With the acceleration of urbanization, a New Urban-Rural Amphibiousness phenomenon has emerged, characterized by groups that facilitate the bidirectional flow of key development factors across urban and rural areas. However, research on the strategic interactions among multiple actors and the integrated development mechanisms of the "agriculture and culture-tourism+" model from the urban-rural amphibiousness perspective remains limited. Taking Houguan village in Fujian province as a case, this study develops an Improved Multi-Layer Network Model based on Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which overcomes the limitations of single-theory approaches to reveal the interconnections among the village's agriculture, culture-tourism and education network. Drawing on symbiosis theory, this study elucidates the integrated development mechanism of the "agriculture, culture-tourism and education" model. The findings indicate that: (1) Houguan village has developed a multi-layer integrated mutual feedback system encompassing agriculture, culture-tourism and education. Cross-layer connections formed through dynamic interactions among actors such as the village committee, New Urban-Rural Amphibiousness groups, government agencies, and college students, which strengthen resource integration across industries. (2) Actors across all layers jointly act on the obligatory passage. Among them, the New Urban-Rural Amphibiousness groups serve as the main force, and together with the village committee, government, college students, and other participants, they constitute a stable "one superpower with multiple strong players" network pattern, ensuring the smooth operation of industrial integration. (3) This network exhibits a high global overlap rate, strong network resilience, and a high inter-layer correlation index, which enhances the network's ability to withstand external disturbances and promotes efficient resource allocation across layers. (4) Houguan village's circular symbiotic structure facilitates interactive collaboration among different groups across various industries and enables synergistic effects across layers. This structure directly contributes to the formation of an organically integrated development mechanism "agriculture and culture-tourism+ education". The findings aim to offer practical guidance and theoretical support for advancing the "agriculture and culture-tourism" pathway to rural revitalization.

The rural revitalization strategy drives rural living space to undergo a transformation from "survival carrier" to "quality space". However, existing studies have limitations such as neglecting top-down forces in the structural dimension, having unclear definitions of core fields, and insufficient integration of spatial systems. Therefore, this article follows the logical sequence of "conceptual model - multidimensional features - interaction mechanism - production mechanism" to explore the construction of a totality conceptual model and a systematic research framework for rural living spaces. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Rural living space is the overall projection of multi-subject social relations and spatial practices in geographical space. Drawing on the socio-spatial dialectic, three-fold model of rural space and the theory of daily life practice, this paper constructs a totality conceptual model of rural living space. This model integrates the attributes of spatiality, sociality, and historicity; encompasses multiple spatial types within the multi-level county-town-village-home system; carries diverse functions such as living, employment, consumption, leisure, education, and healthcare; and incorporates the triple structure and dynamic interactions among material space, formal representation, and daily activities. (2) Based on the behavioral logic embedded in rural residents' daily activities, this study proposes the county as the core field of rural living space, highlighting the need for systematic coordination between the overall settlement environment at the village level and multi-level categorical living spaces across the county scale. (3) The production of rural living space is essentially a process whereby, under the combined influence of multi-dimensional interactions and multiple driving forces, the relational forms and coordination dynamics within the tripartite structure of formal representation-material space-daily activities undergo transformation, driving changes in both the systemic equilibrium and the functional nature of the space. Accordingly, this study proposes a research framework that progresses in layers, encompassing multidimensional characteristics, interactive mechanisms, and production mechanisms. Studying rural living space from the perspective of totality and dynamic production helps enrich the theory of rural space and provides academic support for the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas and the development of livable living spaces.

The cropland scale operation is an important development direction of cropland utilization in China. This interview conducts an in-depth discussion on the definition, influencing factors and development pathways of cropland scale operation, with the main contents outlined as follows. Firstly, the concept of "five-in-one" cropland scale operation was proposed. The concept covers various connotations, characterizing cropland scale operation from five dimensions: area expansion, the concentration of cropland property rights, the organization of cropland operation, the specialization of production activities, and the agglomeration of landscapes. These dimensions are interrelated and influence each other. Among them, the concentration of cropland management rights serve as the foundation of other dimensions, which promotes the large-scale area, organization of operation, the specialization of production activities, and the agglomeration of landscapes. Secondly, the factors influencing the cropland scale operation were analyzed. From the perspective of per capita income, in order to keep up with the continuously increasing income of urban residents, farmers will mainly achieve this by increasing the scale of cropland operation. From this perspective, the rapid development of the urban economy determines that the cropland scale operation is a long-term development trend. However, the development of the cropland scale operation is also a complex and nonlinear process, and there are many factors affecting the operation, such as agricultural subsidies, technological development, changes in agricultural product prices, and the entry of elderly labor force. In addition, land resource endowment is also a key factor affecting the cropland scale operation. The large differences between the south and north parts of China clearly illustrate this point. Thirdly, the pathway of the cropland scale operation was analyzed. The operation is a combination of the "bottom-up" approach of farmers and the "top-down" approach of the governments at different levles. The "bottom-up" approach of farmers is the main pathway for promoting the cropland scale operation by the land transfers, but most of the transfers are spontaneous and disorderly among small-scale farmers, with high transaction costs, frequent breaches of agreements, and insufficient socialized land management services. The governments mainly influence the process of the cropland scale operation. Lastly, the future pattern of cropland use in China was discussed. Due to the various reasons, different-sized cropland use entities in China will coexist for a long time. (1) The different entities may have vast differences in their demand for cropland size. For example, the cropland scale of agricultural enterprises is definitely much larger than that of elderly laborers. The opportunity cost of elderly laborers is lower, and a smaller cropland scale can meet their farming needs. The small-scale agriculture by elderly laborers delays the process of large-scale management. (2) The cropland scale operation will vary greatly across regions (such as southern and northern regions, mountainous and plain areas).

As China's urbanization enters a stage focused on enhancing the quality of existing urban stock, urban regeneration has emerged as a pivotal strategy for fostering high-quality development and the construction of a modern people-centric city. This paper aims to systematically explore the theoretical and practical pathways for advancing the modern people-centric city through urban regeneration. It begins by examining the development concepts and practical experiences of leading international cities to provide a reference for localized implementation. The study then traces the historical evolution of China's urban development priority from "production-centered" to "people-centered", underscoring the historical inevitability of this paradigm shift. Building on this analysis, the core connotations of the "modern people-centered city" are elaborated. The core section of the paper systematically outlines the pathways through which urban regeneration promotes the multidimensional goals of innovation, livability, beauty, resilience, civility, and smartness. These pathways include: comprehensive improvement guided by livability and civility; functional revitalization driven by innovation and smartness; resilience rebuilding based on security and beauty; and area-wide coordination through systematic and integrated approaches. Finally, the study proposes a systematic set of policy recommendations, offering a theoretically grounded and practically relevant framework for high-quality development of a modern people-centric city through urban regeneration.

Ecological spatial governance is crucial for modernizing China's governance system and achieving the Beautiful China vision. This study develops an analytical framework to examine its mechanisms and pathways. Key findings include: (1) Eco-environmental governance modernization exhibits a spatial shift, restructuring rights, patterns, processes, and services, supporting ecological governance and the Beautiful China strategy. (2) A "conflict-coordination-symbiosis" framework establishes a holistic governance system, balancing spatial-element coordination, structure-function synergy, and value-efficiency integration. (3) Governance is implemented through socio-ecological integration, multi-objective synergy, and stakeholder negotiation, enhancing Beautiful China mechanisms. (4) Cross-tier operational mechanisms enable improved spatial planning, land-use regulation, and ecological restoration, facilitating the Beautiful China goal.

The cultivation of high-quality farmers and the protection and utilization of black soil are important starting points for the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas in Northeast China. Based on the "triple helix" theory and an analysis of high-quality farmer cultivation models alongside black soil protection practices, this paper examines the roles, logical relationships, and synergistic mechanisms linking comprehensive rural revitalization, farmer training, and soil conservation in Northeast China. Through typical case studies, it further elucidates the coordination mechanisms and sustainable pathways for integrating these elements within the rural revitalization process, proposing systematic strategies for promoting holistic rural development. The research reveals that comprehensive rural revitalization, high-quality farmer cultivation, and black soil protection form an integrated "field-subject-resource" governance model. In this model, rural revitalization serves as the foundational support, farmer cultivation provides the talent input, and black soil utilization acts as the resource base. The synergy of these elements translates their respective advantages into effective governance outcomes. The cultivation of high-quality farmers and protection and utilization of black soil are gradually adapting and positively influencing each other in the fields of rural industrial development, ecological protection, talent cultivation, organization construction and culture shaping. Building on the established synergy mechanism, further progress can be achieved through rural industrial innovation, coordinated ecological governance, optimized talent cultivation, organizational restructuring, and cultural preservation. Policy design and implementation should also be adapted according to the stage of rural revitalization to enhance synergistic efficiency.

Socio-spatial differentiation refers to the spatial distribution disparities among social groups with different attributes. Current research mainly focuses on intra-urban residential differentiation and rarely studies the social space at the regional scale, especially in integrated areas. Taking the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) integrated region as the study area and utilizing multi-dimensional, high-precision population attribute data from the Baidu Huiyan big data platform, this study analyzes the structure, characteristics, and mechanisms of socio-spatial differentiation within the region. The findings reveal that: (1) Based on key indicators such as spatial location, resident age, education level, income, and consumption capacity, the YRD can be divided into five distinct social areas. (2) These different social areas form a multi-nested "core-periphery" structure within the YRD, with significant socio-spatial differentiation observed across regions, between provinces, among cities, between urban and rural areas, and within cities. (3) The integration process has failed to promote a balanced distribution of social groups within the region; the socio-spatial differentiation in the YRD is the result of the combined effects of policy orientation, market mechanisms, and social forces. (4) Under the combined effects of endogenous factors, such as disparities in regional economic development levels, and exogenous factors, such as the migration of populations with different skill sets to different types of areas, there is a potential for intensified group differentiation and spatial disparities within the integrated YRD. To promote the balanced development of regional population and resources, it is necessary to explore some measures to achieve cross-regional resource integration and fair allocation, promote the equalization of high-quality public services and residents' living standards, and ultimately reach the goal of high-quality development of social space integration in the YRD.

Realizing the value of grassland resource assets is a critical initiative to harmonize ecological conservation with economic development, fostering sustainable coexistence between humans and grasslands. As an advanced productive force aligned with the future-oriented protection and utilization of grassland resources, new quality productive forces provide essential theoretical and practical foundations for this process. This study employs literature analysis, inductive reasoning, and case study methodologies to systematically elucidate the fundamental logic, operational mechanisms, and key pathways through which new quality productive forces empower the value realization of grassland resource assets. The findings demonstrate that: (1) The three core components of new quality productive forces—new technologies, new factors, and new industries—deliver scientific impetus, diversified strategies, and sustainable safeguards for value realization. (2) Practical challenges in this process are characterized by a tripartite dilemma: low technological conversion rates and gaps in cutting-edge technologies, insufficient participation of new-type factors and barriers to factor integration, and outdated industrial structures with low production efficiency. (3) Critical implementation pathways include: building specialized research teams, addressing technological deficiencies, and establishing industry-academia collaboration platforms; integrating production factors and developing multi-dimensional value systems; modernizing industrial structures, transforming production modes, and optimizing organizational management. This research provides both theoretical guidance and practical frameworks for the scientific management and value realization of grassland resource assets, contributing to the synergistic advancement of ecological civilization construction and socio-economic prosperity in pastoral regions.

Assessing the effectiveness of subsidies, supervision, and their combined instrument is critical for optimizing grassland eco-compensation policies. However, existing studies face methodological constraints in disentangling these three instruments due to contextual limitations. Leveraging the unique identity of grassland transfer-in herders, this study constructs a quasi-natural experiment using field survey data from 885 herders in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. We employ Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to isolate the independent and synergistic effects of subsidies and supervision on grassland use pressure. Attempts are made to rigorously disentangle causal relationships of policy effects within complex social-ecological systems. Key findings reveal that: Firstly, subsidy instrument reduces grassland use pressure by 2.5299 sheep units per hm², equivalent to a 77.13% decrease in overgrazing severity. Secondly, supervision instrument decreases grassland use pressure by 1.8866 sheep units per hm², reducing overgrazing degree by 60.28%. Thirdly, synergistic effects lower grassland use pressure by 2.1791 sheep units per hm², diminishing overgrazing degree by 66.44%. These results demonstrate that economic incentives outperform supervision constraints, while synergistic effects exceed supervision instrument but remain weaker than subsidy instrument. Finally, the effects of subsidies, supervision and synergy on grassland use pressure reduction are more significant in small grassland scale herders, and the effect decreases in the order of synergy, subsidies and supervision. With different livelihood strategies, subsidies, supervision and synergy are all conducive to grassland use pressure, but synergy and supervision are more effective in non-grazing employment herders, while subsidies have little difference in grassland use pressure between the two groups. Future efforts should respect the phased law of policy implementation, enhance subsidy precision, improve supervision mechanisms and tools, and foster synergistic linkage between subsidies and supervision to achieve policy synergy.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 emphasize the win-win of enhancing agricultural output and promoting the sustainable development of grasslands, propelling research on the impact of agricultural land expansion on grassland systems into a new phase. This article reviews the relevant research trajectory and constructs a conceptual framework for the displacement processes and effects of agricultural and grassland systems within a region. On this basis, it organizes the displacement relationships between agricultural land and grassland systems under different scenarios, analyzes the displacement pathways that achieve a win-win situation for both production and ecology, and summarizes existing win-win models. It also explores the challenges and pathways for future model upgrades. The study finds that, from the perspective of the impact of agricultural land expansion on grassland systems, the entire agricultural system structure includes three subsystems—terrain, plants, and animals—and two fundamental interfaces connecting these subsystems. When the free potential energy of the agricultural land system accumulates to a certain extent, expansion behavior occurs. This leads to geographical spatial displacement with the grassland system and generates a series of impact effects on each subsystem and connecting interface: (1) When agricultural land undergoes inappropriate expansion, its systemic relationship with grassland becomes destructive, characterized by competition and annexation. This is primarily manifested as ecological niche deviation and over-expansion, leading to significant negative impacts. (2) When the expansion parameter of agricultural land is appropriately set, a relationship characterized by differentiation, catalysis, and multi-stability emerges between the agricultural and grassland systems. This leads to complementary spatial functions and matched potential energy, which drives displacement coupling and ultimately achieves a win-win outcome. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the global expansion of agricultural land has been continuing. Most countries have recognized the effects of system displacement and have successively introduced policies and legislation to achieve positive effects and avoid or reverse negative effects. At this stage, some countries have developed coupled win-win models, including mixed cropping, integrated crop and livestock systems, but these models face issues such as small scale, few participants, and limited content, remaining in the early stages of development. Reaching a mature stage still presents practical challenges in policy and management, technology and application, resources and security, and coupling and practice. The future goal is to construct a multi-dimensional, multi-scale, multi-model, and multi-agent coupled grassland-agricultural land displacement system, achieving a global win-win scenario. This can be realized through breakthroughs in policy control, spatial collaboration, technology upgrade/sharing, and multi-stakeholder cooperation, all guided by system coupling theory.

In arid and semi-arid pastoral areas, pastoralism is the most sustainable agro-food system. However, the current grassland degradation caused by overgrazing and climate change has threatened livestock production and herders' livelihood. Exploring the impact and mechanism of land titling on the technical efficiency (TE) of herders can help curb grassland degradation and improve herder livelihoods with institutional arrangements. Based on three periods of panel data of 2014, 2017 and 2020 from field interviews with 299 herder households collected in five sumus and towns in Urad Middle Banner, Inner Mongolia, this study used Stochastic Frontier Analysis to examine the impact of the new round of grassland titling on TE, and explored the impact mechanism using Binary Choice Model and Two-way Fixed Effects Model. The TE analysis showed that titling was associated with higher technical efficiency, as shown by a 0.367 higher mean TE value for confirmed herders compared to unconfirmed ones. The influencing mechanism mainly manifested as direct incentive effect and grassland transfer effect, while the labor migration effect was not significant, i.e., grassland titling could improve TE by motivating herders to adopt more proactive attitudes towards utilizing and transferring grasslands rather than by promoting them to work outside. The study was expected to extend the application of land property rights theory to grassland resource management, thereby providing a theoretical basis for promoting grassland titling in other pastoral areas and a practical reference for enhancing herder efficiency and conserving natural capital through improved institutional arrangements.

Located in inland Northwest China, the Hexi region has a typical arid and semi-arid climate and serves as a vital node in the Belt and Road Initiative. In recent years, global changes and human activities had impacted the sustainable development of both the regional ecosystem and the socio-economy. Grasslands play an important role in sustaining socio-economic development and ecological balance in arid and semi-arid zones, which are essential for providing critical ecosystem services such as water and soil conservation, windbreak and sand fixation, and biodiversity conservation. Grassland coverage serves as a key indicator of regional ecological health. Investigating the spatiotemporal patterns and response mechanisms of grassland coverage in the Hexi region holds significant importance for maintaining ecological balance and regulating regional climate. This study utilized MODIS NDVI time-series data and meteorological records from 2001 to 2022 to conduct multi-scale spatiotemporal analyses of grassland coverage dynamics and their climatic responses. An XGBoost model integrated with CMIP6 dataset was further employed to simulate grassland coverage trends from 2023 to 2050 under different scenarios in the Hexi region. The results showed that: (1) Grassland coverage in the study area showed an overall increasing trend with stable fluctuations. The spatial distribution of grassland coverage exhibited distinct spatial heterogeneity, presenting a pattern of "higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest". Approximately 57.22% of grasslands demonstrated significant improvement, though the sustainability of this trend remains uncertain. (2) Grassland coverage responded differentially to climatic factors, with precipitation showing the highest correlation coefficient. Grasslands in the northwest part of the region were notably influenced by soil moisture. Climate change (CC) and human activities (HA) contributed 27.88% and 72.12% to coverage changes, respectively, indicating HA as the dominant driver. (3) By 2050, annual average grassland coverage is projected to increase under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios but decrease under SSP1-1.9. The SSP2-4.5 scenario is deemed more conducive to grassland development in the Hexi region. These findings provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development in this region. Future research should integrate high-resolution land use data with long-term ecological monitoring to explore the complex response of grassland ecosystems to climate change and human activities. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments of grassland ecosystem services and values should be strengthened. Coupled with long-term field surveys and monitoring in vegetation-sparse and degraded areas, this work will provide critical decision-making support for ecological management and the sustainable use of resources in the Hexi region. The results also help us to scientifically understand the response and feedback between vegetation changes and global change in various natural and human environments.

China's Digital Village Strategy is entering a new phase of comprehensive acceleration. Digital technologies are now deeply integrated into all facets of pastoral systems, from livestock development and herdsmen production to livelihoods and the overall transformation of pastoral areas. Against the macro-backdrop of grassland livestock reduction policies, this paper develops a game payoff matrix from the dual-game perspective of government-herdsmen interactions. This approach facilitates a mathematical analysis of the mechanisms through which digital technology enhances the quality of herd reduction practices. Simultaneously, OLS regression combined with Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) is applied to survey data from herders in the Ili region of Xinjiang. These methods empirically examine the mechanisms through which digital technology affects livestock reduction quality. The baseline regression results indicate that digital technologies significantly improve the quality of livestock reduction. This improvement is manifested in high efficiency, environmental friendliness, rational regulation, and effective supervision. The GPSM estimation results demonstrate a significant positive effect of digital technology usage intensity on livestock reduction quality, revealing an increasing marginal benefit trend. Mechanism analysis reveals that emotional social networks play a mediating role in the pathway through which digital technologies affect the quality of livestock reduction, while functional social networks do not exhibit a significant influence. Local governments should strengthen cooperative and mutually beneficial relations with herdsmen, thereby promoting the deeper integration and sustainable development of digital technologies in the livestock sector.

Chinese modernization represents a new path to modernity, and natural resources serve as a crucial foundation and resource guarantee for its achievement. To align with the development demands of the New Era, it is imperative to analyze the scientific cognition and novel propositions within natural resource research, while establishing a comprehensive framework encompassing both theoretical and applied research in the context of Chinese modernization. Based on the new development paradigm, this article advances a fresh academic understanding of natural resources. Firstly, it profoundly introduces the concept of a life community between humans and nature, grounded in the perspective of intersubjectivity and a mutually beneficial relationship. Building upon this foundation, the article puts forward philosophical, technical, and civilizational propositions for the study of natural resources in China, corresponding respectively to the ontological foundation and theoretical system construction of China's view of natural resources, the innovative conversion mechanism of natural resource value in the digital intelligence era, and the theoretical mechanism for natural resources to participate in the construction of future civilizational forms. Meanwhile, the article delves into five practical innovations concerning the object identification, value transformation, urban-rural coordination, governance innovation and knowledge integration. It focuses on aspects such as systematically conduct multi-dimensional value assessments of natural resources; promote the digital and intelligent upgrading of the integration of natural resources, assets, capital, and funds; adhere to the effective allocation and orderly flow of natural resource elements between urban and rural areas; promote cross-regional governance of natural resources based on composite spatial relationships; break through the boundaries of knowledge tools and establish a composite knowledge system. This article aims to provide both academic support and practical guidance for the conservation and sustainable development of natural resources.

New-quality productivity is the fundamental driving force for achieving high-quality development. Taking research findings of characteristic agriculture in Southeastern Fujian and soil and water conservation in Changting of Western Fujian as examples, scientific theory and practical path for sustainable utilization of subtropical agricultural resources in China are explored from the perspective of new-quality productivity. It is considered that the development of characteristic agriculture and ecological conservation are the research theme of sustainable utilization of agricultural resource in subtropical zones, it must be anchored in the development of new-quality productivity, which must be centered around innovation. Innovation is manifested in innovative management concepts and advanced technological means, which require the support of scientific theories and basic research. However, innovation alone cannot become new-quality productivity, it is necessary to demonstrate a qualitative improvement in term of optimizing production efficiency, product quality, and resource sustainability. The reasons for the disconnect between "new" and "quality" in developing new-quality productivity are analyzed and an effective path to connect "new" and "quality" is proposed through the examples, emphasizing that this is an important mission for resource scientists at present.

Based on an analysis of 1106 central governmental policy texts 1949-2025), this paper identifies five stages in the evolution of urban regeneration policies in China: 1949-1978: urban environmental remediation; 1979-1993: urban housing compensation; 1994-2011: market-driven incremental expansion; 2012-2019: stock regeneration for high-quality development; and 2020-present: comprehensive regeneration actions. This paper systematically examines characteristics and evolutionary logic of each stage, using a four-dimensional framework: goal orientation, policy focus, policy carrier, and institutional support. This paper reveals five major trends: generalization (shift to a proactive and coordinated urban strategy), inclusiveness (from pursuing pure economic objectives to embracing social benefits and public value), refinement (from large-scale redevelopment to micro-level participatory planning), integration (combining various aims including enhancing urban competitiveness, industrial upgrades and heritage protection) and sustainability (more legally robust and systematical policy instruments). Current policies, however, face challenges of ambiguous government-market-society relations, imperfect legal frameworks, lack of interest coordination mechanisms and overemphasis on economic gains over socio-cultural values. To foster sustainable urban regeneration, this paper puts forward three key recommendations: strengthening national legal frameworks, optimizing multi-stakeholder collaboration, and meticulously balancing economic benefits with socio-cultural values. Besides, this paper concludes that the future path of urban regeneration will be defined by a synergy of micro-renewal, smart, and low-carbon strategies, underpinned by the people-centered philosophy of "co-creation, co-governance, and co-sharing".

Climate change can influence both energy supply and demand. As a critical strategic resource reserve for China, the Tibetan Plateau lacks comprehensive research on the future alignment of electricity supply and demand from wind and solar (W&S) energy systems under climate change scenarios. This study develops a supply-demand matching (SDM) index using outputs from 12 global climate models and evaluates the independent and combined effects of climate change on supply, demand, and changes in SDM (∆SDM) through controlled experiments. The results indicate that under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, W&S system supply, driven by shifts in climate mean states, shows a declining trend. For wind energy systems, ∆SDM decreases by an average of -2.95%, driven by the combined effects of supply and demand changes. Conversely, for solar energy systems, ∆SDM increases by an average of 2.02%, primarily due to a reduction in future heating demand, which offsets the decline in solar energy supply and enhances the supply-demand matching of solar energy systems. This study provides a scientific foundation for the Tibetan Plateau's energy sector to adapt effectively to climate change.

Against the backdrop of global environmental changes and the ongoing advancement of China's ecological civilization, the natural resources science must deepen its theoretical foundations and refine its academic system to address pressing challenges such as population-resource conflicts. Based on a review of the development trajectory of natural resource science, this paper focuses on the interaction and coordination between "space" and "elements" and proposes a disciplinary framework for natural resource planning centered on the "space-element-planning" triad. The proposed framework takes "spatial positioning-element allocation-planning coordination" as its logical starting point and builds the disciplinary content system around three key dimensions: revealing spatial patterns, optimizing element configurations, and constructing spatial support. Looking ahead, the development of natural resource planning should be guided by indigenous knowledge innovation, supported by interdisciplinary curricula, and driven by major scientific and technological missions. This will promote the establishment of a robust discipline of natural resource planning that supports the unified management of natural resources and territorial spatial governance, contributing to the realization of Chinese-style modernization characterized by harmony between humanity and nature.

Based on the theory of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) and the simultaneous development of five educations, this study constructs a comprehensive framework to elucidate the mechanisms among landscape education, CESs values, and natural resources teaching. It compiles expert evaluations of illustrations from middle school geography textbooks and a collection of study-tour itineraries for Gansu province. Using methods including categorical statistics, kernel density estimation, and MaxEnt model prediction, the study assesses the CESs values of natural resources featured in middle school geography curricula and Gansu study sites, and explores pathways through which value evaluation can advance natural resources teaching. Findings indicate: (1) Digital landscapes convey the digital CESs values in theoretical teaching through multimedia courseware, textbook illustrations, and other forms. Students perceive the physical CESs values via observation, experience and research. The values of CESs provide a pivotal basis for selecting teaching materials and field sites. (2) The illustrations in chapters such as "Resources Security and National Security" carry high value. Mixed multiple illustrations layouts better express educational and spiritual values. Chapter cover illustrations convey aesthetic values, and educational and spiritual are strongly linked. Values evaluation informs textbook revision through the selection of graphic and textual cases, innovative arrangement methods, optimized visual effects, and exploration of ideological and political elements. (3) Study-tour courses in Gansu show overall agglomerative spatial distribution. Lanzhou city and surrounding counties are the main high-value areas for five types of CESs. The high-value areas in the Hexi Corridor are concentrated in oases and cities. Value distribution is highly correlated with the density of primary and secondary schools in the region. Values assessment guides study-tour product development and practical education-based construction. The research has practical significance in refining teaching strategies and objectives across educational levels, optimizing teaching resources, and linking of theory with practice in teaching.

Land-sea integration is the core value orientation for the synergistic utilization of terrestrial and marine space and resources in China. To construct a coastal human settlement environment system featuring human-land (sea) interaction under the multidimensional goals of land-sea integration, this paper proposes the concept of the "Key Zone of Land-Sea Integration" and its spatial structure of "supporting zone-core zone-associated zone-hinterland zone". The Key Zone of Land-Sea Integration implements the research perspective of the coastal human settlement environment system in terms of scope definition, hierarchical structure, research priorities, and development dimensions. It follows the research approach of "spatial structure-geomorphic pattern-ecological network-human settlement order", couples the multidimensional values of "ecology-economy-space-culture-society", and puts forward key research issues. Specifically, in scope definition, it clarifies the spatial scope integrating land and sea, covering both coastal areas and their adjacent terrestrial and marine extensions. In hierarchical structure, it establishes a multi-level system to adapt to analyses and management at different scales. In research priorities, it focuses on the dynamic interactions between human activities and the natural environment within the zone. In development dimensions, it emphasizes the balance among economic growth, social progress, and ecological protection. Focusing on the integration of human-land (sea) interaction and the integration of land-sea multidimensional values at the urban scale from the perspective of the coastal human settlement system environment, the Key Zone of Land-Sea Coordination proposes clear spatial objects and carriers. It will further promote the integration of land-sea coordinated territorial spatial planning and governance, break down traditional barriers between land and sea management, and facilitate high-quality development of coastal human settlement by guiding rational spatial layout, efficient resource utilization, and harmonious coexistence between human and nature. Thus, it provides theoretical support and practical guidance for advancing systematic management of coastal areas and optimizing the sustainable development pattern of coastal human settlement.

International digital infrastructure represented by submarine cables has important strategic value in information transmission, economic and trade stability, and military security, and can provide solid support for the spatial selection of China's overseas strategic pivots (COSPs). Based on the theoretical framework of spatial selection of COSPs and the distribution pattern of global submarine cable network, we identified global Internet gateways and then screened COSPs at the regional, national and teleport scales. The results show that: (1) Overseas strategic pivot is further extension of Internet gateway, which endows the latter with a pivot attribute and strategic meaning on the basis of its connotation. The identification logic of COSPs based on submarine cable network follows the three-level spatial scale of ''region-country-teleport'', and geopolitical theory, new state space theory and location theory respectively dominate the spatial selection of COSPs at higher scale, mesoscale and lower scale. They each have their own focus and are nested with each other, forming a logical framework of the spatial selection of COSPs based on submarine cable network. (2) The global submarine cable network exhibits a distinct spatial imbalance, a pattern further diversified by the cumulative effects of scale on node distribution. However, regardless of the scale, the global submarine cable network has formed a ''one heart, three poles, three corridors'' pattern with the rimland of the Eurasian continent as the heart, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore as the three poles, and the three main corridors spanning the North Atlantic, the southeastern and the southwestern sea area of the Eurasian continent. (3) The spatial selection results of COSPs have geographical proximity and similarity, mainly distributed in six strategic zones, namely East Asia-Southeast Asia strategic zone, Persian Gulf-Red Sea strategic zone, Mediterranean-Europe West Coast strategic zone, Africa West Coast strategic zone, Caribbean strategic zone, and Eastern North Pacific strategic zone, presenting a ''core-expansion-periphery'' distribution pattern. The results can enrich the research framework of submarine cable and strategic pivot, providing theoretical reference and policy inspiration for expanding China's overseas interests.

Spatial justice refers to social equity in the production of space and the allocation of spatial resources, emphasizing the fairness in the distribution and utilization of spatial resources. In market-based historical and cultural districts, conflicts over the use of space arise among various stakeholders including businesses, residents, and cultural preservationists due to their competing needs and interests. These conflicts often create tensions between development, preservation, and everyday life. This study develops an analytical framework based on spatial production theory to examine the relationships between stakeholders in urban renewal, with a focus on achieving the goal of spatial justice in urban renewal. Using the Thirteen Hongs Historic Block in Guangzhou as a case study, the research draws on historical records, in-depth interviews, and survey data to uncover the root causes of spatial conflicts and the underlying factors and consequences of spatial injustice in market-based historic block. The findings reveal that spatial practices in the Thirteen Hongs Historic Block are shaped by the competing interests of government, market actors, and civil society. The unequal distribution of spatial rights has led to fragmented use of space, resulting in contradictions that hinder the realization of historical, economic, and social values. This spatial injustice stems from an imbalance of power, ineffective rule restructuring, and unequal access to resources. To address these issues, the study proposes a spatial justice-oriented approach to urban renewal. This approach includes three related strategies: a shared governance strategy to rebalance power relationships and achieve social equity, a collaborative governance strategy to ensure procedural fairness and institutional justice, a co-creation strategy to establish resource compensation mechanisms and achieve distributive justice. By integrating these strategies, the study aims to achieve a three-dimensional synergy of "value-procedure-outcome" spatial justice, fostering a more equitable and sustainable urban renewal mode.

National parks, as pivotal platforms for safeguarding biodiversity, sustaining ecosystem services, and propelling sustainable development, are progressively evolving into comprehensive platforms that integrate ecological conservation, recreation, education, and science research. Nature study travel, a novel form of activity that integrates nature education with study travel, aims to guide visitors in observing, learning, and experiencing natural ecosystems to enhance their environmental awareness and ecological literacy. The functional positioning of national parks is congruent with the objectives of nature study travel, thereby enabling national parks to provide ample natural resources as a foundation for such activities while concurrently offering suitable spatial and facility support for their implementation. A systematic review of domestic and international theories and research progress on the educational utilization, recreational utilization of national parks, and study travel was conducted to inform the development of a national park nature study travel system framework. This framework comprises four major components: resources and products, operations and management, stakeholders, and support and safeguards. The text subsequently provides a synopsis of the salient research issues, including resource survey and assessment, product design, activity processes and educational effects, multi-party collaboration and community integration, institutional systems and operational performance. Finally, it proposes practical pathways for nature study travel in national parks, tailoring these pathways to China's national conditions. The objective of this study is twofold: first, to furnish the academic community with insights and inspiration; and second, to offer a scientific basis and decision-making support for the optimization of multiple functions and the institutional development of China's national parks.

Against the backdrop of digital-driven industrial ecosystem reconstruction, this study explores how collaborative agglomeration of digital and tourism industries impacts cultural-tourism (CT) integration, with the aim of identifying pathways that transcend traditional development models and foster new poles of high-quality growth. This study employs China's provincial panel data (2012-2022), applying methods such as the coupling coordination degree model, spatial econometric model, and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR). Key findings are: (1) The collaborative agglomeration shows an imbalanced pattern characterized by an initial "high in the east, low in the west" distribution, which later evolved into an intensified core-periphery structure. Early advantages in eastern coastal areas, driven by technology and policy, were subsequently moderated by technology diffusion, reducing inter-regional disparities. (2) This agglomeration promotes CT integration through a "local reinforcement and neighboring spillover" effect, with the strongest impacts in the eastern region and southeast of the Hu Huanyong Line. GTWR results further reveal that the western region, leveraging its resource endowment and the "East Data, West Computing" project, experiences a growing promotional effect. Conversely, the eastern region's advantage is reinforced through advanced digital applications in the later stage. (3) Threshold effects show no significant nonlinearity, with stable growth. Spatially, areas of Southeast Hu Huanyong Line have obvious synergy (backed by industrial foundations and policies), while central and western regions are hindered by weak technology and infrastructure. Notably, the west has a stronger spatial spillover effect, benefiting from "East Data, West Computing" cost advantages and rich cultural-ecological resources. This study enriches the CT integration theoretical framework and supports regional coordinated development policies. Therefore, it is vital to strengthen inter-regional technological cooperation, optimize the layout of digital infrastructure, and promote a two-way flow of "data-culture" elements to enhance national cultural-tourism integration.

With the advancement of the natural resource asset property rights system reform, the realization of the value of natural resource assets has gradually become a focal point of social attention. Based on the perspective of "asset-capital-funds" transformation, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for the assessment, price formation, and value realization of natural resource assets. It divides asset value into direct and indirect use values and combines asset value assessment with capital accounting methods to empirically analyze the degree of value realization of natural resource assets in Ankang city. The study finds that: (1) The value of natural resource assets in Ankang city is 4.768 trillion yuan, with direct use value amounting for 636.81 billion yuan, primarily from land resources (54.04%) and forest resources (35.51%); the indirect use value is 206.57 billion yuan, discounted to 4.131 trillion yuan, mainly from climate regulation (40.70%), water conservation (35.12%), and cultural services (12.14%). (2) Through market transactions, ecological compensation, and concession transactions, the capital of Ankang's natural resource assets is calculated to be 1.457 trillion yuan. (3) The annual cash realization of Ankang city's natural resource asset value is 62.26 billion yuan, discounted to 1.187 trillion yuan, with the realization shares through market transactions, concessions, and ecological compensation accounting for 53.68%, 42.17%, and 4.16%, respectively. (4) There is still room for improvement in the realization of the value of natural resource assets in Ankang, with the broad (capitalized) realization degree at 30.56% and the narrow (funded) realization degree at 24.94%. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for promoting the realization of natural resource asset value.