Against the strategic backdrop of ecological civilization construction in the New Era, nature-based study tours, an important innovative form integrating education and tourism, are evolving into a systemic educational practice grounded in natural settings as the cognitive foundation, ecological values as the core of cultivation, and public resources as institutional support. This developmental trajectory holds significant implications for promoting the synergistic advancement of the ecological civilization agenda and the modernization of education. To deepen theoretical understanding and advance the construction of a practical system for nature-based study tours, this research invited experts from relevant fields to engage in cross-disciplinary interviews, focusing on diverse topics such as theoretical connotations and knowledge systems, industry self-regulation and governance frameworks, product innovation and digital responses, knowledge dissemination, and international experience. The discussions indicate that: (1) As a new educational model that connects humans and nature and cultivates practitioners of ecological civilization, the innovative development of nature-based study tours urgently requires the establishment of a new paradigm centered on "harmonious coexistence between humans and nature", the formation of a knowledge system rooted in the Chinese context, and deep coordination with national parks and nature reserves to achieve a win-win outcome between ecological value transformation and educational practice. (2) In response to structural challenges arising from rapid expansion, it is necessary to establish cross-sector, multi-actor collaborative governance mechanisms, and to improve institutional arrangements for entry accreditation, curriculum evaluation, industry standards, talent cultivation, and technological empowerment, thereby enhancing the standardization and professionalization of the sector. (3) A composite study tour product system that balances educational value with adaptive flexibility should be developed by means of multidisciplinary integration and cross-sector collaboration, so as to achieve a deep integration of "teaching" and "touring" through the interactive mechanism of "knowledge construction - site organization - participant activation". Digital technologies should play a part in extending resources and enhancing learning interactions, while caution must be exercised to prevent "virtual nature" from replacing authentic experiences. (4) Knowledge dissemination in nature-based study tours should be grounded in local resources and culture, integrate multiple stakeholders, construct a composite media matrix, and employ intelligent digital tools to build a public engagement system that balances scientific rigor with accessibility. Moreover, through effective interaction between international experience and the practices and resources of China's ecological civilization construction, cross-national ecological cooperation should be pursued to develop a "Chinese solution" with global applicability. As a vital nexus linking education, nature, and society, nature-based study tours should, in the future, be oriented toward cross-disciplinary, cross-industry, and cross-scalar collaborative innovation, improving their academic system and practical pathways to become an educational engine and key practice arena for promoting "harmonious coexistence between humans and nature" in the process of Chinese modernization.
With the acceleration of urbanization, a New Urban-Rural Amphibiousness phenomenon has emerged, characterized by groups that facilitate the bidirectional flow of key development factors across urban and rural areas. However, research on the strategic interactions among multiple actors and the integrated development mechanisms of the "agriculture and culture-tourism+" model from the urban-rural amphibiousness perspective remains limited. Taking Houguan village in Fujian province as a case, this study develops an Improved Multi-Layer Network Model based on Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which overcomes the limitations of single-theory approaches to reveal the interconnections among the village's agriculture, culture-tourism and education network. Drawing on symbiosis theory, this study elucidates the integrated development mechanism of the "agriculture, culture-tourism and education" model. The findings indicate that: (1) Houguan village has developed a multi-layer integrated mutual feedback system encompassing agriculture, culture-tourism and education. Cross-layer connections formed through dynamic interactions among actors such as the village committee, New Urban-Rural Amphibiousness groups, government agencies, and college students, which strengthen resource integration across industries. (2) Actors across all layers jointly act on the obligatory passage. Among them, the New Urban-Rural Amphibiousness groups serve as the main force, and together with the village committee, government, college students, and other participants, they constitute a stable "one superpower with multiple strong players" network pattern, ensuring the smooth operation of industrial integration. (3) This network exhibits a high global overlap rate, strong network resilience, and a high inter-layer correlation index, which enhances the network's ability to withstand external disturbances and promotes efficient resource allocation across layers. (4) Houguan village's circular symbiotic structure facilitates interactive collaboration among different groups across various industries and enables synergistic effects across layers. This structure directly contributes to the formation of an organically integrated development mechanism "agriculture and culture-tourism+ education". The findings aim to offer practical guidance and theoretical support for advancing the "agriculture and culture-tourism" pathway to rural revitalization.
The rural revitalization strategy drives rural living space to undergo a transformation from "survival carrier" to "quality space". However, existing studies have limitations such as neglecting top-down forces in the structural dimension, having unclear definitions of core fields, and insufficient integration of spatial systems. Therefore, this article follows the logical sequence of "conceptual model - multidimensional features - interaction mechanism - production mechanism" to explore the construction of a totality conceptual model and a systematic research framework for rural living spaces. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Rural living space is the overall projection of multi-subject social relations and spatial practices in geographical space. Drawing on the socio-spatial dialectic, three-fold model of rural space and the theory of daily life practice, this paper constructs a totality conceptual model of rural living space. This model integrates the attributes of spatiality, sociality, and historicity; encompasses multiple spatial types within the multi-level county-town-village-home system; carries diverse functions such as living, employment, consumption, leisure, education, and healthcare; and incorporates the triple structure and dynamic interactions among material space, formal representation, and daily activities. (2) Based on the behavioral logic embedded in rural residents' daily activities, this study proposes the county as the core field of rural living space, highlighting the need for systematic coordination between the overall settlement environment at the village level and multi-level categorical living spaces across the county scale. (3) The production of rural living space is essentially a process whereby, under the combined influence of multi-dimensional interactions and multiple driving forces, the relational forms and coordination dynamics within the tripartite structure of formal representation-material space-daily activities undergo transformation, driving changes in both the systemic equilibrium and the functional nature of the space. Accordingly, this study proposes a research framework that progresses in layers, encompassing multidimensional characteristics, interactive mechanisms, and production mechanisms. Studying rural living space from the perspective of totality and dynamic production helps enrich the theory of rural space and provides academic support for the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas and the development of livable living spaces.
Residential form is an integrated manifestation of spatial, livelihood, and cultural configurations. It constitutes the objective of rural settlement restructuring while also serving as its mediating mechanism. Drawing on the theory of space production, this study examines and elucidates the theoretical logic of rural settlement restructuring within China's urban-rural integration context through the lens of residential form reproduction. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper attempts to further extract practical strategies from established typical cases from four regions of China. As a comprehensive concept, residential form extends the analysis of rural settlement restructuring through its tripartite dialectical relationships. The crux of rural settlement restructuring lies in reorganizing resource elements and reforming property rights systems to establish a coupled "human-land-industry-rights" nexus, facilitating the reshaping of human-land relationships, adjustment of interpersonal dynamics, and reconstruction of value norms through collective praxis. Four representative cases demonstrate that rural settlement restructuring inherently embodies the value orientation of constructing "residence-industry communities", necessitating an "industry-property rights" linkage mechanism to organically integrate residential form. Locational conditions and initial residential form jointly determine a village's developmental potential and collective action capacity, defining power interactions between village actors and external entities, thereby molding spatial governance mechanisms that drive the reproduction of residential form. Specifically, a power-bridging relationship exists between villages and government, wherein the government provides elastic empowerment calibrated to local action capacity to supplement or stimulate autonomous agency. Concurrently, village actors and market actors share the property rights and economic elements during rural land marketization. Crucially, residential form reproduction extends the "society-space" dialectic of space production theory while foregrounding residential culture as an analytical dimension, offering significant explanatory power for rural restructuring rooted in China's cultural context and collective property rights system. This study provides an integrated framework for analyzing different viewpoints on the evolution of Chinese villages, and also offers localized and diversified governance strategies for rural settlement restructuring.
Confronting the dualistic dilemma of "urban knowledge hegemony, rural passive reception" during urban-rural transformation, this paper proposes a theoretical framework for "knowledge-oriented rural communities". Based on field investigations in the Hetao Irrigation Area from 2015 to 2025, it reveals the mechanism through which knowledge governance drives urban-rural integration. The research indicates that urban knowledge elites reconstruct the "technical-cultural" composite capital order through localized scientific practices, enabling villagers to shift from passive recipients to active producers and disseminators of knowledge, thereby forming a networked urban-rural functional community. Urban-rural integration evolves through three stages: the local response stage achieves the spatial penetration of knowledge elements; the technical-cultural dual empowerment stage exhibits a concentric spatial structure of "core fusion—transitional gaming—edge sedimentation"; ultimately leading to governance innovation guided by knowledge power. Knowledge governance functions through three primary mechanisms: knowledge capital, via spatial translation, forms an adaptive regulatory system for culture and ecology; urban-rural power undergoes bidirectional reconstruction through downward empowerment and upward embeddedness; effective spatial reproduction is achieved through "gradient circles—channel governance—value transition". The practice in the Hetao Irrigation Area demonstrates that knowledge governance offers a theoretically robust and practically viable approach to resolving the urban-rural dual structure.
Traditional villages in the metropolitan fringes multifaceted challenges stemming from urban expansion, the permeation of consumer culture, and the imperative for living heritage conservation. Clarifying the dynamic social relationship centered on the power game of multiple subjects and its shaping mechanism on space is of great significance for achieving cultural heritage inheritance in the context of sustainable urban-rural development. Through literature analysis, theoretical framework construction, and case study research, this study elucidates the restructuring logic, mechanisms, and models of these villages from a theoretical perspective of "subjects-power-space". The findings indicate that: (1) Constructing an analytical framework based on the theory of space production, micro-power theory, and China's rural land system is instrumental in deconstructing the restructuring logic. This framework elucidates the synergistic interplay between the regulatory power of macro-level actors, the practical power of micro-level actors and the process of spatial restructuring. (2) The primary restructuring types are categorized into regulation-driven, endogenous practice-driven, and collaborative development-driven models, revealing the differentiated logic underlying village transformation under varying power dynamics. (3) Case studies of Liuliqu village, Beigou village, and Huangshandian village, representing the three respective types, demonstrate distinct characteristics of macro-actor regulation, micro-actor endogenous practice, and collaborative development in their transformation mechanisms. Corresponding differentiated development models are proposed, including spatial empowerment to activate community regeneration, power synergy to enhance resource integration, and refined spatial governance. Theoretically, this research extends the study of social relations in space. Practically, it provides a capital region exemplar for the living conservation of traditional villages on the metropolitan fringe in the New Era.
Against the backdrop of accelerating grassland degradation driven by global climate change, whether fiscal investment can serve as a key driver to enhance grassland governance performance remains to be empirically tested. This study adopts the polycentric governance theory as the analytical framework and selects 60 grassland ecological restoration projects in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023. By integrating the super-efficiency SBM (Slack-Based Measure) model with grounded theory analysis, the study systematically explores the mechanism through which fiscal investment influences governance effectiveness. The findings reveal that: (1) There is a marked variation in governance efficiency across projects, rooted in the degree of coordination between fiscal resource allocation and the interactive processes among diverse stakeholders. (2) Efficiency levels are jointly shaped by actor configurations, the alignment of fiscal resources, and the congruence of institutional and technical arrangements. High-efficiency projects typically develop structured and stable collaborative networks. (3) The grounded analysis further reveals a theoretical framework centered on the "multi-centered governance logic through which fiscal inputs drive grassland governance effectiveness". Fiscal investment activates multiple actors, strengthens institutional embeddedness, and facilitates technological application, thereby fostering a governance structure that combines hierarchical organization with networked collaboration, ultimately enhancing governance performance and system resilience.Accordingly, the study recommends optimizing the fiscal support system, strengthening institutional coordination, and establishing dynamic feedback mechanisms to improve the resilience of grassland governance systems and achieve Pareto improvements in fiscal resource allocation.
Grasslands are the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China and serve as a crucial resource base for livestock production and pastoral household livelihoods. However, a substantial share of China's grasslands has experienced varying degrees of degradation. Promoting natural grassland restoration is therefore of critical importance for mitigating degradation, enhancing grassland productivity, and improving herders' incomes. Yet, empirical work still centers on technical measures, leaving restoration's income effects and mechanisms underexamined. Using household survey data from 2021 to 2024 in the Hulun Buir pastoral communities of Inner Mongolia, this study employs a propensity score matching (PSM) approach to address potential self-selection bias and identify the effects of participation in a pilot natural grassland restoration program centered on nutrient regulation on livestock production and local household income. The results show that participation in the restoration program significantly increases herders' livestock income by raising both livestock inventory and off-take levels, thereby contributing to higher total household income. Mechanism analysis further indicates that the program improves grass yield, which reduces supplementary feeding costs and enables herders to expand livestock production, ultimately driving income growth without increasing grazing pressure on grasslands. Given that the agronomic performance of practices such as soil nutrient regulation is highly sensitive to climatic variability, we advocate for proactive management of technology-related risks and for systematic enhancement of soil nutrient regulation and complementary agronomic measures. Such steps are essential to balance ecological and economic objectives, safeguard the durability of restoration outcomes, and ensure sustainable scaling.
The combination of global climate change and grazing activities has made the ecological security of grasslands in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Northern China increasingly severe. Exploring effective ways to alleviate grassland pressure has become a core issue in ecological governance and regional sustainable development. This aims to analyze the impact of constructed forage land on the ecological pressure of herder pasture, so as to provide reference for the development of forage industry in the agro-pastoral ecotone and promote the sustainable utilization of natural grasslands. Based on the mixed cross-sectional data of 430 samples surveyed by the research group in Urad Middle Banner, Inner Mongolia in 2021 and 2023, multiple linear regression model was used to explore the impact and mechanism of forage land construction on grassland ecological pressure. Major findings show that: (1) 45.58% of the herders in the sample have constructed forage land. (2) The impact of forage land area on the ecological pressure of herders' grassland shows a U-shaped pattern, with a turning point of 134 acres, which is optimal when the scale of forage land accounts for 2%-3% of the operating area of herders' grassland. (3) On the one hand, forage land construction stimulates herders to expand their livestock scale and increase grazing pressure. On the other hand, it reduces grazing pressure through increasing the proportion of supplementary feeding. The two effects balance and overall alleviate the grassland ecological pressure. (4) Constructed forage land can alleviate the ecological pressure on small-scale herders' grasslands to a greater extent, and alleviate the ecological pressure on herders with low satisfaction with the grassland ecological compensation policy, thus to some extent compensating for the shortcomings of the policy in reducing livestock. We conclude that the constructed forage land in the study area can reduce grazing pressure on grasslands through supplementary feeding, which is conducive to ensuring the healthy development of grassland animal husbandry and promoting the sustainable use of natural grasslands. However, the ecological fragility of the agro-pastoral ecotone requires careful promotion of forage land construction based on water availability and moderate scale.
Land is both the core vehicle and fundamental constraint for China's modernization. The latest phase of China's modernization requires a territorial spatial governance system that fosters high-quality development. To address the new changes emerging during the quality enhancement period of Chinese-style modernization and drive land use transformation, it is imperative to examine both the coupling relationship and the emergent processes between the major issues identified at different stages of Chinese-style modernization and the academic responses from land use research. The present paper firstly traces the endogenous evolution of China's land use research based on the "problem-driven" logic of Chinese modernization. CiteSpace and VOS viewer provide empirical validation of its structure and trends using data from CNKI and Web of Science. By employing an analytical framework centered on China's large population and its pursuit of human-nature harmony, this study highlights the deep interconnection between national strategies, academic reserch, and the internal logic of modernization, and offers prospects for future land use research. It demonstrates that the thematic evolution of China's land use research constitutes a systematic response to the evolving era defining challenges within the Chinese modernization process, transitioning from "survival" to "development" and ultimately to "quality". Research themes across different periods align profoundly with macro-level policies, while the research paradigm has undergone a logical progression from "resources" to 'assets' and finally to "spaces", achieving a shift from singular focus to multi-dimensional integration. The rise of big data, coupled with the demand for efficient collaborative management, is expanding the scope and orientation of related research. Future research on land use will evolve towards a novel paradigm of high-quality development that integrates harmonious human-land relations, smart technology empowerment, and sustainable governance. The study is anchored in the discipline of land systems science, providing the theoretical foundation for the construction of an integrated research framework. This framework is intended to encompass the natural, economic, social, and technological dimensions. The objective is to unveil the evolutionary mechanisms of human-land system coupling that are driven by "problem-response" dynamics within the context of China's modernization process. This endeavor seeks to furnish theoretical underpinnings and implementation pathways for the establishment of a territorial spatial governance system that fosters high-quality development.
Rural industrial prosperity is the foundation of the rural revitalization strategy, and rural industrial structure transformation is a critical path to achieve it. Under the background of rural revitalization, comprehensive land consolidation acts as a key driving force for the transformation of rural industrial structure. Based on New Structural Economics theory, this study adopts the fsQCA method and typical surveys in Hubei province to analyze the impact mechanism of comprehensive land consolidation on rural industrial structure transformation.The results indicate that rural industrial structure transformation presents two forms: rationalization and optimization, with two typical combinations: high rationalization-low optimization and low rationalization-high optimization. Comprehensive land consolidation promotes industrial structure transformation through the coordination of factor endowment, capable government actions and effective market, in which the government reduces factor flow costs and the market improves allocation efficiency. There are distinct driving paths for rationalization and optimization, which result from different factor reorganization mechanisms. Industrial structure rationalization relies on the improvement of land, labor and capital endowments, while optimization focuses on innovation factors and industrial chain extension. Finally, this paper proposes that classified guidance should be adopted according to different transformation forms: (1) Based on the differentiated forms of rural industrial structure transformation, classified guidance strategies should be implemented accordingly. (2) Considering the differentiated paths of comprehensive land consolidation driving rural industrial structure transformation, reasonable policy tools, factors reorganization mechanisms, and institutional systems should be supplied for rural industrial structure transformation.
Taking the Yellow River Basin as the study area, this research introduces peer effects into the spatial analysis of industrial ecologilization and constructs a spatial econometric model to examine the peer effects and underlying mechanisms of urban industrial ecologilization. The findings are as follows. (1) The level of industrial ecologilization in the study area initially increased and then declined, with widening regional disparities. Spatially, a multi-centric pattern emerged, centered around Qingdao and Jinan, with other provincial capitals as key nodes, while low-value zones persisted in areas such as the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region. (2) Industrial ecologilization exhibits significant positive peer effects, with the most pronounced effects observed among geographically adjacent cities. (3) Cities with lower transition levels are more inclined to imitate and learn from those with higher transition levels, and cities within the same river segment demonstrate active mutual influence in industrial ecologilization. (4) Mechanism analysis indicates that: The learning mechanism generally strengthens peer effects, though internal learning suppresses these effects in high- and medium-transition cities. The competition mechanism overall inhibits peer effects, particularly among high-transition cities. Internal learning suppresses peer effects in upstream and midstream segments but significantly promotes them in downstream processes. External demonstration effects play a positive role across all river segments. The competition mechanism only exhibits significant inhibitory effects in downstream processes, with no notable impact observed in upstream or midstream activities. Finally, targeted policy recommendations are proposed.
As emerging cultural products characterized by high levels of interactivity and immersion, digital games provide players with a unique sense of presence through the virtual scenarios constructed in their design. Consequently, this enhances the renown and tourist appeal of their associated real-world locations, demonstrating significant practical importance in promoting the deep integration of culture and tourism and fostering regional tourism economic development. This study takes Black Myth: Wukong as a case study to explore the impact of a digital game on tourism development in its associated real-world locations. By collecting panel data from a total of 327 scenic spots, comprising 16 real-world scenic spots associated with the game's scenes and other spots within their host cities, for 30 weeks before and after the game's release, this research employs Difference-in-Differences (DID), Mediation Effect, and Spatial Difference-in-Differences (SDID) models to systematically examine the game's impact on tourist flow, its underlying mechanisms, and its spatial effects at the micro-level of individual scenic spots. The results indicate that: (1) The digital game has a significant promotional effect on tourist flow to its associated real-world locations. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that this effect is more pronounced in regions with abundant tourism resources, greater reception capacity, and larger city scales. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that the game's launch increased online attention to the associated real-world locations, which in turn drove the growth in tourist flow. Furthermore, the parallel trends test indicates that the increase in online attention is immediate, whereas the growth in actual tourist flow exhibits a time lag of two to three weeks. (3) The impact of the digital game on tourist flow exhibits significant spatial spillover effects. However, the scope and direction of these effects demonstrate spatial heterogeneity at different geographical distances: the associated scenic spots stimulate tourist flow growth in nearby spots within a 10 km radius but create a siphon effect on those located 10 to 20 kilometers away. No significant impact is observed beyond 20 kilometers. Based on this empirical analysis, the study proposes policy recommendations to advance the integrated development of regional cultural tourism and digital cultural products, aiming to provide a reference for future research and practice.
Taking Jiangmen city in Guangdong province as a case study, this research examines the integration mechanism and practical logic of multi-dimensional governance resources under the "dual carbon" goals, while exploring the logic and practical paths of compound governance. The study finds that Jiangmen has constructed a multi-level governance system through the path of "policy coordination—market activation—technology empowerment": (1) Breaking through departmental barriers via institutional complexity, anchoring low-carbon targets through cross-level policy integration, and forming closed-loop management based on dynamic responsibility decomposition and performance evaluation. (2) Driving resource integration through tool complexity, innovating market incentive mechanisms, and activating motivations for enterprise low-carbon transformation and social participation. (3) Strengthening system coordination via technological complexity, establishing a digital supervision platform to promote data sharing among government, enterprises, and society, thereby achieving precise monitoring and dynamic feedback of carbon emissions. The study indicates that compound governance achieves synergistic enhancement through institutional resilience, tool adaptation, and technology embedding, ultimately realizing the embedded mutual promotion of environmental benefits and socio-economic development. Furthermore, the study suggests that compound governance should be refined in aspects such as practical efficacy, resilience adjustment, and value integration, providing theoretical and practical paradigms for achieving the "dual carbon" goals.
The property rights system for water resource assets is a crucial institutional safeguard for optimizing resource allocation and realizing the value of water-related ecological products. Based on county-level panel data from Zhejiang province (2010-2022) and using the river rights to households reform initiated in Lishui city in 2014 as a quasi-natural experiment for the reform of the property rights system for water resource assets, this paper empirically examines the impact mechanisms of this reform on farmers' income through Difference-in-Differences (DID) and mediating effect models. The findings revealed that: (1) Baseline regression results demonstrate that the river rights to households reform significantly promotes farmers' income. Compared to non-pilot areas, this policy increased rural per capita disposable income in pilot areas by 9.4%. This conclusion remains robust after undergoing a series of tests, including placebo tests, consideration of policy spillover effects, and exclusion of interference from other concurrent policies. (2) Mechanism analysis indicates that the reform primarily boosts farmers' income through promoting the development of advantageous industries, strengthening the rural collective economy, and attracting firm entry. Specifically, it develops competitive industries via ecological advantages, optimizes the benefit-linking mechanism of the rural collective economy to release dividends, and attracts firms to create employment opportunities for farmers and promote green county-level economic development. (3) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the reform exerts significantly heterogeneous impacts on farmers' income. The income-boosting effect is more pronounced in regions characterized by lower terrain relief, gentler slopes, longer highway mileage, and better tourism public-service conditions. First, lower terrain relief facilitates tourism development, enabling the reform to more fully exert its income-enhancing effect. Second, better transportation in areas with longer highway mileage attracts visitor flow and promotes economies of scale. Finally, superior tourism public-service conditions are crucial for converting ecological resources into consumption. These research results provide empirical evidence for water resource asset property rights system reforms and offer policy insights for ecologically advantaged regions seeking to achieve common prosperity through ecological resource value transformation.
The phenomenon of farmland abandonment threatens national food security. Analyzing farmers' motivations for abandoning farmland is crucial to addressing the predicament in governing farmland abandonment and ensuring the steady advancement of the rural revitalization strategy. Based on Q methodology, this study systematically identifies multi-dimensional motivational types underlying farmers' abandonment of cultivated land, revealing the complex psychological cognition and value-balancing logic behind their 'land-owning yet non-cultivating' behaviour. The research reveals that farmers' abandonment of cultivated land manifests in three distinct and markedly different motivational types: Rational calculation motivation reflects farmers' choice of seeking benefits and avoiding harms based on the "rational person" hypothesis, reflecting the profound transformation of farmers' value orientation towards marketization and utilitarianism in the process of agricultural modernization. Capability deprivation motivation manifests that abandonment is a forced response. Farmers, who lack alternative choices after having their feasible capabilities for agricultural production, are deprived by multiple structural factors. Normative compliance motivation embodies a behavioral logic in which farmers seek social identity, avoid social exclusion, and reduce psychological costs by following social norms. This confirms the deep restrictive role of informal rules, which transcend economic rationality, in farmers' decision-making processes.
The imminent shortage of copper may hinder the global transition towards clean energy and digital infrastructure. Based on the global copper resource trade data from 2000 to 2023, this study uses complex network analysis techniques and QAP analysis methods to explore the evolution path of the global copper resource trade network over time, the dynamic changes in node roles, and the driving mechanisms of network structure mutations. The results indicate that: (1) The participating countries and trade volume of global copper resource trade are showing an expanding trend, which has led to a continuous increase in the complexity of the trade network. (2) The core-periphery structural characteristics of the global copper resource trade network are significant, with a few core countries playing a leading role. (3) Three community structures have been identified in the global copper resource trade network, with significant changes in the countries within these communities and an improvement in the status of emerging economies. (4) Some key factors such as economic scale, population size, carbon dioxide emissions, and political stability drive the evolution of the global copper resource trade network, which exhibits distinct phased characteristics.
In the process of building a Chinese path to modernization that emphasizes harmony between humans and nature, wildlife-induced damage has emerged as a pressing challenge. Based on 1666 household survey samples collected in Yunnan province during 2023-2024, this study employs the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method to systematically analyze the impacts of wildlife damage on farmers' adaptive behavioral choices and the mechanisms of production factor reallocation. The results show that: (1) wildlife damage promotes farmers' adaptive behavioral responses, leading to marginal adjustments in cropping structure; (2) by altering the allocation of production factors, wildlife damage indirectly inhibits the optimization of cropping structure; and (3) small-scale farmers, those with low investment in protective measures, and those experiencing lower loss levels, are more likely to adjust their cropping structure to cope with wildlife risks. This study reveals the decision-making logic of limited adaptive responses, in which farmers tend to downscale production rather than transform agricultural systems under wildlife-induced risk. The findings provide micro-level evidence for achieving both ecological conservation and sustainable rural development.
