The construction of the China Spatial Planning Observation Network (CSPON) is a crucial means to promote intelligent planning, that is "perceptive, capable of learning, good at governance, and self-realizing." It is also a key support for building a green and smart digital ecological civilization. Addressing the urgent need for scientific and systematic technical methods in CSPON construction, this paper explores the methodological approach for CSPON algorithm model construction and application. It proposes a CSPON algorithm model technical framework supported by "high-performance computing", "big data", and "large model" technologies, oriented towards "large-scale scenario" applications. The paper illustrates its application in typical spatial planning implementation monitoring scenarios such as safety baseline control, planning transmission control, planning implementation assessment, and spatial pattern optimization through practical cases. The research indicates that: (1) "High-Performance Computing" is the foundation supporting CSPON's growing demands for high-frequency data processing and dynamic computational analysis. It should fully integrate modern computing architectures such as cloud computing, edge computing, and distributed computing to strengthen CSPON's computational foundation. (2) "Big Data" is the cornerstone for constructing and operating CSPON algorithm model systems. The integration and mining of multi-source big data from "space, aerial, ground, sea, and network" can support algorithm models in more comprehensively and accurately characterizing complex spatial systems. (3) "Large Model" is the "intelligent core" of CSPON. The "multi-model parallel use" mode, integrating traditional "small models" like GIS spatial analysis and machine learning algorithms with generative "large models" such as language and vision models, will become the mainstream trend in CSPON algorithm model application and development. (4) "Large-scale Scenarios" serve as the application carrier and target of CSPON. They should establish application scenarios combining "common scenarios" and "personalized scenarios" based on local characteristics and business needs, fully leveraging the roles and advantages of different CSPON algorithm models. The research results provide a scientific basis for accelerating the improvement of CSPON technical methods and their practical application.

In China's urbanization 2.0 phase, urban renewal has become the primary means of urban spatial development. Essentially, it is a high-quality development process aimed at enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation and utilization, strengthening spatial carrying capacity, optimizing urban functional quality, and reinforcing urban development resilience. Centered on the reform and development goal of "establishing a sustainable urban renewal model and policy regulations" set by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, 15 experts and scholars from fields such as geography, urban and rural planning, and land resource management engaged in written discussions. This exploration spans various perspectives and dimensions, including the conceptual connotation, value concepts, implementation and pathways, institutional policy environment construction, and performance evaluation methods of sustainable urban renewal. Specifically: (1) Conceptual Connotation: Sustainable urban renewal should be understood as both the "sustainability" of goals and the "sustainability" of implementation. (2) Value Concepts: Emphases should be placed on promoting multi-stakeholder participation and benefit-sharing as the fundamental economic philosophy for constructing sustainable urban renewal, as well as integrating urban renewal into the spatial governance of urban cultural heritage, social spatial, and ecological spaces, thereby organizing urban renewal actions from a multidimensional systemic perspective of "economic-social-cultural-ecological-resilience". (3) Implementation: It is crucial to effectively balance the interests of local governments, market entities, property owners, and society. Secondly, attention should be given to ensuring and enhancing the mechanism for state-owned enterprises to participate in urban renewal. Thirdly, new mechanisms should be adopted such as franchising to attract enthusiasm from social capital. With all parties mentioned above, we should transform urban construction from a "supply-oriented" to a "demand-oriented" model. Besides, to meet the people's growing needs for a better life, urban renewal implementation should focus more on multi-participatory design, embedding public service facilities, green infrastructure, and digital technology elements at the micro-community scale perceptible to the people, and coordinate urban renewal planning and management implementation. (4) Institutional Policy Environment Construction: Overall, there should be a focus on new demands for urban renewal products, governance, and models in the new era, so as to create an adaptive and sustainable institutional policy environment for urban renewal. Particularly, considering key elements such as "people, land, and capital" in urban renewal, systematic institutional innovations should be conducted in aspects like land use regulations, funding arrangements, and organizational mechanisms. (5) Performance Evaluation: Finally, from a "people's perspective", a measurable and comparable performance evaluation system for urban renewal should be established.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have received worldwide attention from academics, governments, NGOs and the public in the field of ecological conservation and restoration. Since NbS was formally proposed, its concept has been continuously clarified and refined under the promotion of international organizations such as EU and IUCN, and was officially defined by the United Nations in 2022. The theory and technology of NbS have been gradually developed and perfected by fully admitting the basic theories of ecology, geography and other disciplines, as well as integrating and developing ecological conservation and restoration-related technologies. In recent years, a large number of research results have been achieved in the construction of NbS theoretical system, development of technical model, identification of pathways and estimation of potentials in coping with climate change, synergistic response to social challenges, management model and financial mechanism, and the direction of future development etc., providing strong reference values for ecological conservation and restoration practices. At present, as one of the most important measures for ecological civilization construction, NbS have a positive influence on the planning of ecological conservation and restoration of territorial space, and the integration of ecological conservation and restoration of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands, and deserts, and significant results have been achieved in related projects and local practices. In the future, the application of NbS in China should focus on the following directions: (1) Continuously carry out theoretical and technical research to accurately grasp the intrinsic mechanisms of ecosystems. (2) Explore the localization pathway of NbS, implement NbS-based ecological conservation and restoration under the framework of China's territorial spatial planning and use control, and explore the coordination and integration with related project management requirements. (3) Apply NbS to promote the improvement of China's ecological conservation and restoration work with clarified social challenges, carry out monitoring and evaluation, adaptive management, update and improve the technical standards and norms system. (4) Innovate the funding mechanism, actively apply for relevant international projects, and explore the mechanism of transforming ecological benefits into economic benefits. (5) Carry out the application of NbS, comprehensively apply NbS in projects in key areas from planning and designing stage, and summarize practical experience to promote the overall improvement of China's ecological conservation and restoration work.

Climate change is one of the main pressures that the ecological protection and restoration in Qinghai Plateau continues to face, yet there is currently a lack of quantitative analysis of the climate change pressure on ecological restoration projects across this region. Focusing on this issue, this study clarified the climate change process across Qinghai Plateau since 1960, analyzed the driving effects of climate change on the changes in land cover, and quantified the projected future climate change pressures that Qinghai would face during the 21st century, based on multi-source data. We found that Qinghai Plateau has experienced significant warming-wetting trends since 1960, with the change characterized by faster warming in the west than in the east and faster in winter than in summer. Affected by climate changes, the distribution of grass-shrubs in the study area generally expanded from 1980 to 2020, while degraded in the northwest. Climate predictions indicate that Qinghai Plateau is likely to face profound pressures from continued warming trends across the 21st century, especially for the south. Our findings could serve as data and theoretical support for the formulation of relevant climate mitigation and adaptation measures in the ecological protection and restoration projects of territorial space in the plateau.

The ecological construction of Qinghai province over the past 70 years has gone through four stages. The practice has formed four typical ecological governance models, include ''Single ecological problem+Targeted engineering treatment'', ''Special ecological problem+Special ecological project'', ''Regional ecological planning+Multi-level special management organization+System management methods system'', ''Ecological protection and restoration planning system+Ecological management unit+Regional key project''. Based on problem orientation and goal orientation, four strategic paths are proposed, including ''strengthen research on scientific and technological issues and develop scientific and technological infrastructure, explore a new model of ecological protection and restoration, establish a top-down coordination mechanism for ecological protection and restoration, strengthen detailed management of ecological projects throughout their life cycle, pay attention to establishing a long-term mechanism for harmony between man and land''. This will provide a certain reference for realizing scientific, systematic, collaborative, precise and long-term ecological protection and restoration on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and striving to build a new pattern of ecological protection and restoration on the plateau.

Establishing the mechanism of territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation- warning and enhancing the implementation supervision system are important basic work to improve the capacity of territorial spatial governance and the modernization level of the governance system. This paper points out the existing problems in the territorial spatial planning implementation and supervision: (1) The subject of monitoring, evaluation and early warning is not clear in regulations. (2) The mechanism of monitoring, evaluation and early warning cannot fully meet the need, and it is difficult to further apply the results of supervision. (3) There are still challenges in the intelligent monitoring, evaluation and early warning system, such as inconsistent data, weak integrity of technical models, poor application scenarios and so on. In the era of ecological civilization, the territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning should meet the requirements of building a solid security bottom line, responding to the needs of the people, adapting to technological progress, and striving to be useful. It is necessary to explore and innovate the mechanism of territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning: (1) Clarify the key contents of the territorial spatial planning implementation and supervision at different administrative levels. (2) Build a sound monitoring-evaluation-warning system for territorial spatial planning. (3) Promote the intelligence level of monitoring-evaluation-warning. (4) Determine the key elements of monitoring-evaluation-warning and develop the corresponding algorithms, application models, and systems based on the focal tasks of spatial governance and planning supervision in various regions. By constantly improving the theoretical framework, technical system and application scenarios about territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning, the capacity of territorial spatial governance and the modernization level of governance system will be comprehensively improved.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework heralds a transformative vision for global biodiversity governance extending beyond 2030. In alignment with this framework, China has formulated its strategic approach and action plan for biodiversity conservation in the contemporary era. Taking Jiangsu province as a case study, our study explores the methodology of constructing avian diversity conservation patterns and optimizing ecological corridors at a provincial scale. We employed an integrated ecosystem structure and function evaluation method to identify the ecological sources, followed by the utilization of the MaxEnt model to focus on identifying the habitats of 64 species of rare forest birds and water birds within these sources. Based on the landscape resistance surface and least-cost path, we used the kernel analysis method to classify the habitat groups according to patch density. To delineate the spatial extent of ecological corridors, we applied the LSCorridors software package to optimize the proposed ecological corridors by identifying stepping-stones, barriers, and pinch points. Our results show that: (1) Ecological source areas showed a tendency to aggregate locally while remaining regionally isolated. The dominant landscape components included water bodies along with cultivated lands possessing high ecological value. (2) The habitat network for target species comprised 692 least-cost paths, 25 of which extended over 100 km, accounting for 36.72% of the total length, predominantly oriented in an east-west direction. (3) Spatial analysis identified ten distinct habitat groups within the study area, with four concentrated in southern Jiangsu and the others highly isolated. (4) The twelve identified crucial ecological corridors between these groups typically displayed cross-regional characteristics with multiple potential migration routes. For instance, one corridor required optimization at 114 strategic points, including 19 stepping stones, 45 barriers, and 50 pinch points. Our study offers valuable insights for the practical implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in China. It supports the comprehensive promotion of mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into ecological protection and restoration planning, serving as a reference for advancing these initiatives.

Urbanization in China has transitioned from an era of urban construction focused on incremental land development to an era of urban renewal focused on stock land development. Implementing urban renewal and achieving high-quality development has become a significant challenge for urban development in the second half of China's urbanization process. In response to this challenge, experts and scholars from relevant academic fields were invited to explore and discuss the fundamental issues of how urban renewal should be implemented under the new historical conditions and value orientations. The key aspects and solution pathways of this issue were discussed, with a focus on the following areas: the institutional and strategic issues that impact urban renewal, the practical and technical questions of how urban renewal is carried out, and the potential negative effects arising from urban renewal. The paper has extensive discussions and reflections on these topics. Based on the main viewpoints of the invited experts, urban renewal under the background of high-quality development transformation needs to pay attention to the following key issues. First of all, the goals of urban renewal should be determined synthetically with the full consideration of the national development strategies pertaining to urban development, with the effort to promote the innovation of urban renewal system in the areas of spatial planning, land supply and management, development models, financing, and public participation. Second, it is suggested that new models of urban renewal driven by the combined efforts of government, market, and society needs to be established to ensure the publicness, efficiency, and fairness of urban renewal projects. In particular, the government should play a role of guiding and encouraging through decentralization and empowerment; the role of market should pay attention to the advantages of cooperation between private capital and state-owned enterprise capital; the society should play a role by activating the subjective role of property rights owners. Third, with the aim to promote a people-centered development, the damage of urban renewal to historical and cultural protection and adverse effects of gentrification it brings should be regulated and avoided. There is a need to enhance exploration of the urban renewal models beneficial to historical and cultural protection and social justice. This paper concludes by calling on scholars from multiple disciplines including geography, resources and environmental sciences, planning, and management to jointly promote research of urban renewal theories that fit to the Chinese path to modernization, with the aim to make Chinese contribution to theories on global urban renewal.

Since the New Era began, China has further promoted the reform of the property rights for natural resources. This round of reform is a systematic innovation, including values, governances and mechanisms, policies, and management models, made on the Chinese path to modernization road of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Ten experts and scholars from disciplines such as management, economics, resource science, sociology, geography, and the practical field of natural resource management explored the progress and theoretical significance of the reform. They discussed the background, problems, guidance, mechanism, policies, modes, and inspiration. Specifically, the reform of property rights for natural resource assets has significantly promoted institutional innovation in ecological civilization construction since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012. It aims to address the urgent need for sound institutional mechanisms for state-owned natural resources, including those between the central and local governments and between the government and the market. The value orientation of this round of reform is to promote the transformation of the single-factor values of natural resources into the overall values of the ecosystem. Currently, the country is optimizing the relationship between the central and local governments by promoting the pilot of the principal-agent mechanism, and clarifying the relationship between the government and the market by enhancing the role of the market. The 20th CPC Central Committee's Third Plenary Session further emphasized "improving the property rights system and management framework for natural resources", outlining the requirements and direction for reform. The reform belongs to the innovation of socialist public ownership, which has the significance of building China's independent knowledge and can also make new contributions to enriching property rights theory.

River basins are a complex geospatial system integrating water security, water environment security, food security, ecological security, and economic and social development. In order to promote the construction of a new development pattern based on the path of coordination and high-quality governance of human activity space in river basins, we hereby invite ten experts in the research field of the river basins coordination and high-quality development to conduct interviews. The interview mainly focuses on three perspectives: global regulation and regional regulation, evolvement rule and coordination mode, practice mechanism and governance paradigm. It revolves three main lines: utilization of natural resources and environmental protection in river basins, coordinated development of human-earth relationship and spatial governance path in river basins, and green transformation of the industry and ecological services. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Systematic engineering construction of resource allocation and pollution remediation in the whole scale river basins. From the perspective of the whole river basins, the efficient utilization and allocation system of water resources should focus on "reducing expenditure" and be supported by "open source". This should further optimize and enhance the river basin water resources allocation system from both engineering and non-engineering perspectives, integrating deeply into the development concept of innovation, coordination, green practices, openness, and sharing. The treatment and restoration project of river basin non-point source pollution system should focus on three aspects: improving the capacity of source monitoring and load estimation, strengthening the systematic design of treatment and restoration, and improving the collaborative management mechanism. (2) The evolution of human-earth relationship in river basins, the high-quality management of human activity space and the coordinated development of human-earth system. The evolution of river basin human-earth relationship has experienced the long time series and multi-scale local adaptation of urban and rural systems to environmental changes and cultural responses, showing typical characteristics of dynamic adaptation, multi-scale spatial correlation and historical dependence. The governance of human activity space in river basins should focus on resource factors, ecological environment protection, multi-scale and multi-dimensional linkage, and overall and specific aspects, and jointly promoting the governance of human activity space from fragmentation to integration and coordination. To promote the coordinated development of the river basin human-earth system, it is necessary to explore the interaction mechanism and influencing factors of the elements from a system thinking perspective, and to promote the system to form a rational element combination, efficient organizational structure and multi-function coordinated coupling state. This will achieve economic prosperity, social equity, and environmental protection in unity. (3) The green intensive transformation of agricultural production in river basins and the management mode of ecological resources. River basin ecosystem governance is based on the optimization of harmonious coexistence between human and nature. On the one hand, starting from the practice of pollution prevention and control, the transformation of agricultural production should adhere to the road of reducing agricultural chemical intensity and enhancing efficient resource utilization. Optimizing the layout of the cultivated land system and promoting the transformation of the cultivated land system into an innovation-intensive type can better support and serve the high-quality development of agriculture. On the other hand, the concept of river basin ecological governance has transitioned from focusing solely on ecology to emphasizing governance, where the development of systems like river chief system and eco-compensation plays a crucial role in the current stage of river basin governance. Nonetheless, the current implementation of eco-compensation in the river basins lacks a systematic framework, and a comprehensive protection pattern has not yet been formed for upstream and downstream areas, main stems, tributaries, rivers, and lakes. Moving forward, mechanism construction should align with the principles of ecological precedence and green, low-carbon development. It should establish a comprehensive roadmap and implementation strategy for eco-compensation from various angles, create diversified eco-compensation financing models, and clarify the beneficiaries, rights and responsibilities of eco-compensation and the benefit return model. In a nutshell, the viewpoints of the interview can provide theoretical reference and decision-making reference for ecological civilization construction, regional coordinated development and green development in the New Era.

Comprehensive land consolidation is a national spatial governance tool that practices the concept of a living community of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, and grasses. It can directly connect with the construction of rural climate adaptation capacity. However, few studies have been conducted from this perspective. Using literature review, theoretical analysis, and inductive deduction methods, this article attempts to explore the integration of comprehensive land consolidation and rural adaptation to climate change, as well as systematically explain the impact path and evaluation framework of comprehensive land consolidation on rural climate change adaptation. It will help to better understand the rich connotations of comprehensive land consolidation and assist in sustainable rural development. The main research findings are as follows: (1) In the practical process, comprehensive land consolidation has formed a linkage system of "planning, consolidation, and operation", which has the characteristics of multi-functionality and spatial constructions, enabling it to be embedded in the cultivation system of rural adaptation capacity to climate change. It can develop into a cross-departmental spatial governance tool in responding to natural disaster risks from the perspective of rural adaptation to climate change. (2) The comprehensive land consolidation and rural adaptation to climate change forms an interactive relationship named Tool-Field-Habit. The comprehensive land consolidation tool affects the rural climate adaptability through the chain of "climate adaptation and shaping of rural spatial field and the formation of climate adaptation habits of multiple subjects", specifically forming a differentiated impact path for the rural agricultural management system, the rural human settlements system and the rural ecosystem. (3) A framework for assessing the impact of comprehensive land remediation on rural climate change adaptation, with "resilience potential" as the core, has been established. Among them, rural climate resilience assessment is the foundation, and the difference between rural climate resilience before and after remediation is the impact potential. The study has opened up a new theoretical research perspective for understanding the relationships and impact paths between comprehensive land consolidation and rural climate change adaptation, and can provide theoretical reference for promoting sustainable development in rural areas under the background of climate change adaptation.

Cultivated land protection not only improves agricultural production capacity in quality, but also expands production space in quantity. The grain production capacity released by "improving quality and expanding capacity" of cultivated land is of great significance to ensuring food security. A partial equilibrium model is used to simulate the effects of high-standard farmland construction, black soil protection and comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali soil on grain production. The results show that, by 2030, (1) high-standard farmland construction will increase grain yield by 4%, reduce carbon emissions by 3.8%, and the production-increasing effect of upgrading is greater than that of new construction. (2) Black soil protection will significantly increase corn and soybean yields. If 50% of black soil protection areas adopt the corn and soybean rotation technology model, soybean yields will increase by 1.9%-5.8%. (3) The comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali soil will further release the potential for increasing grain production, and the effect of investment in upgrading saline-alkali soil is greater than that of new high-standard farmland, but it will still face multiple challenges such as water resource constraints and difficulty in development and utilization. In the future, we should attach great importance to the protection of the quantity and quality of cultivated land, pay attention to the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali soil, and promote the improvement and expansion of cultivated land resources, so as to consolidate the foundation of food security.

As a key means to implement the multiple goals of water ecological civilization construction, it is particularly important to explore the relationship between sponge city construction and urban water ecological environment. The article examines the improvement effect of the pilot policy on urban water ecological environment by using entropy method to measure the water ecological environment quality of each city and through a multi-period difference in differences (DID) method based on panel data from 284 cities in China from 2010 to 2020. The propensity score matching-difference in differences (PSM-DID) model was further validated. The research results indicate that the implementation of the national sponge city construction pilot policy can significantly promote the improvement of urban water ecological environment quality, and remains valid under a series of robustness tests. There is significant urban and regional heterogeneity in the improvement effects of pilot policy on urban water ecological environment. In the central and eastern regions and larger cities, the pilot policy has a more significant positive impact on improving the quality of urban water ecological environment. The research results have important policy benefits and reference value for promoting the sponge city construction throughout the region to create a beautiful urban water ecological environment.

Historic district serves as dynamic urban heritage sites, whose conservation and regeneration are essential for preserving the historic context of cities, stimulating economic revitalization, and fostering high-quality development. Originating from the backdrop of cultural-tourism integration, this study establishes a comprehensive framework for assessing the effectiveness of historic district regeneration. This framework includes the regeneration of physical spaces, cultural preservation and display, and the revitalization of cultural tourism. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods, the study evaluates the regeneration effectiveness in three emblematic historic districts in Kaifeng city based on subjective assessments from participants. Enhancement pathways are delineated through the analysis of a "satisfaction-importance" matrix. The findings indicate consistently positive regeneration effectiveness with slight variations across the districts, scoring 3.801 for Shuanglong lane, 3.794 for Madao street, and 3.759 for Shudian street. Shuanglong lane exhibits superior performance in physical space regeneration, with a higher score than Shudian and Madao streets; however, Shudian and Madao streets excel in the revitalization of cultural tourism. Differences in cultural preservation and display are minimal. At the level of specific indicators, all districts generally receive positive evaluations for streetscape and revitalization recognition. Nonetheless, Shudian street and Madao street exhibit lower scores in streetscape aesthetics, infrastructure, and street maintenance, whereas Shuanglong lane requires improvements in its cultural and tourism attributes, diversity of revitalization efforts, and infrastructure. All districts need enhanced accessibility. Specific improvements include enhancing the neighborhood environment, cultural displays, and connotations in Shudian street; boosting cultural attractiveness and immersive interactions in Madao street; and increasing cultural appeal and diversifying the business model in Shuanglong lane.

In view of the five-fold dilemma caused by the economic and physical attributes of water resources ecological products, and based on literature review and connotation definition, a multi-center governance system framework for the value realization of water resources ecological products was constructed. Its design principles include the delineation of water resources property rights, the direction of water resources utilization, nested governance and development, market development and portfolio operation, the value cycle of water resources, supervision and feedback, and interest integration. Key mechanisms include providing clear ownership of water ecological products through a new system, standardizing the transaction process with credible commitments, and ensuring the realization of value through mutual supervision. Role positioning helps to clarify the functional division of each definable stakeholder, promotes the formation of a government, an effective market and a collective, and enhance the value of water resources ecological products to realize the efficient operation of a multi-center governance system. By providing a positive-sum game platform for multiple participants, the multi-center governance system addresses the conflicting interests of participants with heterogeneous institutional supply and promotes the realization of the value of water resources ecological products.

The agricultural heritage embodies multiple values, including social, cultural, economic, and ecological dimensions. Unearthing and leveraging these functions are of paramount significance for narrowing the rural-urban income gap and fostering common prosperity. This study employs a quasi-natural experiment framework, treating the establishment of agricultural heritage projects between 2013 and 2021 across 62 counties in Zhejiang province as such. Employing propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methodologies (PSM-DID), the analysis scrutinizes the impact of agricultural heritage project establishment on the common prosperity level in heritage sites. The findings reveal that the establishment of agricultural heritage projects significantly stimulates the common prosperity levels in the designated areas, and over time, the policy effects become increasingly pronounced. Mechanism analyses indicate that heightened non-farm employment and industrial integration serve as significant pathways for agricultural heritage sites to generate a common prosperity effect. Heterogeneity analyses revealed that agricultural heritage projects had a stronger impact on increasing levels of common prosperity in regions with higher grades of heritage type and better economic development. It is recommended to fully explore the diverse resource advantages of agricultural cultural heritage and implement differentiated policies for its protection and development to enhance its vitality and contribute to common prosperity.

Cultivated land consolidation suitable for agricultural mechanization is a crucial pathway to promote high-quality agricultural development in hilly and mountainous areas. Taking Chongqing city as the study area, this paper firstly establishes the evaluation index system of cultivated land ecological security level, and then calculates and predicts the spatiotemporal variations of cultivated land ecological security levels before and after the implementation of the cultivated land consolidation suitable for agricultural mechanization by using the radial basis function model. Finally, this paper identifies the dominant limiting factors, and subsequently proposes some improvement paths of cultivated land ecological security level in hilly and mountainous areas facing the land consolidation suitable for agricultural mechanization. The results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, the ecological security level of cultivated land in the study area exhibits a U-shaped trend with an initial decline followed by an increase. Spatially, it presents a significant distribution pattern of "high in the east and low in the west". (2) The prediction results show that there is a gradual upward trend of cultivated land ecological security level from 2021 to 2025, increasing from 0.53 to 0.54. (3) In the early stage of land consolidation, the dominant limiting factors include the internal production and ecological condition of cultivated land, such as slope and landscape pattern index. During the implementing process of land consolidation, the destructive impact of the land consolidation project on the surface vegetation is a dominant limiting factor affecting cultivated land ecological security. In the end stage of land consolidation, imbalanced allocation of agricultural production factors, such as labor and total agricultural machinery power, becomes the dominant limiting factors for cultivated land ecological security. Guided by the concept of "Two Mountains", we should improve the eco-construction of cultivated land based on the life cycle of land consolidation, and adopt some region-specific strategies. The paper can provide the scientific references for implementing the "Three Integrations" requirements for cultivated land protection as well as realizing ecological civilization of cultivated land utilization in hilly and mountainous areas.

The assessment and prediction of watershed ecological security (ES) provides support for the construction and optimization of the ES pattern, which is an effective means for ecosystem management and decision-making. Here, we established an ES assessment framework from three dimensions of ecological risk, ecosystem health, and ecosystem services to reveal the spatio-temporal distribution of ES in the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) of China, from 2000 to 2020. We identified key internal and external factors affecting ES and predicted potential risk zones using the patch-generating land use simulation model. The results indicated that the ES in the HRB showed an increasing and then decreasing trend from 2000 to 2020, with an overall distribution pattern of high in the northeast-southwest and low in the northwest-southeast. Relatively safe level and generally safe level had the largest percentage of the study area (both above 30%), and both transfer the most area. Internal factors of ES (i.e., risk, health, and service factors) were influential than external factors (i.e., natural and socio-economic factors), largely due to regulating ecosystem service and human footprint factors. The ES status of the HRB in 2030 declined compared with that in 2020, with significant spatial changes in safe level in the mountainous and hilly areas of the northeast and the farming-forest interface of the southwest. Our findings are not only an important complement to existing studies on ES assessment and prediction, but also a guide to the ecological security construction of the HRB.

Food security is the most important for China. However, we often see abnormal phenomena such as "main grain-producing counties with low economic level", and "larger grain output with less income of farmers". In view of the lack of research on the resources curse of grain and farmland, and the lack of quantitative analysis of the impact of resource abundance on residents' income, in this paper, we use the method in combination of the provincial and county scale analysis to carry out the empirical test of China's relationship between farmland & grain abundance and households' income on the basis of collected respectively panel data of 31 provincial-level regions in 2001-2021 and 2843 counties in 2014-2021. The paper also analyzes the spatial difference of the suppression degree of the farmland & grain abundance on the income of the residents in the provincial and county scales, and reveals its influence mechanism by using econometric model. The results show that: (1) The farmland & grain of the main grain-producing areas has a significant suppression effect on the income of rural and urban residents. (2) The farmland & grain abundance has a different degree of suppression effect on the income of more than 70% of the rural and urban residents in the provincial scale, and 56.81% of the rural residents and 64.09% of the urban residents in the county scale, among which 8.58% of the rural residents and 10.06% of the urban residents in the counties reach the "serious suppression" and "extremely-serious suppression" levels. (3) The abundance of grain does not obviously promote the development of the primary industry in the main grain-producing areas, but increases the dependence of the primary industry on grain, and it also obviously inhibits the development of the sectors of the secondary and tertiary industries. Based on the above, this paper proposes countermeasures to solve the problem.

Urban renewal is a prominent issue in promoting high-quality and sustainable development of Chinese cities in the context of connotative development in the New Era. As culture plays an increasingly important role in continuing urban history, creating spatial value, improving quality of life and stimulating economic vitality, it is gradually becoming a key driving force for promoting urban renewal. Based on the analysis of the evolution of the relationship between cultural elements and urban renewal since the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, this paper constructs a logical framework for cultural empowerment of urban renewal, and takes the old southern city of Nanjing as an example to explore the implementation paths, mechanism and effects of cultural empowerment of urban renewal. The study found that: (1) By leveraging the multiple roles of cultural resources such as historical culture, creative culture, and local culture in urban renewal, and through the process of cultural elements injection, spatial carriers adsorption, and renewal efficiency release, urban renewal can be empowered and its effectiveness can be enhanced. (2) From the process of urban renewal practice in the old southern city of Nanjing, the paths of cultural empowerment of urban renewal are revealed as the representation of historical symbols, the driving force of cultural and tourism consumption, the implantation of creative industries, the rooting of community spirit, and the embedness of cultural services. (3) Multiple stakeholders such as the government, market, and society are jointly promoting the urban renewal with cultural empowerment. To obtain more significant economic and social benefits, it is also necessary to further strengthen the connection between the renewal of historical and cultural spaces in old cities and the achievements of contemporary urban cultural construction, coordinate the promotion of cultural renewal at the spiritual level, and enhance the urban participation rights and sense of cultural achievement of local residents. (4) The culture-empowered urban renewal in China is different from the "cultural-led urban regeneration" in the West, which regards the protection, inheritance, and promotion of historical and cultural heritage, as well as the enhancement of residents' cultural identity, as important goals of urban renewal. Based on the concept of cultural sustainability in urban renewal, it is necessary to promote the benign two-way empowerment of cultural elements and urban renewal, and achieve a resonant development of the protection and utilization of cultural resources and moderate, orderly, tender, and organic renewal.

Based on the unique geographical and historical background, red brick has become a distinctive urban characteristic in the Fujian-Taiwan region, with its complex cultural background endowing it with rich potential value. However, the current inheritance and continuation of red brick cultural genes face significant challenges. In this study, we apply scene theory to Quanzhou West Street historical and cultural district, which is the most representative red brick area in Quanzhou. This study adopts the framework of the five elements of a scene to analyze the evaluation process of carrier characteristics, behavioral perception, and amenity value. Through a combination of field research, in-depth interviews, surveys, and big data statistical analysis, we investigate the evaluation indicator system for scene amenities at two levels: the macro-level of the entire district and the micro-level of red brick buildings. Our research findings reveal: (1) The scene elements of the red brick historical district include spatial environment, functional medium, diverse groups, activity combinations, and value attraction. (2) The scene functions of the overall district environment include: historical artifacts, cultural displays, and consumption experiences. These three aspects are interrelated, but the overall satisfaction of Quanzhou West Street still needs improvement. (3) The amenities of red brick architecture can be categorized into four types: color aesthetics, texture, decorative details, and regional characteristics. These categories include 12 traditional architectural features such as red bricks, white stones, wood, windows, balconies, external structures, beam decorations, columns, bricklaying methods, internal spaces, main structures, and roofs. Finally, we propose principles for protection and renewal, specific measures, and strategies for controlling the architectural style of red brick buildings. Our research extends the empirical application of scene theory in China, and provides effective approaches for the protection and renewal of historical and cultural districts.

On the basis of the discussion of the connotation and classification system of ecological products, drawing on the concept of "community of life", the basic logic and overall framework of the realization of the value of ecological products are sorted out and constructed from the perspective of the integration of supply and demand, the supply and demand subjects of different types of ecological products are accurately identified, their behavior patterns and characteristics are differentiated, and the value realization path of ecological products is proposed. The results show that: (1) Eco-products are composed of four types of eco-products, namely, natural elements supply, natural elements derivatives, cultural services, and rights and regulations, and that eco-products are produced by man and nature in collaboration to provide human society with products or services that can be used and consumed, and part of the proceeds can be used to feed back to the natural ecosystem. (2) Establish a corresponding analysis framework and mechanism for the value realization of ecological products for different types of ecological products around the seven chains of subject, property rights, value, transaction, industry, capital and technology, which can effectively solve the problems of difficulty in confirming rights, accounting, mortgage, transaction and realization in the value realization of ecological products. (3) The process of realizing the value of ecological products is a "two-way road" of symbiosis and co-prosperity between man and nature, and the path of realizing the value of ecological products is divided into four stages: preparation, production, sales and feeding, and the focus of each stage is to release the vitality of supply and demand, smooth supply and demand channels, accurate matching of supply and demand, and virtuous cycle of supply and demand.

The practice of neighborhood renewal in Chinese cities has gradually shifted towards the spatial governance of existing neighborhood resources. Future research will focus on the comprehensive process of spatial governance, which includes monitoring spatial changes, planning and governing existing resources, evaluating governance performance, and tracking outcomes. This study responds to this paradigm shift from the perspective of the health effects of neighborhood renewal. By reviewing English literature on the relationship between neighborhood renewal and health, it reveals that health-oriented neighborhood renewal is a holistic initiative aimed at enhancing health-related physical, social, and economic resources within the neighborhood. It emphasizes the temporal and spatial evolution of various environmental elements throughout the life cycle of neighborhoods. The influence of neighborhood renewal on residents' physical and mental health and well-being is multi-stage, multi-path, subject-differentiated, and dynamic. Primary renewal environments impacting residents' health include housing, blue-green and activity spaces, infrastructure, catering facilities, medical facilities, and social and psychological environments. The study proposes a four-stage research framework to advance the theoretical development and practical innovation of health-oriented neighborhood renewal in China. This framework includes evaluating neighborhood renewal performance, identifying health effects, explaining influence mechanisms, and assessing the health impacts of renewal planning and policies.

Within the domain of the Mountains-Waters project in the Irtysh River Basin, an assessment framework was constructed at the three scales of subproject, ecological protection unit, and restoration unit, and with consideration of the scope of the project, which includes ecosystem pattern, quality, services, coercion, and comprehensive effectiveness. Then, the ecological restoration effectiveness before and after implementation of the project was comprehensively and systematically assessed using relevant survey data. The principal conclusions follow: (1) There were significant shortterm differences between the ecological restoration areas of mines and nonmining areas. The ecological parameters in nonmining areas were superior to those in mining areas; however, the ecological effectiveness in mining areas has not yet manifest. (2) Compared to the baseline period, the ecological structure, quality, and service functions in the subproject area improved during the evaluation period. The overall increase in ecological service function exceeded 5%, with a decrease in human disturbance, indicating significant restoration effectiveness in the project area and its direct impact zone. (3) The quality of ecosystems has been enhanced within the scope of the project and at the scale of ecological units, particularly in the Northern Altai Mountain region. Functions such as soil conservation, windbreaks, sand fixation, and biodiversity protection have improved, although enhancement of carbon sequestration has been modest. Except in the southern desert grasslands, water conservation capacity has declined, and humaninduced stressors have intensified. However, the ecosystems have generally maintained their baseline status and have partially improved. (4) Because of the limitations of the overall and systematic layout of the subproject implementation areas and the limited actual area of restoration and conservation, the effectiveness of the subproject implementation did not significantly impact the overall improvement of the watershed and the ecosystems of various ecological conservation units. The associated assessment results have significant relevance and value for sustainable management of the Irtysh River project.

At present, China Spatial Planning Observation Network is in a critical stage of exploration and construction, and the development of digital technology in the transformation of national spatial governance system has become a cutting-edge focus. Among them, multi-source data fusion is crucial for the successful implementation of industry models and applications as the foundation of China Spatial Planning Observation Network. However, the understanding and application paths of different aspects of data fusion have not been fully resolved. Therefore, this study proposes a technical framework for data fusion in the context of land spatial planning implementation monitoring from the perspectives of data integration, business development, and application scenarios, with the high-speed railway network development evaluation as an application case. Then this study elaborates on the specific implementation path and effects of data fusion methods based on data structure features, information integration methods oriented towards key business elements, and data application connectivity methods driven by functional scenarios. Finally, this study discusses the key content, practical value, and policy recommendations of multi-source data fusion, providing fundamental support for improving the modernization level of national spatial governance.

The development of characteristic agriculture is an important approach to achieving rural revitalization and promoting county-level economic development by stimulating industrial vitality. How to combine resource advantages and transform them into industrial strengths is the key to build a high-quality characteristic agriculture industry. This paper selects 31 county-level characteristic agriculture cases as research objects, constructs a TOE and dual-dimensional theoretical indicator system, and uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to extract element combinations and examine the influencing factors and differentiated paths of characteristic agricultural development in China's county-level areas. The study shows that: (1) "organizational resources" and "crop varieties" are the core factors for achieving high-quality development in county-level characteristic agriculture. (2) The high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture presents mixed development models, including market-oriented, organization-oriented, and technology-oriented models, as well as outward development models embedded in elements and inward development models relying on endowments. (3) Non-high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture exists in outward deficiency models constrained by organizations and mixed deficiency models constrained by organizations-environment and technology-environment. (4) The integration of multiple resource paths from both internal and external drivers is more effective than relying on a single internal or external driver in constructing action mechanisms for high-quality characteristic agriculture development. Based on the above research results, this paper proposes diversified, complementary, and integrated development path suggestions for county-level characteristic agriculture in China, providing a reference for achieving agricultural and rural modernization.

In the context of China's urban stock renewal, the implementation of micro-renewal in old communities is of strategic importance for the high-quality development of cities and the modernisation of the country's governance capacity. In the context of China's urban stock renewal, the implementation of micro-regeneration in old communities is of strategic importance for the high-quality development of cities and the modernisation of national governance capacity. By exploring the localisation of polycentric governance theory, this paper analyses polycentric governance in the Chinese context, and selects a key micro-renewal project in Qinhuai district, Nanjing as the research object, to explore the multi-party governance mechanism of micro-regeneration in China's aging communities. The study finds that the multi-party governance mechanism is a collaborative renewal mechanism in which multiple actors, including the district government, district state-owned enterprises, planning teams, community grassroots organisations, and residents, participate in a clear division of roles and networked interactions in order to respect residents' property rights and wishes. Among them, the transformation of the government's decentralised role and the effective integration of social forces are the key factors contributing to the construction of the mechanism of multi-party co-regulation; the interactive relationship of the multiple subjects changes continuously with the advancement of the renewal stage; and the establishment of a platform for effective communication and rational interaction among the various subjects is the key to promoting the sustainable development of micro-renewal of the old community, which is currently still in the mode of an external impetus. At present, community micro-renewal in Qinhuai district is still in a mode of external driving force; micro-renewal can create sustainable production benefits for the physical space, social space, economic development, and historical resources of the old community.