and the feasibility of implementation of the system, taking the Upper Yellow River from Eling Lake estuary to Qingtong Gorge as the study area. The results show that if the floating PV system covers 10% of the water area at the existing hydropower reservoirs, the annual economic benefits in terms of power generation, land saving and water evaporation saving are 5.38 billion yuan, 0.078 billion yuan and 0.052 billion yuan, respectively, with a cumulative annual economic benefit of 5.51 billion yuan. The total investment and potential net income at the end of the lifecycle are 93.06 billion yuan and 41.47 billion yuan, respectively, with an average return on investment of 1.78%, which makes the construction economically feasible. The results of this paper confirm the comprehensive benefits of the "hydropower+floating PV" power generation system, which can help China to adjust and optimize the relevant policies as well as contribute to the sustainable development of PV projects.

How to judge the water environment effect of industrial transfer in the context of industrial development is the urgent need to realize high-quality development and build a beautiful China in the new development pattern. Using the data of 31 provincial-level regions in China from 2016 to 2022, we apply the dynamic deviation-share method to measure the scale and trend of industrial transfer, and adopt the industrial gray water footprint to calculate the amount of industrial water pollution, and use the Spatial Durbin Model to analyze the ''pollution paradise'' or ''pollution halo'' effect of the water environment of the current industrial transfer. The Spatial Durbin Model is used to analyze the ''pollution paradise'' or ''pollution halo'' effect of the current industrial transfer. The following conclusions are drawn: The industrial transfer shows the compound water environment effect of ''pollution paradise'' and ''pollution halo''. The water pollution in the receiving place shows the effect of ''pollution paradise'' due to the deepening of industrial transfer. Industrial transfer reduces the total amount of industrial water pollution in China, but this ''pollution halo'' effect has not been fully confirmed. The water environment effect of industrial transfer varies according to the type of industry and region. The results show that there is a ''pollution paradise'' crisis and a ''pollution halo'' transformation opportunity for industrial transfer in the new development pattern. Therefore, China should seize the time window of industrial transfer and promote industrial upgrading to better adapt to the water resource constraints and environmental protection needs in the new development pattern.

This paper examines the trade-offs and synergies among the value of cultivated land resources, a critical consideration for ensuring farmers' livelihoods, supporting natural ecosystem management, and promoting integrated sustainable development in agroforestry systems. The study employs grids as accounting units for these resources, elucidating the economic-social-ecological trade-off/synergy mechanisms. It further clarifies the accounting results of cultivated land resource assets in Guangxi. The research utilizes methods such as spatial overlay, Spearman correlation, and the PPF model to comprehensively investigate the spatial heterogeneity, interrelationships, and optimal combinations under the trade-off/synergy relationship of cultivated land resource asset values. The results show that: (1) The total value of cultivated land resources in Guangxi is estimated at 12837.519 billion. Among the three types of values, ecological value (62.76%) exceeds both social value (32.98%) and economic value (4.26%), with all demonstrating pronounced spatial distribution characteristics in the central part. (2) The value of these cultivated land resource assets primarily stems from a strong trade-off and low synergy relationship concentrated in Guangxi's central region, while areas exhibiting high synergy and weak trade-off constitute 18.45% and 9.43%, respectively. (3) In most cities, the relationship between economic and social values tends to be synergistically enhancing, even overloaded, with a similar trend observed between economy-ecology and society-ecology trade-offs. Consequently, it is advisable to advocate for the recognition and articulation of the value inherent in cultivated land resource assets by introducing tailored strategies for enhancing value synergy. Such an approach can offer novel perspectives and technical assistance to both the theoretical framework and practical applications of natural resource asset value accounting.

The synergistic integration between ecological resources and industrial development plays a pivotal role in supporting regional coordinated development. This study aims to clarify the driving mechanisms underlying this integration by employing a combination of coupling coordination models, obstacle degree models, and geodetectors. These methodologies are applied to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, obstacle factors, and driving factors of synergistic integration across 24 counties in the Western Hunan region from 2000 to 2021. The findings indicate several key trends: (1) The comprehensive level of ecological resources and the industrial development level in this study area have both demonstrated a significant upward trajectory over the study period. (2) Despite a gradual improvement in the overall synergy between ecological resources and industrial development, notable spatial disparities persist, characterized by a "high in the northeast, and low in the southwest" pattern. However, this spatial disparity has shown signs of narrowing over time. (3) The main obstacles to achieving effective synergistic integration include the production capacity of ecological resources, the availability and quality of ecological environmental resources, and the levels of open and innovative development within the region. (4) Key driving factors for promoting synergistic integration have been identified, including people's livelihood, economic development level, government policy regulation, market investment, the aggregation of the labor population, and urban development level. These findings provide critical insights and theoretical support for other underdeveloped regions, offering a potential pathway for pursuing green development strategies that are well-aligned with the local economic base and resource endowment. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how to harmonize ecological preservation with industrial growth, ultimately supporting the sustainable development goals of regions similar to Western Hunan.

The imbalance between urban and rural development is a prominent contradiction in China's economic and social development. To fundamentally resolve this problem, it is necessary to take the path of urban-rural integrated development. The county is a crucial support for urban-rural integration. Accurately grasping the multidimensional spatiotemporal characteristics of urban-rural integration within the county domain and clarifying the mechanism by which element flow impacts urban-rural integrated development is of great significance for enriching the theoretical system of common prosperity in the New Era. Based on flow space theory, this study analyzed the theoretical mechanism of element flow on urban-rural integrated development and constructed an evaluation index system for integration at the county scale from eight elements: population, land, ecological environment, capital, industry, technology, management, and data. An empirical analysis was conducted on 64 counties in the Wuling Mountain Area, Central China. The research results showed that: (1) During the sample period, the level of urban-rural integrated development in the study area showed a continuous upward trend. (2) The number of low-level urban-rural integrated areas in this region was decreasing, while that of high-level areas was increasing, generally presenting a spatial distribution pattern of "hotspots in the south, and coldspots in the west," with the standard deviation ellipse showing a trend of moving from southeast to northwest. (3) The overall disparity in the level of urban-rural integrated development was decreasing, with intra-regional differences being the main source. (4) Fiscal decentralization and industrial structure had significant inhibitory effects on the integration of urban and rural areas, while fiscal expenditure and financial efficiency had significant promoting effects on the integrated development. The impact of these factors on urban-rural integration varied depending on altitude and whether the area was an ethnic minority autonomous county. To achieve high-quality urban-rural integrated development, it was necessary to focus on the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban-rural integration development, make full use of resource endowments and locational advantages to achieve differentiated development, and pay attention to specific factors affecting urban-rural integration. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the implementation of urban-rural integrated development in mountainous county regions.

The research of biocultural diversity in agricultural heritage sites is of significant practical importance for the formulation of protection and development plans for agricultural heritage and the sustainable development of the social-ecological systems in these sites. This research focuses on the nationally important agricultural heritage "Hubei Enshi Yulu Tea Culture System" and uses employs methods such as ArcGIS spatial analysis, coupling coordination degree model, and geographically weighted regression model to establish a zoning method for the protection of agricultural heritage from the perspective of biocultural diversity. The research results indicate that: (1) The spatial differentiation characteristics of biocultural diversity in Enshi Yulu Tea Culture System are evident, with a high overlap between biodiversity and cultural diversity. High-value areas of biocultural diversity are primarily distributed in the northern and southwestern regions, specifically on slopes and in valleys at altitudes of 500 m to 1500 m, forming continuous planar areas along riverbanks. (2) Incorporating high-value areas of biocultural diversity into the heritage protection scope results in an optimized total area of 2925 km², enhancing the spatial continuity and integrity of biocultural diversity. (3) The coupling coordination degree of biocultural diversity generally exhibits a distribution pattern of "high in the north and south, while low in the east and west", with high-value areas often showing a high-quality coupling state, while low-value areas tend to exhibit a general coupling state. (4) The heritage site is predominantly driven by factors such as relevant plants, traditional customs, and traditional crafts, leading to the formation of different coupling coordination relationships in the region, which in turn creates unique representations of biocultural diversity. The study recommends designating high-quality coupling coordination areas as core zones, emphasizing the integrated development of traditional agriculture and culture, with an area of 1256 km². The general coupling coordination area, as a heritage buffer zone, emphasizes the dynamic balance between ecosystems and cultural traditions, with an area of 1669 km².

Revenue from natural resource assets owned by the whole people is an important part of national fiscal revenue, and strengthening budget management is of great significance in realizing the rights and interests and fulfilling the responsibilities of owners of natural resource assets owned by the whole people. Based on the logic of principal-agent theory, holistic governance theory, compound budget principle and benefit principle, this paper argues that the implementation of the budget for natural resource assets owned by the whole people is a necessary choice to promote the unification of the rights and responsibilities of natural resource asset owners. The implementation of the budget for natural resource assets owned by the whole people is not only conducive to optimizing the structure of fiscal revenue, realizing the central and local government fiscal rights and expenditure responsibilities in the field of natural resources, and dealing with the relationship between the government and the market, but also an important way to strengthen the overall function of the full-caliber budget and further improve the full-caliber budget management system. Under the background of the pilot commissioning mechanism for the ownership of natural resource assets owned by the whole people and the new round of reform of the fiscal and tax system, based on adjustments to the government revenue and expenditure classification accounts, this paper believes that the gradual transition from "government fund budget" to "budget for natural resource assets owned by the whole people" and the gradual transition from "state-owned capital operating budget" to "budget for assets and capital operations owned by the whole people" are the two alternative ways of implementing the budget for natural resource assets owned by the whole people. In addition, the implementation of the budget for natural resource assets owned by the whole people should focus on the four aspects of "value accounting, budget harmonization, planning and adjustment, and performance evaluation". This paper puts forward a prototype of the budget for natural resource assets owned by the whole people, which provides a reference for decision-making to improve the natural resource asset revenue management system and standardize government revenues and expenditures in the field of natural resources.

Under the goal of common prosperity, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the impact of farmland transfer on farmers' livelihood resilience to better exert the positive co-enrichment effect of farmland transfer. Based on the survey data of 329 typical farmers in Shenyang, a theoretical analysis framework is constructed, under the goal of common prosperity and farmers' dominant position. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are used in this paper. The comprehensive index method is used to measure farmers' livelihood resilience index, and then the propensity score matching method (PSM) is used to quantitatively test the effect of farmland transfer on farmers' livelihood resilience. Then the grounded theory method is applied to qualitatively analyze the impact mechanism. The results show that: (1) The overall livelihood resilience level of farmers in Shenyang is not high, especially in the buffer capacity and self-organization capacity. In comparison, the livelihood resilience index of transfer farmers is higher than that of the non-transfer farmers, and has advantages in three dimensions of livelihood resilience. By using PSM to reduce sample self-selection bias, the estimation results show that farmland transfer can effectively improve the level of farmers' livelihood resilience. (2) Under the impact of farmland transfer, the farmers' livelihood resilience generally develops and changes along the mechanism path of "shock disturbance-buffer recovery-path alienation", which further affects the realization of common prosperity. It is recommended to continue to improve the farmland transfer system for the goal of common prosperity, guide and encourage farmers to orderly transfer farmland, and strengthen the risk prevention and control mechanism of farmland transfer to prevent farmers from falling into the situation of livelihood stagnation or decline.

Regional specialized markets are crucial for revitalization of industries related to modern rural services and the processing and circulation of agricultural products. The choice of new paths for regional specialized markets is a hot topic in economic geography. Based on the relevant theories in evolutionary economic geography. This paper analyzes the mechanism of path upgrading of traditional specialized market in a multi-scale environment from the perspective of key actors. We take Eqiao tea market in Wuhu, Anhui province as an example, and draws on qualitative research methods such as historical document analysis, field research and in-depth interviews. The study found that: (1) The development and evolution of Eqiao tea market can be divided into three stages of embryonic formation, rapid expansion and functional expansion, which corresponds to the three path upgrading stages from scratch, from inside to outside the region, and from real space to the integration of real and virtual space. (2) The derivation mechanism led by pioneer farmers, the agglomeration mechanism led by local governments, and the diffusion mechanism led by tea merchants, respectively, have promoted the three paths of upgrading. (3) The path upgrading mechanism of regional specialized markets is the result of various types of key actors and participants integrating regional assets at different spatial scales and responding to institutional and policy incentives to meet market demand. Among them, market force as the core driving force, social force as the basic driving force, and government force as the auxiliary driving force have jointly promoted the upgrading processes. Eqiao tea market grows in the underdeveloped rural field, the innate foundation does not have the core information and channel advantages of the professional market. Its path upgrading process and unique enrichment effect provide a theoretical basis and case study for the creation of new paths in disadvantaged regions in the current rural revitalization strategy. This paper introduces the notion of future expectation into the regional path upgrading and finds that that key actors in the Eqiao tea market, guided by future economic, political, and environmental expectations, have engaged in a series of organizational activities, which in turn have contributed to its three path upgrades. Therefore, this paper extends the traditional path dependence theory and regional path upgrading research in evolutionary economic geography by focusing on the two-stage theoretical paradigm of the past foundation and the present context. Moreover, this paper deepens the regularity perception of the regional path upgrading process and enriches the case of path upgrading in less developed regions.

Utilizing green financial policies to promote green transformation of enterprises is not only a requirement for high-quality development of enterprises, but also an important part of building a green financial theory with Chinese characteristics. Selecting A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2021 as research samples, a PSM-DID model is employed with the Green Credit Guidelines as a natural experiment. This study establishes an evaluation index system from five dimensions: green production, green innovation, environmental quality, social sharing, and green system to comprehensively evaluate the green development of enterprises, and explores the effects and mechanisms of green credit policies on the green development of enterprises. Research has found that the implementation of green credit policies has significantly promoted the green development of enterprises, and improved the levels of green production, green innovation, environmental quality, and green institution. From the perspective of enterprise investment structure, it has been verified that green credit policies can facilitate the green development of enterprises through investment duration, investment risk bearing capacity, and digital investment. From a dimensional perspective, emphasizing long-term investment can help improve green production, green innovation and environmental quality for enterprises. The increase in investment risk bearing capacity is conducive to enhancing the level of green production, innovation, and institutional management for enterprises. The raising of digital investment helps to improve the green institutional management of enterprises. Heterogeneity testing found that green credit policies have a significant promoting effect on the green development of small-scale enterprises, enterprises in central and western regions, and enterprises in high-intensity environmental regulation areas.

Enhanced agricultural green productivity is a crucial pathway to ensure food security and promote the green transformation of agricultural production. This article incorporated the analytical framework of rural industrial integration, taking into account the perspective of rural land inward transfer, to explore strategies for improving agricultural green productivity. Furthermore, it investigated the transmission mechanism through which rural land inward transfer affected agricultural green productivity in grain production. Empirical tests were conducted using a sample of 1214 grain farmers from Heilongjiang province, Hubei province, and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. The results indicated that: (1) Rural land inward transfer behavior and stability significantly enhanced farmers' agricultural green productivity. (2) Rural land inward transfer improved agricultural green productivity by enhancing promoting service outsourcing. (3) Participation in rural industrial integration strengthened the promotional effect of rural land inward transfer on agricultural green productivity. Therefore, it is imperative to improve the system for rural land inward transfer, promote appropriate scale management of rural lands, prioritize the development and advancement of rural industrial integration while fully leveraging the important role played by service outsourcing to enhance income quality. These measures will effectively improve agricultural green productivity.

Exploring the exit mechanism of homestead withdrawal in metropolitan areas is crucial for improving the public governance of rural resource governance, as well as enhancing the living quality of farmers. Taking Chang'an town, Haining city, Zhejiang province as a case study, based on the logical framework of "problem identification-context seeking-mechanism analysis" and utilizing Ostrom's Social-Ecological System (SES) analysis framework, this paper identifies the key issues in homestead withdraw actions. The research findings are as follows: (1) Chang'an town faces dual realistic pressure of resource scarcity and governance challenges. (2) Influenced by collective action, the overall relocation rate of groups affected farmers' willingness to withdraw, with farmers possessing high autonomy in decision-making, while local governments serves as coordinators and arbitrators; the withdrawal process optimizes urban-rural spatial structure and revitalizes rural land. (3) Dynamic mechanism, circulation mechanism and resettlement mechanism are key paths to achieving homestead withdrawal, exhibiting both incentive and constraint effects. (4) Future efforts should focus on the distribution of public resources' benefit, constructing a homestead withdrawal path that can reduce restriction mechanism and strengthening incentive mechanism. The results of our study provide theoretical references for deepening homestead reform and offer policy recommendations for practitioners implementing homestead withdrawal.

Grain production capacity is the first essential to ensure food security. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid urbanization process and significant climate change, China's grain production capacity has undergone a significant spatial reconstruction process. Based on the long-term multi-source provincial panel data from 2000 to 2022, this paper deconstructs the spatial reconstruction process of China's grain production capacity, identifies the dominant driving factors and key driving mechanisms, in order to provide scientific reference for China's food security and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The results show that: (1) China's grain production capacity shows spatial and temporal significance and complexity in terms of production quantity, production potential and production structure. (2) The spatial center of gravity of the grain production quantity shifted from Southern Henan to Northern Henan and Southern Hebei. (3) The spatial autocorrelation and spatial stratification heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of production capacity are significant and increasing. The expansion and reduction of inter-provincial differences in production capacity coexist, and the primary distribution characteristics are not prominent and continue to weaken. (4) There are dimensional heterogeneity in the driving factors of production quantity, production potential and production structure. The two main controlling factors of climate change and urbanization are changing in the process of spatial reconstruction of grain production capacity. Climate change is dominant in the early stage and urbanization is dominant in the later stage. (5) Under the coupling of urbanization and climate change, the nonlinear spatial reconstruction process of grain production capacity occurs at three levels of production quantity, production structure and production potential. (6) Agricultural policies can directly inhibit excessive "non-grain" and "non-agricultural" transformation by ensuring agricultural land input and increasing agricultural economic benefits, thereby regulating production structure, ensuring production quantity and improving grain production capacity.

At present, the core of China's food safety problem is structural safety and nutritional safety. Based on the data of food production, consumption and trade in China, this paper calculates the scale of food gap from the dimensions of consumption, trade and nutrition, and introduces the concepts of virtual water and virtual land to calculate the water and soil resource gap. On this basis, the solution path of food gap is constructed under the guidance of the concept of the greater food approach. The research indicates that: (1) On the supply side, while food production capacity is increasing, the external dependence for some food items is also rising. The production structure shows a trend of reduced proportions of grains and pork, and expanded proportions of corn, poultry meat, vegetables, etc. On the demand side, apparent food demand is generally increasing, and the dietary structure is transitioning from a "grain and vegetable-based" type to a "grain, meat, vegetable, and fruit diversified" type. (2) Through comprehensive analysis of consumption, trade, and nutrition, it is found that nine types of food, including corn and soybeans, have gaps. The virtual water and virtual land gaps are 269.55 billion m³ and 68.8283 million ha respectively, with gap ratios of 22.49% and 40.80%, respectively. (3) Adjusting dietary structure, reducing and substituting the use of soybean meal for animal feed, and developing and utilizing backup resources can mitigate resource gaps and ensure food security. Among these, adopting a healthy dietary pattern can save 275.987 billion m³ of virtual water and 92.7871 million ha of virtual land. Implementing the greater food approach concept urgently requires the establishment of a macro food system security responsibility mechanism, optimization of food security evaluation standards and evaluation systems, and guanantee of food security from the perspective of the entire industry chain and comprehensive resource utilization.

The Food Security Law of the PCR stipulates the system of regulating the planting structure of cultivated land and its legal responsibilities, reflecting the legal guidance of strengthening the control of "non-grain conversion" of cultivated land and ensuring food security in China. In order to promote the legalization process of "non-grain conversion" regulation, it is necessary to improve the theoretical and legal system of "non-grain conversion" regulation by illustrating the meaning of the regulation, analyzing the legitimacy of the control, clarifying its limits and improving compensation mechanism for the regulation. Regulation of "non-grain conversion" of cultivated land can be narrowly defined as the prohibitive or restrictive control of "grain to non-grain conversion" and "non-cultivated-land conversion" of cultivated land. The control of "non-grain conversion" of cultivated land for land social obligation against specific economic and social backgrounds is justified in restricting the autonomous cultivation rights of cultivated land rights holders, but this restriction should be limited to certain areas. That is, the prohibition of "grain to non-grain conversion" should be limited to the grain production functional zone. The ban on "non-cultivated-land conversion" or "non-edible-crop conversion" restriction should be confined to permanent basic farmland. The regulation on the high standard farmland can be adjusted according to different situations. While the general cultivated land apart from the permanent basic farmland should be restricted only by "non-cultivated-land conversion". In view of the theory of natural resource rights restriction, the government should compensate for the opportunity losses caused to cultivated land owners, cultivated land contracted management rights holders, and cultivated land management rights holders through direct and indirect means. The regulation is supervised and implemented by the natural resources authority through the spatial planning system, and the implementation and compensation of the control are ultimately supervised and managed by the agricultural and rural authorities. In conclusion, this study can provide reference for legislation of regulation and compensation of "non-grain conversion" of cultivated land and improving China's cultivated land protection system.

Horizontal ecological compensation serves as a pivotal safeguard for ensuring equitable access to survival, environmental, and developmental rights across diverse regions. It is also a crucial approach for fostering inter-regional harmony, balance, and sustainable progress. This study zeroed in on the Chishui River Basin, aiming to scientifically quantify the ecological compensation amount based on the ecosystem services' value. We further established a horizontal ecological compensation mechanism that encompassed the government, enterprises, and other stakeholders through the identification of both compensated and paying regions. The key findings were: (1) The upstream and western bank areas of the Chishui River Basin constitute the compensated regions, covering 54.8% of the basin's total area. Conversely, the downstream and eastern bank regions, being beneficiaries of ecological protection, represent the paying regions, accounting for 21.3% of the total area. (2) The theoretical compensation amount for the Chishui River Basin in 2021 stood at 7.72 billion yuan. Renhuai city, Huichuan district, Qixingguan district and Bozhou district bored respectively 58.1%, 19.4%, 17.7% and 4.8% of the compensation amount according to the proportion of water consumption. (3) Under the government's guidance, a water fund model tailored to the Chishui River Basin, integrating government and enterprise compensation, had been formulated. This model fostered a collaborative mechanism among multiple stakeholders, promoting the coordinated and equitable development of the watershed through incentives for ecological protection, the development of eco-industries, and the provision of ecological institutions.

In accordance with the global tendency for multiple stakeholders to engage in the governance of natural protected areas collectively, environmental non-governmental organizations (eNGOs) have assumed an increasingly pivotal role as a supplementary force to that of official bodies. This has led to a notable increase in the influence of eNGOs in the effective governance of natural protected areas in China. The community is an important stakeholder in the nature reserve and is an integral part of the reserve. Drawing inspiration from the affective cognitive appraisal theory, this study was to investigate the impact of eNGOs' conservation actions and practices on the place attachment of residents in protected areas. To this end, a chain mediation model was developed, focusing on the mediating roles of wildlife conservation attitude and livelihood perception in the relationship between the value recognition of eNGO and place attachment. This study employed a questionnaire-based approach to analyse perceptions among local residents at the Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve in Shanxi province. This area has been the focus of conservation efforts by the Chinese Felid Conservation Alliance (CFCA) for an extended period. The results show that value recognition of eNGO does not have a direct predictive effect on place attachment of community residents in the protected area, and only a chain mediation pathway, where value recognition of eNGO leads to wildlife conservation attitudes, which in turn lead to positive livelihood perceptions, and ultimately to palce attachment, has been established. It is indicated that in the empirical cases, community residents' value recognition of eNGOs' conservation work can strengthen their place attachment, and that the realisation of this positive association requires eNGOs to both increase residents' attitudes towards wildlife conservation and improve their livelihood perception, i.e. to implement conservation that actively seeks development for the community, and to provide development that is not divorced from conservation. The study highlights that taking local development into account in conservation practices is of vital importance of multiple actors, such as eNGOs, with implications for governance of nature reserves and sustainable development of community, as well as for eNGOs' local practices.

The reasonable selection and configuration of environmental regulatory tools are key to balancing economic growth with the dynamic equilibrium of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals. Based on panel data from 284 cities at the prefecture level and above in China from 2003 to 2021, this study empirically examines the impact and mechanisms of command-and-control and market-based environmental regulations on carbon emission performance using a two-way fixed effects model, a difference-in-differences model, and a threshold effect model. The study further analyzes the threshold effect of government technology support. The results show that: (1) Both command-and-control and market-based environmental regulations have a significant positive impact on carbon emission performance, with the effect of market-based regulations being stronger. These findings are also supported by empirical evidence from the "Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control" and the "SO₂ Emission Trading Pilot". (2) Green technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading are important mechanisms by which both types of regulations improve carbon emission performance. (3) The implementation effects of the two types of environmental regulations are affected by differences in urban resource endowments, marketization levels and geographical locations. (4) Government science and technology support has a significant threshold effect on the impact of the two types of environmental regulations on carbon emission performance. Finally, policy recommendations are put forward in terms of the construction of environmental regulatory system, the choice of environmental regulatory tools, and the government's strategy for scientific and technological expenditures.

The low-carbon transformation of resource-based cities is of great practical significance for accelerating the transformation of old and new kinetic energy, regional coordinated development, and realizing "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals". Based on the panel data of 278 prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2021, the super-efficiency SBM model was used to measure carbon emission efficiency, the PSM-DID model and the intermediary effect model were used to analyze the effect and mechanism of sustainable development policy on carbon emission efficiency and the spatial spillover effect was analyzed through the spatial Durbin model. It is found that the sustainable development policy of resource-based cities can significantly improve carbon emission efficiency. The mechanism test results show that sustainable development policy can play a role by promoting technological innovation, accelerating industrial upgrading, and reducing total energy consumption. Heterogeneity results show that the effect of sustainable development policy on fourth-tier and fifth-tier cities, mature, declining, and regenerative cities, cities in the southeast half to the Hu Huanyong Line, and hub cities are effective. The results of spatial effect analysis show that sustainable development policy has a certain spatial spillover effect on improving carbon emission efficiency. The transformation of resource-based cities should focus on green technology, innovation capacity, energy utilization, factor allocation, and other paths to steadily achieve industrial succession and replacement, take into account the difference in city life cycle and development level, and continue to improve the long-term mechanism of resource-based city transformation due to urban policies and changes in time, to achieve efficient, coordinated, stable and sustainable high-quality development.

Entering a new stage of urbanization, counties around large cities face significant development opportunities and immense low-carbon development pressures. This study examines 143 counties in the central areas of three major urban agglomerations in eastern China, using Landscan population distribution data, nighttime light data, and EDGAR carbon emission data. By applying the instrumental variable method, we investigate the impact of urban spatial structure on carbon emission intensity and its optimization directions. The study reveals that: (1) Decentralization of urban spatial structure increases carbon emission intensity. For every 0.01 unit increase in decentralization, carbon emissions increase by about 0.13 thousand tons per billion GDP. This core conclusion holds after a series of robustness tests. Economically, compared to 2007, the decentralization of urban spatial structure in 2019 led to an additional 62.07 million tons of carbon emissions, accounting for 8.69% of the total carbon emissions. (2) The study verifies the impact mechanisms from the dimensions of land, transportation, and industry. Specifically, decentralization increases carbon emission intensity through the encroachment on blue-green ecological spaces, stimulation of private transportation demand, and driving inter-industry growth through heteroscale effects. (3) Further discussion reveals that the promoting effect of urban spatial structure on carbon emission intensity results from the "net" effect of carbon reduction in core areas and an increase in peripheral areas. The impact of decentralization on carbon emission intensity shows marginal growth at different evolutionary stages. The optimal optimization methods for urban spatial structure vary among different urban agglomerations: counties in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region should leverage the leading role of core areas, counties in the Yangtze River Delta should moderately control peripheral expansion, and counties in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area should synergize carbon reduction efforts from both core and peripheral areas. This study helps counties around large cities tap into urbanization potential while maintaining or promoting low-carbon development, offering theoretical and practical significance for balancing the core strategies of "urbanization" and "dual carbon" goals.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to significant changes in the utilization of black soil cultivated land, which profoundly affects the sustainable utilization of black soil resources. Based on the human-land system perspective, this paper constructs an analytical framework for the transformation of cultivated land utilization, takes Qiqihar city as a case study area, and adopts the mutation level model to quantitatively analyze the process of cultivated land utilization and its key turning points from 1995 to 2020, and to examine the main driving factors of different transformation stages. The results show that: (1) The state evaluation value of cropland utilization system fluctuates and rises from 1995 to 2020, concentrating between 0.35 and 0.45, indicating that the cropland utilization system in Qiqihar has different stages of utilization state and is in the process of transformation and change. (2) With 2003 and 2015 as the turning points, the cropland utilization mode in the study area has experienced the rough development and utilization, high-intensity and intensive utilization, protection and sustainable utilization, and its function has realized the transformation of food from "self-sufficiency" (1995-2002) to "external transfer of commercial food (2003-2014)", and then to "green transformation (2015-2020)". The utilization of cultivated land has gone through two transformations. (3) The transformation of cultivated land utilization from the first to the second stage in the study area from 1995 to 2020 was mainly driven by key factors such as factor inputs and policy regulation, and the second to the third stage was mainly driven by market demand, policy regulation and technological progress. It is recommended to continue to strengthen the protection and utilization of black soil, coordinate the allocation of factors and resources in the black soil area, optimize the structure of regional cultivated land utilization, promote the upgrading of black soil cultivated land functions, and strengthen the cornerstone of guaranteeing national food security and the sustainable development of regional agriculture and rural areas.

On the basis of the general characteristics of common prosperity, the development of common prosperity at county scale has certain particularity, and the study of common prosperity from the county scale is helpful to explore the differentiated development path of each region. In order to analyze common prosperity at the county scale, with Zhejiang province as an example, the global entropy method is used to carry out dynamic measurement of the common prosperity level and analyze the evolution characteristics. The geographically and temporally weighted regression model is used to identify the driving factors of the development of common prosperity in counties, and refine the driving pattern of common prosperity. The results show that the level of common prosperity in Zhejiang is on the rise in stages, and the development of common prosperity has obvious disequilibrium line and "dual core" structure. The common prosperity level of counties in the province is driven by natural factors, economic factors, population factors and policies, and the driving effects of each factor have spatial and temporal heterogeneity, forming 16 driving patterns. We should give full play to the geographical advantages of the region, improve the population, economic and policy environment, and formulate a differentiated path suitable for the common prosperity and development of all counties. The results of this study provide enlightenment for realizing the goal of high-quality development and building common prosperity demonstration zone in regional complementarity.

From the perspective of space commodification, rural lucid waters and lush mountains (green mountains) are considered as rural space resources with rich natural and cultural characteristics, and the transformation of green mountains into golden and silver mountains is the space value realization process of rural green mountains through the commodification of space. Based on the space commodification theory, and combined with natural resources capitalization theory and capital circulation theory, this study constructs the space commodification theoretical framework of rural two mountains transformation, which includes five closely connected links: space advantage identification, monetary capital investment, space production, spatial ecological products sales, and space reproduction. Therefore, the inherent logic, process, and conditions of the transformation of rural green mountains from space resources into space assets, space capital, spatial ecological products, and space returns, are clarified, and a two-way transformation loop between green mountains and golden and silver mountains is formed through space resources capitalization and space capital increment circulation. Then, based on the above theoretical framework, the practice path for transforming rural two mountains is summarized and refined systematically, from scientifically recognizing the space resources advantages of rural green mountains, innovating investment and financing mechanisms for capitalization of green mountains, creating diversified and high value-added spatial ecological products with rich regional characteristics, expanding value realizing channels of spatial ecological products, and promoting the re-cultivation of rural green mountains space. In addition, this study puts forward some proposals, such as deepening the spatial value recognition of rural green mountains and its ecological products, making full use of multi-participant's co-governance, integrating and coordinating space production and material production in space, and preventing social risks brought by capital introduction, in order to promote the commodification of green mountains space, and thus achieve win-win situation of rural two mountains.