From the perspective of space commodification, rural lucid waters and lush mountains (green mountains) are considered as rural space resources with rich natural and cultural characteristics, and the transformation of green mountains into golden and silver mountains is the space value realization process of rural green mountains through the commodification of space. Based on the space commodification theory, and combined with natural resources capitalization theory and capital circulation theory, this study constructs the space commodification theoretical framework of rural two mountains transformation, which includes five closely connected links: space advantage identification, monetary capital investment, space production, spatial ecological products sales, and space reproduction. Therefore, the inherent logic, process, and conditions of the transformation of rural green mountains from space resources into space assets, space capital, spatial ecological products, and space returns, are clarified, and a two-way transformation loop between green mountains and golden and silver mountains is formed through space resources capitalization and space capital increment circulation. Then, based on the above theoretical framework, the practice path for transforming rural two mountains is summarized and refined systematically, from scientifically recognizing the space resources advantages of rural green mountains, innovating investment and financing mechanisms for capitalization of green mountains, creating diversified and high value-added spatial ecological products with rich regional characteristics, expanding value realizing channels of spatial ecological products, and promoting the re-cultivation of rural green mountains space. In addition, this study puts forward some proposals, such as deepening the spatial value recognition of rural green mountains and its ecological products, making full use of multi-participant's co-governance, integrating and coordinating space production and material production in space, and preventing social risks brought by capital introduction, in order to promote the commodification of green mountains space, and thus achieve win-win situation of rural two mountains.

In China's urbanization 2.0 phase, urban renewal has become the primary means of urban spatial development. Essentially, it is a high-quality development process aimed at enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation and utilization, strengthening spatial carrying capacity, optimizing urban functional quality, and reinforcing urban development resilience. Centered on the reform and development goal of "establishing a sustainable urban renewal model and policy regulations" set by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, 15 experts and scholars from fields such as geography, urban and rural planning, and land resource management engaged in written discussions. This exploration spans various perspectives and dimensions, including the conceptual connotation, value concepts, implementation and pathways, institutional policy environment construction, and performance evaluation methods of sustainable urban renewal. Specifically: (1) Conceptual Connotation: Sustainable urban renewal should be understood as both the "sustainability" of goals and the "sustainability" of implementation. (2) Value Concepts: Emphases should be placed on promoting multi-stakeholder participation and benefit-sharing as the fundamental economic philosophy for constructing sustainable urban renewal, as well as integrating urban renewal into the spatial governance of urban cultural heritage, social spatial, and ecological spaces, thereby organizing urban renewal actions from a multidimensional systemic perspective of "economic-social-cultural-ecological-resilience". (3) Implementation: It is crucial to effectively balance the interests of local governments, market entities, property owners, and society. Secondly, attention should be given to ensuring and enhancing the mechanism for state-owned enterprises to participate in urban renewal. Thirdly, new mechanisms should be adopted such as franchising to attract enthusiasm from social capital. With all parties mentioned above, we should transform urban construction from a "supply-oriented" to a "demand-oriented" model. Besides, to meet the people's growing needs for a better life, urban renewal implementation should focus more on multi-participatory design, embedding public service facilities, green infrastructure, and digital technology elements at the micro-community scale perceptible to the people, and coordinate urban renewal planning and management implementation. (4) Institutional Policy Environment Construction: Overall, there should be a focus on new demands for urban renewal products, governance, and models in the new era, so as to create an adaptive and sustainable institutional policy environment for urban renewal. Particularly, considering key elements such as "people, land, and capital" in urban renewal, systematic institutional innovations should be conducted in aspects like land use regulations, funding arrangements, and organizational mechanisms. (5) Performance Evaluation: Finally, from a "people's perspective", a measurable and comparable performance evaluation system for urban renewal should be established.

Based on the unique geographical and historical background, red brick has become a distinctive urban characteristic in the Fujian-Taiwan region, with its complex cultural background endowing it with rich potential value. However, the current inheritance and continuation of red brick cultural genes face significant challenges. In this study, we apply scene theory to Quanzhou West Street historical and cultural district, which is the most representative red brick area in Quanzhou. This study adopts the framework of the five elements of a scene to analyze the evaluation process of carrier characteristics, behavioral perception, and amenity value. Through a combination of field research, in-depth interviews, surveys, and big data statistical analysis, we investigate the evaluation indicator system for scene amenities at two levels: the macro-level of the entire district and the micro-level of red brick buildings. Our research findings reveal: (1) The scene elements of the red brick historical district include spatial environment, functional medium, diverse groups, activity combinations, and value attraction. (2) The scene functions of the overall district environment include: historical artifacts, cultural displays, and consumption experiences. These three aspects are interrelated, but the overall satisfaction of Quanzhou West Street still needs improvement. (3) The amenities of red brick architecture can be categorized into four types: color aesthetics, texture, decorative details, and regional characteristics. These categories include 12 traditional architectural features such as red bricks, white stones, wood, windows, balconies, external structures, beam decorations, columns, bricklaying methods, internal spaces, main structures, and roofs. Finally, we propose principles for protection and renewal, specific measures, and strategies for controlling the architectural style of red brick buildings. Our research extends the empirical application of scene theory in China, and provides effective approaches for the protection and renewal of historical and cultural districts.

The construction of the China Spatial Planning Observation Network (CSPON) is a crucial means to promote intelligent planning, that is "perceptive, capable of learning, good at governance, and self-realizing." It is also a key support for building a green and smart digital ecological civilization. Addressing the urgent need for scientific and systematic technical methods in CSPON construction, this paper explores the methodological approach for CSPON algorithm model construction and application. It proposes a CSPON algorithm model technical framework supported by "high-performance computing", "big data", and "large model" technologies, oriented towards "large-scale scenario" applications. The paper illustrates its application in typical spatial planning implementation monitoring scenarios such as safety baseline control, planning transmission control, planning implementation assessment, and spatial pattern optimization through practical cases. The research indicates that: (1) "High-Performance Computing" is the foundation supporting CSPON's growing demands for high-frequency data processing and dynamic computational analysis. It should fully integrate modern computing architectures such as cloud computing, edge computing, and distributed computing to strengthen CSPON's computational foundation. (2) "Big Data" is the cornerstone for constructing and operating CSPON algorithm model systems. The integration and mining of multi-source big data from "space, aerial, ground, sea, and network" can support algorithm models in more comprehensively and accurately characterizing complex spatial systems. (3) "Large Model" is the "intelligent core" of CSPON. The "multi-model parallel use" mode, integrating traditional "small models" like GIS spatial analysis and machine learning algorithms with generative "large models" such as language and vision models, will become the mainstream trend in CSPON algorithm model application and development. (4) "Large-scale Scenarios" serve as the application carrier and target of CSPON. They should establish application scenarios combining "common scenarios" and "personalized scenarios" based on local characteristics and business needs, fully leveraging the roles and advantages of different CSPON algorithm models. The research results provide a scientific basis for accelerating the improvement of CSPON technical methods and their practical application.

Urban renewal is a prominent issue in promoting high-quality and sustainable development of Chinese cities in the context of connotative development in the New Era. As culture plays an increasingly important role in continuing urban history, creating spatial value, improving quality of life and stimulating economic vitality, it is gradually becoming a key driving force for promoting urban renewal. Based on the analysis of the evolution of the relationship between cultural elements and urban renewal since the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, this paper constructs a logical framework for cultural empowerment of urban renewal, and takes the old southern city of Nanjing as an example to explore the implementation paths, mechanism and effects of cultural empowerment of urban renewal. The study found that: (1) By leveraging the multiple roles of cultural resources such as historical culture, creative culture, and local culture in urban renewal, and through the process of cultural elements injection, spatial carriers adsorption, and renewal efficiency release, urban renewal can be empowered and its effectiveness can be enhanced. (2) From the process of urban renewal practice in the old southern city of Nanjing, the paths of cultural empowerment of urban renewal are revealed as the representation of historical symbols, the driving force of cultural and tourism consumption, the implantation of creative industries, the rooting of community spirit, and the embedness of cultural services. (3) Multiple stakeholders such as the government, market, and society are jointly promoting the urban renewal with cultural empowerment. To obtain more significant economic and social benefits, it is also necessary to further strengthen the connection between the renewal of historical and cultural spaces in old cities and the achievements of contemporary urban cultural construction, coordinate the promotion of cultural renewal at the spiritual level, and enhance the urban participation rights and sense of cultural achievement of local residents. (4) The culture-empowered urban renewal in China is different from the "cultural-led urban regeneration" in the West, which regards the protection, inheritance, and promotion of historical and cultural heritage, as well as the enhancement of residents' cultural identity, as important goals of urban renewal. Based on the concept of cultural sustainability in urban renewal, it is necessary to promote the benign two-way empowerment of cultural elements and urban renewal, and achieve a resonant development of the protection and utilization of cultural resources and moderate, orderly, tender, and organic renewal.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have received worldwide attention from academics, governments, NGOs and the public in the field of ecological conservation and restoration. Since NbS was formally proposed, its concept has been continuously clarified and refined under the promotion of international organizations such as EU and IUCN, and was officially defined by the United Nations in 2022. The theory and technology of NbS have been gradually developed and perfected by fully admitting the basic theories of ecology, geography and other disciplines, as well as integrating and developing ecological conservation and restoration-related technologies. In recent years, a large number of research results have been achieved in the construction of NbS theoretical system, development of technical model, identification of pathways and estimation of potentials in coping with climate change, synergistic response to social challenges, management model and financial mechanism, and the direction of future development etc., providing strong reference values for ecological conservation and restoration practices. At present, as one of the most important measures for ecological civilization construction, NbS have a positive influence on the planning of ecological conservation and restoration of territorial space, and the integration of ecological conservation and restoration of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands, and deserts, and significant results have been achieved in related projects and local practices. In the future, the application of NbS in China should focus on the following directions: (1) Continuously carry out theoretical and technical research to accurately grasp the intrinsic mechanisms of ecosystems. (2) Explore the localization pathway of NbS, implement NbS-based ecological conservation and restoration under the framework of China's territorial spatial planning and use control, and explore the coordination and integration with related project management requirements. (3) Apply NbS to promote the improvement of China's ecological conservation and restoration work with clarified social challenges, carry out monitoring and evaluation, adaptive management, update and improve the technical standards and norms system. (4) Innovate the funding mechanism, actively apply for relevant international projects, and explore the mechanism of transforming ecological benefits into economic benefits. (5) Carry out the application of NbS, comprehensively apply NbS in projects in key areas from planning and designing stage, and summarize practical experience to promote the overall improvement of China's ecological conservation and restoration work.

The development of characteristic agriculture is an important approach to achieving rural revitalization and promoting county-level economic development by stimulating industrial vitality. How to combine resource advantages and transform them into industrial strengths is the key to build a high-quality characteristic agriculture industry. This paper selects 31 county-level characteristic agriculture cases as research objects, constructs a TOE and dual-dimensional theoretical indicator system, and uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to extract element combinations and examine the influencing factors and differentiated paths of characteristic agricultural development in China's county-level areas. The study shows that: (1) "organizational resources" and "crop varieties" are the core factors for achieving high-quality development in county-level characteristic agriculture. (2) The high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture presents mixed development models, including market-oriented, organization-oriented, and technology-oriented models, as well as outward development models embedded in elements and inward development models relying on endowments. (3) Non-high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture exists in outward deficiency models constrained by organizations and mixed deficiency models constrained by organizations-environment and technology-environment. (4) The integration of multiple resource paths from both internal and external drivers is more effective than relying on a single internal or external driver in constructing action mechanisms for high-quality characteristic agriculture development. Based on the above research results, this paper proposes diversified, complementary, and integrated development path suggestions for county-level characteristic agriculture in China, providing a reference for achieving agricultural and rural modernization.

Urbanization in China has transitioned from an era of urban construction focused on incremental land development to an era of urban renewal focused on stock land development. Implementing urban renewal and achieving high-quality development has become a significant challenge for urban development in the second half of China's urbanization process. In response to this challenge, experts and scholars from relevant academic fields were invited to explore and discuss the fundamental issues of how urban renewal should be implemented under the new historical conditions and value orientations. The key aspects and solution pathways of this issue were discussed, with a focus on the following areas: the institutional and strategic issues that impact urban renewal, the practical and technical questions of how urban renewal is carried out, and the potential negative effects arising from urban renewal. The paper has extensive discussions and reflections on these topics. Based on the main viewpoints of the invited experts, urban renewal under the background of high-quality development transformation needs to pay attention to the following key issues. First of all, the goals of urban renewal should be determined synthetically with the full consideration of the national development strategies pertaining to urban development, with the effort to promote the innovation of urban renewal system in the areas of spatial planning, land supply and management, development models, financing, and public participation. Second, it is suggested that new models of urban renewal driven by the combined efforts of government, market, and society needs to be established to ensure the publicness, efficiency, and fairness of urban renewal projects. In particular, the government should play a role of guiding and encouraging through decentralization and empowerment; the role of market should pay attention to the advantages of cooperation between private capital and state-owned enterprise capital; the society should play a role by activating the subjective role of property rights owners. Third, with the aim to promote a people-centered development, the damage of urban renewal to historical and cultural protection and adverse effects of gentrification it brings should be regulated and avoided. There is a need to enhance exploration of the urban renewal models beneficial to historical and cultural protection and social justice. This paper concludes by calling on scholars from multiple disciplines including geography, resources and environmental sciences, planning, and management to jointly promote research of urban renewal theories that fit to the Chinese path to modernization, with the aim to make Chinese contribution to theories on global urban renewal.

Climate change is one of the main pressures that the ecological protection and restoration in Qinghai Plateau continues to face, yet there is currently a lack of quantitative analysis of the climate change pressure on ecological restoration projects across this region. Focusing on this issue, this study clarified the climate change process across Qinghai Plateau since 1960, analyzed the driving effects of climate change on the changes in land cover, and quantified the projected future climate change pressures that Qinghai would face during the 21st century, based on multi-source data. We found that Qinghai Plateau has experienced significant warming-wetting trends since 1960, with the change characterized by faster warming in the west than in the east and faster in winter than in summer. Affected by climate changes, the distribution of grass-shrubs in the study area generally expanded from 1980 to 2020, while degraded in the northwest. Climate predictions indicate that Qinghai Plateau is likely to face profound pressures from continued warming trends across the 21st century, especially for the south. Our findings could serve as data and theoretical support for the formulation of relevant climate mitigation and adaptation measures in the ecological protection and restoration projects of territorial space in the plateau.

Establishing the mechanism of territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation- warning and enhancing the implementation supervision system are important basic work to improve the capacity of territorial spatial governance and the modernization level of the governance system. This paper points out the existing problems in the territorial spatial planning implementation and supervision: (1) The subject of monitoring, evaluation and early warning is not clear in regulations. (2) The mechanism of monitoring, evaluation and early warning cannot fully meet the need, and it is difficult to further apply the results of supervision. (3) There are still challenges in the intelligent monitoring, evaluation and early warning system, such as inconsistent data, weak integrity of technical models, poor application scenarios and so on. In the era of ecological civilization, the territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning should meet the requirements of building a solid security bottom line, responding to the needs of the people, adapting to technological progress, and striving to be useful. It is necessary to explore and innovate the mechanism of territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning: (1) Clarify the key contents of the territorial spatial planning implementation and supervision at different administrative levels. (2) Build a sound monitoring-evaluation-warning system for territorial spatial planning. (3) Promote the intelligence level of monitoring-evaluation-warning. (4) Determine the key elements of monitoring-evaluation-warning and develop the corresponding algorithms, application models, and systems based on the focal tasks of spatial governance and planning supervision in various regions. By constantly improving the theoretical framework, technical system and application scenarios about territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning, the capacity of territorial spatial governance and the modernization level of governance system will be comprehensively improved.

The ecological construction of Qinghai province over the past 70 years has gone through four stages. The practice has formed four typical ecological governance models, include ''Single ecological problem+Targeted engineering treatment'', ''Special ecological problem+Special ecological project'', ''Regional ecological planning+Multi-level special management organization+System management methods system'', ''Ecological protection and restoration planning system+Ecological management unit+Regional key project''. Based on problem orientation and goal orientation, four strategic paths are proposed, including ''strengthen research on scientific and technological issues and develop scientific and technological infrastructure, explore a new model of ecological protection and restoration, establish a top-down coordination mechanism for ecological protection and restoration, strengthen detailed management of ecological projects throughout their life cycle, pay attention to establishing a long-term mechanism for harmony between man and land''. This will provide a certain reference for realizing scientific, systematic, collaborative, precise and long-term ecological protection and restoration on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and striving to build a new pattern of ecological protection and restoration on the plateau.

Historic district serves as dynamic urban heritage sites, whose conservation and regeneration are essential for preserving the historic context of cities, stimulating economic revitalization, and fostering high-quality development. Originating from the backdrop of cultural-tourism integration, this study establishes a comprehensive framework for assessing the effectiveness of historic district regeneration. This framework includes the regeneration of physical spaces, cultural preservation and display, and the revitalization of cultural tourism. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods, the study evaluates the regeneration effectiveness in three emblematic historic districts in Kaifeng city based on subjective assessments from participants. Enhancement pathways are delineated through the analysis of a "satisfaction-importance" matrix. The findings indicate consistently positive regeneration effectiveness with slight variations across the districts, scoring 3.801 for Shuanglong lane, 3.794 for Madao street, and 3.759 for Shudian street. Shuanglong lane exhibits superior performance in physical space regeneration, with a higher score than Shudian and Madao streets; however, Shudian and Madao streets excel in the revitalization of cultural tourism. Differences in cultural preservation and display are minimal. At the level of specific indicators, all districts generally receive positive evaluations for streetscape and revitalization recognition. Nonetheless, Shudian street and Madao street exhibit lower scores in streetscape aesthetics, infrastructure, and street maintenance, whereas Shuanglong lane requires improvements in its cultural and tourism attributes, diversity of revitalization efforts, and infrastructure. All districts need enhanced accessibility. Specific improvements include enhancing the neighborhood environment, cultural displays, and connotations in Shudian street; boosting cultural attractiveness and immersive interactions in Madao street; and increasing cultural appeal and diversifying the business model in Shuanglong lane.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework heralds a transformative vision for global biodiversity governance extending beyond 2030. In alignment with this framework, China has formulated its strategic approach and action plan for biodiversity conservation in the contemporary era. Taking Jiangsu province as a case study, our study explores the methodology of constructing avian diversity conservation patterns and optimizing ecological corridors at a provincial scale. We employed an integrated ecosystem structure and function evaluation method to identify the ecological sources, followed by the utilization of the MaxEnt model to focus on identifying the habitats of 64 species of rare forest birds and water birds within these sources. Based on the landscape resistance surface and least-cost path, we used the kernel analysis method to classify the habitat groups according to patch density. To delineate the spatial extent of ecological corridors, we applied the LSCorridors software package to optimize the proposed ecological corridors by identifying stepping-stones, barriers, and pinch points. Our results show that: (1) Ecological source areas showed a tendency to aggregate locally while remaining regionally isolated. The dominant landscape components included water bodies along with cultivated lands possessing high ecological value. (2) The habitat network for target species comprised 692 least-cost paths, 25 of which extended over 100 km, accounting for 36.72% of the total length, predominantly oriented in an east-west direction. (3) Spatial analysis identified ten distinct habitat groups within the study area, with four concentrated in southern Jiangsu and the others highly isolated. (4) The twelve identified crucial ecological corridors between these groups typically displayed cross-regional characteristics with multiple potential migration routes. For instance, one corridor required optimization at 114 strategic points, including 19 stepping stones, 45 barriers, and 50 pinch points. Our study offers valuable insights for the practical implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in China. It supports the comprehensive promotion of mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into ecological protection and restoration planning, serving as a reference for advancing these initiatives.

Traditional village tourism symbiosis system is based on the symbiosis unit formed by the interdependence of elements between villages, in the symbiosis environment, with the help of a variety of interactive synergistic relationships and symbiosis modes of construction of the organic whole. It aims to integrate village tourism resources, promote village symbiosis linkage, and enhance the effect of regional tourism development. Based on the symbiosis theory, the article clarifies the three elements of the symbiosis system, such as symbiosis unit, symbiosis mode and symbiosis environment. Along the path of "tourism source-resistance surface-tourism corridor", the traditional village tourism symbiosis system is constructed. We analyze the characteristics of traditional villages' tourism resources, clarify the spatial patterns of different types of symbiotic systems, and propose a tourism development model. The results show that: (1) There are 33 symbiotic units of traditional villages in Chongqing, with large spatial differences in the value of ecological and cultural resources in different places. There are 21 high-value symbiotic units, accounting for 63.63% of the total, which are mainly distributed in the southeastern mountains where minorities gather. (2) There are 83 traditional village tourism corridors in Chongqing, and the average value of symbiotic environment maturity score is 0.068, showing the spatial pattern of "West Chongqing>Northeast Chongqing>Southeast Chongqing". (3) The symbiotic systems of traditional village tourism in Chongqing are categorized into cultural heritage type, ecological landscape type, and ecological and cultural comprehensive development type, accounting for 59.04%, 14.46%, and 26.51%, respectively. Each type of system makes full use of the interaction between natural landscape and minority culture, farming culture, etc. to enhance the development capacity of traditional village tourism and promote common prosperity. The innovative contribution of this study lies in constructing a symbiotic system for traditional village tourism based on symbiosis theory. It successfully solves the problem of isolated tourism development among traditional villages. It provides an important reference and methodology for comprehensively integrating traditional village tourism resources, constructing a new pattern of tourism development, and promoting diversified and high-quality development of traditional villages.

The exploration of homestead withdrawal can provide an important decision-making reference and theoretical support for deepening the reform of rural land system and accelerating the process of urban-rural integration and development. This paper takes Qingshui county in Gansu province as the research area, and based on the perceived value theory, combined with the hierarchical regression model, analyses the mechanism of risk perception and comprehensive satisfaction on the willingness of farmers to withdraw from homesteads by using 1025 micro-survey data, and further classifies the types of willingness of farmers to withdraw from homesteads. The results show that: (1) Risk perception negatively affects homestead withdrawal, with cognitive risk perception having the strongest effect and the facility risk perception being the weakest. (2) Comprehensive satisfaction has a negative effect on homestead withdrawal, with life satisfaction having the most significant effect and the satisfaction with public services and facilities being the weakest. (3) In the analysis of the contribution of independent variables, in terms of risk perception, the risk perception of the homestead withdrawal is the highest, and the perception of owning multiple homesteads is the lowest. In terms of comprehensive satisfaction, the water and electricity facilities receive the highest ratings, while cultural and entertainment amenities are rated the lowest. (4) Based on the two-dimensional analysis framework of 'psychological perception-emotional cognition', the willingness of farmers to withdraw from homesteads can be classified into four types: high-risk avoidance, high-satisfaction trade-off, medium-risk guidance, and low-risk drive. This paper proposes categorized governance strategies to address the characteristics of different types of farm households, aiming to provide a decision-making basis for sustainable rural land use.

The practice of neighborhood renewal in Chinese cities has gradually shifted towards the spatial governance of existing neighborhood resources. Future research will focus on the comprehensive process of spatial governance, which includes monitoring spatial changes, planning and governing existing resources, evaluating governance performance, and tracking outcomes. This study responds to this paradigm shift from the perspective of the health effects of neighborhood renewal. By reviewing English literature on the relationship between neighborhood renewal and health, it reveals that health-oriented neighborhood renewal is a holistic initiative aimed at enhancing health-related physical, social, and economic resources within the neighborhood. It emphasizes the temporal and spatial evolution of various environmental elements throughout the life cycle of neighborhoods. The influence of neighborhood renewal on residents' physical and mental health and well-being is multi-stage, multi-path, subject-differentiated, and dynamic. Primary renewal environments impacting residents' health include housing, blue-green and activity spaces, infrastructure, catering facilities, medical facilities, and social and psychological environments. The study proposes a four-stage research framework to advance the theoretical development and practical innovation of health-oriented neighborhood renewal in China. This framework includes evaluating neighborhood renewal performance, identifying health effects, explaining influence mechanisms, and assessing the health impacts of renewal planning and policies.

Agricultural productive services, as a critical solution to alleviate the "high-carbon lock-in" dilemma in smallholder-dominated agricultural systems, reshape production modes through specialized divisions of labor. However, their emission reduction potential risks are being distorted into a "solution-to-paradox" scenario as a result of policy interventions. Employing panel data from 30 Chinese provincial-level regions (2011-2022), this study systematically deciphers the mechanisms and policy intricacies of agricultural productive services in driving carbon mitigation through integrated fixed-effects, mediation-effects, and threshold regression modeling. Core revelations emerge as follows: (1) The development of agricultural productive services exerts significant inhibitory effects on agricultural carbon emissions. Specifically, a 1% improvement in the implementation level of agricultural productive services corresponds to a 0.160% reduction in agricultural carbon emissions. However, the emission reduction efficacy is subject to bidirectional moderation by aging rural labor forces and fiscal agricultural support policies. (2) The regulatory effects manifest a dynamic tension between "demographic amplification" and "subsidy suppression" and rural labor aging elevates emission reduction elasticity through intensified demand for factor substitution, whereas fiscal agricultural support exceeding the 0.1386 threshold triggers a fertilizer rebound effect under yield-centric subsidy schemes, diminishing mitigation efficiency. (3) The carbon mitigation effects of agricultural productive services exhibit tripartite heterogeneity: policy dependency, east-west efficacy disparity, and basin-specific divergence. Specifically, the emission suppression capacity intensifies remarkably following the implementation of sectoral guidance policies, verifying their institutional catalytic role. Geographically, west regions of the Hu Huanyong Line constrained by underdeveloped service markets and the Pearl River Basin plagued by carbon lock-in effects from cash crop specialization, achieved less than one-third of the decarbonization efficacy observed in the eastern regions and the Yellow River Basin. This study unveils the nonlinear "emission reduction-policy" nexus inherent to agricultural productive services, establishing theoretical foundations to resolve institutional conflicts between service efficiency enhancement and fiscal interventions while informing the construction of differentiated low-carbon agricultural policy frameworks. These insights hold significant practical value for synchronizing agricultural green transformation with rural revitalization strategies, offering a coherent pathway to reconcile ecological modernization with socioeconomic development imperatives.

This paper delves into the interrelationships between urban spatial characteristics and mechanisms. It further proposes a framework for establishing a comprehensive assessment index system for urban spaces with multiscale, spatial form, and spatial diversity as the main attributes. This framework provides a methodology and toolset for the precise identification of problems in the area of living environment. In addition to considering the three basic spatial attributes, the setting of specific indicators needs to address the following requirements: firstly, clarifying the three major subsystem groups corresponding to the indicators—material environment, ecosystem services, and socio-economic aspects—to establish relationships with the basic attributes of urban spaces in subsequent diagnostic stages; secondly, considering the long-term influencing factors and short-term disturbances from human activities in determining the proportional relationships of these indicators scientifically; thirdly, taking into account the regional factors' impact on the threshold values of the index system standards. Building on the comprehensive assessment index framework, this paper proposes a toolset for problem diagnosis for urban spatial issues, encompassing a multi-scale interactive indicator analysis method, a multi-index correlation analysis method involving spatial form, and a multidimensional clustering approach tailored to spatial variations. This research identifies key thresholds influencing urban sustainable development through extensive statistical assessments of indicator values about large samples of micro-units.

Historic and cultural districts serve as vital carriers for the inheritance of urban and rural cultural heritage, and their sustainable renewal urgently requires deep resident participation. This study integrates value co-creation theory and sense of place theory to develop a driving model of participatory renewal: "perceived value-place attachment-value co-creation", examining how multidimensional value perceptions and place attachment shape residents' engagement mechanisms. Using structural equation modeling analysis of 338 valid questionnaires from Nanjing's Old South district, the findings reveal three critical pathways. First, residents' perceived functional value and economic value significantly enhance participation behavior and civic behavioral intentions through the full mediation of place dependence, indicating that instrumental dependence serves as a direct mechanism transforming material needs into actions. Second, perceived emotional value derived from cultural continuity exerts dual effects, directly driving both types of value co-creation intentions and also uniquely activating civic behaviors through the "place identity" pathway. This demonstrates that local emotions rooted in collective memory can bypass institutional constraints to generate spontaneous cultural stewardship. Third, community support exhibits paradoxical moderating effects: while it amplifies the economic value-place dependence linkage, excessive administrative intervention weakens emotional value's impact on place dependence, revealing tensions between institutional empowerment and grassroots cultural agency. These findings challenge traditional economic incentive paradigms by highlighting the catalytic role of cultural identity and emotional capital. Accordingly, a governance framework is proposed: (1) establishing cultural identity reproduction mechanisms through resident-led heritage interpretation, (2) implementing demand-tiered resource allocation that prioritizes functional necessities like sanitation, (3) developing adaptive community support systems that delineate administrative boundaries in cultural practices. This research contributes to urban governance literature by uncovering the psychosocial process from spatial perception to collective action, while offering practical strategies to reconcile preservation and renovation through value symbiosis.

On the basis of the discussion of the connotation and classification system of ecological products, drawing on the concept of "community of life", the basic logic and overall framework of the realization of the value of ecological products are sorted out and constructed from the perspective of the integration of supply and demand, the supply and demand subjects of different types of ecological products are accurately identified, their behavior patterns and characteristics are differentiated, and the value realization path of ecological products is proposed. The results show that: (1) Eco-products are composed of four types of eco-products, namely, natural elements supply, natural elements derivatives, cultural services, and rights and regulations, and that eco-products are produced by man and nature in collaboration to provide human society with products or services that can be used and consumed, and part of the proceeds can be used to feed back to the natural ecosystem. (2) Establish a corresponding analysis framework and mechanism for the value realization of ecological products for different types of ecological products around the seven chains of subject, property rights, value, transaction, industry, capital and technology, which can effectively solve the problems of difficulty in confirming rights, accounting, mortgage, transaction and realization in the value realization of ecological products. (3) The process of realizing the value of ecological products is a "two-way road" of symbiosis and co-prosperity between man and nature, and the path of realizing the value of ecological products is divided into four stages: preparation, production, sales and feeding, and the focus of each stage is to release the vitality of supply and demand, smooth supply and demand channels, accurate matching of supply and demand, and virtuous cycle of supply and demand.

Ecosystem service flows (ESF) serve as a crucial bridge connecting the supply of ecosystem services to human demand. However, there are still deficiencies in the framework research on driving mechanisms and practical applications. In this research, we took the freshwater yield ecosystem service in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin as a case study. We developed a comprehensive framework focusing on "supply-demand quantification-attribute evaluation-driving analysis-pattern optimization" utilizing methods such as network model, random forest, and Bayesian belief network. The key findings are as follows: (1) There was a spatial mismatch between the freshwater yield ecosystem service supply and demand, with demand exceeding supply in the study area. (2) Three flow directions and 35 sub-boundaries were identified throughout the flow process, with flow quantity ranging from 0 to 188×10⁶ m³. (3) Evapotranspiration and human activities were the primary factors affecting the changes in supply-demand, with the contribution of 0.47 and 0.14, respectively. (4) Key optimization areas included Southern Luoyang, Central and Southern Sanmenxia, and Central Jiyuan. The comprehensive framework developed in this study analyzes ecosystem service supply and demand from four dimensions, enhancing the organization and depth of "flow" research. Furthermore, the framework demonstrates strong practical applicability, specifically in addressing the supply-demand imbalance of ecosystem services, providing robust support for water resource management and government decision-making in the Henan section of the Yellow River through effective water resource optimization.

Within the domain of the Mountains-Waters project in the Irtysh River Basin, an assessment framework was constructed at the three scales of subproject, ecological protection unit, and restoration unit, and with consideration of the scope of the project, which includes ecosystem pattern, quality, services, coercion, and comprehensive effectiveness. Then, the ecological restoration effectiveness before and after implementation of the project was comprehensively and systematically assessed using relevant survey data. The principal conclusions follow: (1) There were significant shortterm differences between the ecological restoration areas of mines and nonmining areas. The ecological parameters in nonmining areas were superior to those in mining areas; however, the ecological effectiveness in mining areas has not yet manifest. (2) Compared to the baseline period, the ecological structure, quality, and service functions in the subproject area improved during the evaluation period. The overall increase in ecological service function exceeded 5%, with a decrease in human disturbance, indicating significant restoration effectiveness in the project area and its direct impact zone. (3) The quality of ecosystems has been enhanced within the scope of the project and at the scale of ecological units, particularly in the Northern Altai Mountain region. Functions such as soil conservation, windbreaks, sand fixation, and biodiversity protection have improved, although enhancement of carbon sequestration has been modest. Except in the southern desert grasslands, water conservation capacity has declined, and humaninduced stressors have intensified. However, the ecosystems have generally maintained their baseline status and have partially improved. (4) Because of the limitations of the overall and systematic layout of the subproject implementation areas and the limited actual area of restoration and conservation, the effectiveness of the subproject implementation did not significantly impact the overall improvement of the watershed and the ecosystems of various ecological conservation units. The associated assessment results have significant relevance and value for sustainable management of the Irtysh River project.

The 'compensation to comprehensive occupation' system (CCOS), which is characterized by rigid regulations, serves as a crucial policy for China to enforce the redline mandate for farmland conservation and reinforce the foundation of national food security. Exploring effective incentive measures is essential to stimulate the willingness of entities' responsibilities for compensating farmland and ensure its stable use. Based on Williamson's social science analytical framework and situational analysis methodology, this study aims to compare the practices of transfer of development right domestically and internationally, additionally, interpret its underlying logic in various scenarios, and propose an optimization system by capturing the value derived from the transfer of farmland development right (TFDR). The results show that: (1) Similar to the international TDR, the CCOS in China is a farmland conservation policy tool based on the TFDR. Their similarities and differences exist in institutional environment, governance structure, and resource allocation. (2) Under different scenarios within the CCOS, when farmland development rights are either transferred and realized in the occupied area or restored in the compensated area, the entities' responsibilities for compensated farmland should obtain the license fee for the TFDR or be compensated for revenue losses due to farmland appreciation, respectively. (3) Optimizing the CCOS should be guided by three key aspects. Firstly, the property rights subjects should be clearly defined to establish a property rights foundation for capturing and allocating value increments from the TFDR. Secondly, governance structure should aim to construct a hybrid governance framework integrating government supervision and market mechanism for the TFDR. Thirdly, allocation efficiency improvement requires the establishment of a system combining responsibility constraints and economic incentives for allocating the supplementary farmland. Optimizing the CCOS through the TFDR is an effective strategy to promote farmland conservation through economic incentives. The research findings offer theoretical and practical references for improving the farmland conservation policies and incentivizing the supplementary farmland providers.

In the context of China's urban stock renewal, the implementation of micro-renewal in old communities is of strategic importance for the high-quality development of cities and the modernisation of the country's governance capacity. In the context of China's urban stock renewal, the implementation of micro-regeneration in old communities is of strategic importance for the high-quality development of cities and the modernisation of national governance capacity. By exploring the localisation of polycentric governance theory, this paper analyses polycentric governance in the Chinese context, and selects a key micro-renewal project in Qinhuai district, Nanjing as the research object, to explore the multi-party governance mechanism of micro-regeneration in China's aging communities. The study finds that the multi-party governance mechanism is a collaborative renewal mechanism in which multiple actors, including the district government, district state-owned enterprises, planning teams, community grassroots organisations, and residents, participate in a clear division of roles and networked interactions in order to respect residents' property rights and wishes. Among them, the transformation of the government's decentralised role and the effective integration of social forces are the key factors contributing to the construction of the mechanism of multi-party co-regulation; the interactive relationship of the multiple subjects changes continuously with the advancement of the renewal stage; and the establishment of a platform for effective communication and rational interaction among the various subjects is the key to promoting the sustainable development of micro-renewal of the old community, which is currently still in the mode of an external impetus. At present, community micro-renewal in Qinhuai district is still in a mode of external driving force; micro-renewal can create sustainable production benefits for the physical space, social space, economic development, and historical resources of the old community.