With the deepening understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development, the coupling coordination degree model has become an effective evaluation and research tool for the regional overall balanced development. However, for this model, there are four types of misuses, including writing errors, coefficients loss, weight misuses and model failures, which have significantly affected the scientific nature of academic research. Therefore, this study firstly clarified the normative formula of the traditional coupling coordination degree model. On the basis of discussing the validity of the traditional model in the field of social science research, this study further proposed a modified model of coupling degree. In addition, the coupling coordination degree model has three reliability issues: the subjectivity of index construction, and the volatility and incomparability of coupling results. Taking the ecological and economic system of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, we proved that the modified coupling coordination degree model has better validity, and the spatial and temporal changes of the research object will affect the reliability of the coupled coordination model.

Ecological environment problems are spreading from some small areas to wide areas across administrative regions due to unreasonable economic development. In this condition, the governments of the connected ecologically regions have to cooperate mutually to alleviate the ecological environment problems. Therefore, the ecological conservation cooperation (ECC) between administrative regions will gradually become usual. However, in the process of making ECC schemes, many significant questions need to be resolved, such as what ECC is, how many parts ECC consists of and how to make a reasonable ECC scheme between cooperators. These questions are all very critical for successful cooperation in resolving ecological environment problems. So far, the term“ecological conservation cooperation (ECC)”still was not defined clearly and accurately, and there is also not a systematical example about researching ECC. Constructing a framework of researching ECC is greatly significant to applied ecology, and will help resolving practically environmental problems. In this paper, based on the review of domestic and abroad researches on ecological cooperation, we gave ECC an accurate definition that is“the joint actions taken by stakeholders according to common agreements, in order to improve and protect ecological environment in a certain spatial scope where there are same ecological environment problems”, explained its connotation, and constructed a framework of ECC, including its compositions, research procedures, main types of cooperation, supervision and evaluations on the implication of ECC. In detail, The composition of ECC consists of the basis and purposes of cooperation, the cooperators, the supervision and evaluation systems; the procedure to construct the cooperation needs ten steps which include diagnosing regionally ecological problem, determining cooperators, finding out the objects of cooperation, clearing relationship between cooperators, mapping out cooperation scheme, consulting opinions about the scheme, implementing the scheme, supervising cooperators to carry out the scheme, evaluating, improving the schemes; there are six types of cooperation, which are labor service cooperation, engineering technology cooperation, industrial development cooperation, economic compensation cooperation, cooperation on ecological environment management, education and talent cooperation. Supervision and evaluation of ecological cooperation also involves four aspects which are supervision and evaluation on scheme implication, evaluation on the rationality of the cooperation scheme, evaluation of the supervision, re-evaluation periodically and eventual evaluation on the ecological environment qualities after implementing the ECC scheme.

The paper uses the literature data, spatial analysis and grey correlation analysis to examine the spatial distribution and influencing factors of China's overseas farmland investment activities in Southeast Asia. The results show that: (1) China's overseas farmland investment projects are mostly distributed in the Indo-China Peninsula along the border of China. (2) The spatial distribution of China's overseas farmland investment intention projects and contract projects in this region is similar, while that of the production projects is different from the other two types of projects. (3) China's overseas farmland investment is affected by geo-economy, geo-culture, resource conditions, and geo-politics, and the degree of impact decreases in succession. Indicators such as the average annual total import and export value and the average annual stock of China's foreign direct investment have a significant impact on the choices of Chinese investment companies. Southeast Asia is an important area for China's overseas farmland investment, therefore strengthening economic and cultural exchanges with Southeast Asian countries will play an important role in promoting the smooth development of overseas farmland investment activities carried out by Chinese companies.

Due to the difference of statistic standarda and calculation methods, the results of grain self-sufficiency rate were generally quite different and the assessment of the grain security situation in China varied greatly, which aroused great controversy. In order to accurately analyze the grain security situation of China to avoid misleading the relevant decisions, it is necessary to study the grain statistical data sources and the calculation methods of grain self-sufficiency rate. In this work, three commonly used methods, which were the stint counting method, the flow statistics method and the consumption statistics method, were used to estimate and analyze the grain, cereal grain and edible grain self-sufficiency rate in China during 2000-2016. The results were as follows: (1) The stint counting method would cause distortion in the results, while the results provided by the flow statistics method and the consumption statistics method were more accurate. (2) The cereal grain and edible grain self-sufficiency rates could report the actual grain supply demand relations. (3) The self-sufficiency rate of cereal grain was greater than 98%, and that of edible grain was greater than 100%. However, with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, city development demand for more land which would cause serious problems such as embezzlement of cultivated land and soaring grain demand, so grain production still should not be slackened in China. It is suggested that the agricultural structure should be adjusted in the future to stabilize the production of wheat and rice.

Ecosystem service value is the base of decision-making for ecological protection, ecological regionalization and ecological compensation, and it appears the dynamic spatio-temporal changes which are closely connected with the variations of ecological structure and function. However, it is still lack of a universal and integrated dynamic evaluation method for ecosystem service value in China. Based on literature survey, expert knowledge, statistical data and remote sensing data, using model simulations and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper modified and developed the method for evaluating the value equivalent factor in unit area, and proposed an integrated method for dynamic evaluation on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service value. This method can realize the comprehensive and dynamic assessment of ecosystem service value for 11 service types of 14 different types of terrestrial ecosystem at monthly and provincial scales in China. The preliminary application indicated that the total ecosystem service value was 38.1×10¹² yuan in 2010, in which the value from forest ecosystem was the highest, accounting for about 46%, followed by water body and grassland. Among different ecosystem service types, the contribution from regulation function was the highest, especially the values from hydrological regulation and atmospheric regulation which accounted for about 39.3% and 18.0% of total service value, respectively. Moreover, ecosystem service value presented apparent spatio-temporal patterns in China. Spatially, the ecosystem service value decreased from southeast to northwest and the highest value appeared in southeastern and southwestern regions. Temporally, the ecosystem service value for most of the ecosystems attained the peak in July and reached the trough during December and January except desert, barren and glacier ecosystem. Generally, although this established method still needs to be developed and optimized, it is the first to provide a relatively comprehensive approach for the spatio-temporal dynamic evaluation of ecosystem service value in China, which will be helpful to the scientific decision-making on natural capital rating and ecological compensation.

Taiwan is a representative region of the land reclamation and the intensive human-environment interaction. The study on the reconstruction of the spatial and temporal change of historical farmland in this province can deepen the understanding of the characteristics, differences and rules of the historical land change process on both Taiwan and the mainland. Based on historical literature and statistical yearbooks, this study uses population data to analyze the characteristics of farmland and population records. Then it comprehensively adopts methods such as citation substitution, linear interpolation, occult coefficient correction method and per capita farmland coefficient method to estimate and correct the spatial and temporal changes of historical farmland in Taiwan province in the past 300 years after verifying the surplus food quantity. The results are shown as follows: (1) The total amount of farmland in Taiwan increased from 0.91×10⁴ hm² in the Dutch occupation period to the current 79.30×10⁴ hm², up nearly 86.60 times. The stage characteristics generally increased first and then continued to decrease. In the middle and early periods of the Qing Dynasty, it showed steady and low-speed growth. During the Japanese occupation period, it showed rapid fluctuations. Then it experienced a slow fluctuation in the middle and early periods of the Republic of China, and gradually declined in the middle and late periods of the Republic of China. (2) On a 100-year scale, there are significant differences in the rules of change between paddy fields and dry fields in Taiwan; the amount of paddy fields increased first and then gradually decreased after volatility. However, the dry farmland increased first and then decreased and then gradually increased. Before 1931, the proportion of dry farmland was higher than that of paddy fields, and its peak period witnessed 3% to 5% higher; then the proportion of paddy fields exceeded that of dry farmland and was in an advantageous position. The average proportion of paddy fields from 1936 to 1965 was 22.23% higher than that of dry fields. (3) The land reclamation process in Taiwan has represented the imbalance between spatial expansion and regional expansion. Land reclamation experienced the development process from one region to the whole area of Taiwan Island, that is, from the south to the north, and from the west to the east. Tainan was the first region to be reclaimed, followed by Taichung and Taipei districts, and the Taitung region was the last one to be reclaimed. The reclamation intensity in Tainan was higher than that in the rest, with a maximum of 36.71%. (4) The HYDE dataset and the results of this study are gradually increasing, but the difference between the farmland area and the change process is significant. The international dataset does not reflect the objective historical facts of the change of farmland in Taiwan in the past 300 years.

The Karakoram and West Kunlun Mountains in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are a transitional area between the alpine desert and the montane desert.On the bases of recent observations and investigations the structure type of the altitudinal belts, the regional differentiation, and environmental problems in the study area are dealt with in this paper.Characterized by the continental arid type of climate, the altitudinal belts of the Karakoram and West Kunlun Mts. consist chiefly of varions desert and steppe belts. According to the combination pattern of the altitudinal belts, the following four structure-type groups and seven structure types of the altitudinal belts may be identified in the study area:Ⅰ. The arid structure-type group. This structure-type group inclludes three structure types as follows: (1) the xero-mesophilic pattern consisting of the montane forest-steppe belt and the alpine meadow belt; (2) the meso-xerophilic pattern consisting of the montane steppe belt and the alpine meadow belt and (3) the xerophilic pattern possessing the montane steppe belt only.Ⅱ. The extremely arid structure-type group. It includes one structure type. That is the super-xerophilic pattern consisting of the following altitudinal belts: the montane desert belt, the alpine desert belt, the subnival pelt and the nival belt.Ⅲ. The alpine arid structure-type group. It includes two structure types as follows: (1) the super f rigo-xerophilic pattern consisting of the alpine desert belt, the subnival belt, and the nival belt; and (2) the frigo-xerophilic pattern consisting of the alpine desert steppe belt and the alpine desert belt.Ⅳ. The alpine semi-arid structure-type group. It includes one structure type. That is the frigo-meso-xerophilic pattern consisting of the following altitudinal belts: the alpine steppe belt the alpine meadow belt, the subnival belt, and the nival belt.Corresponding to the areal differentiation of the physical geography of the region, the above mentioned four structure-type groups and seven combination patterns of the altitudinal belts vary obviously with the flanks of the Karakoram and West Kunlun Mts. Tte combination of the altitudinal belts and the elevation of each altitudinal belt on the western section are different to a considerable degree from those on the eastern section. The moisture-bearing air masses coming from the west play a significant role in the regional differentiation of the altitudinal belts. They make the desiccation of the southeast more severe than that of the northwest. The broad valleys, basins and plateaus between the Karakorum and the Kunlun Mts. are climatically extremely arid. In these areas the montane desert and the alpine desert are dominant.Owing to the important function of the montane forests in water retention and soil conservation in the arid region, the overlogging and misuse of the forests should be replaced by rational utilization and regeneration. It is suggested that the local government should select proper areas where growing the montane coniferoue forests occur in the West Kunlun Wts. as nature reserves so as to protect a number of endemic and rare species of plants. It is also necessary to establish nature reserves for the conservation of the natural landscape and the wildlife of the Qiangtang Plateau.

Since the 21st century, China's rural social and economic development and infrastructure construction have attained remarkable achievements, but the imbalance between urban and rural development and inadequate rural development are still prominent. In particular, the living environment closely related to rural life is still the short board of rural development. At the beginning of 2018, the central government issued the three-year action plan for rural living environment improvement (RLEI) to focus on improving the rural living environment, building a beautiful and livable village, and pursuing the Rural Revitalization Strategy. This paper analyzes the concept and connotation of RLEI, explains the mechanism of RLEI promoting rural revitalization, combs the mode and mechanism, effect and evaluation of RLEI, and discusses the key areas of strengthening the research of RLEI. The science of rural living environment has developed rapidly in the past 10 years, and has made remarkable progress in basic theory, evolution mechanism, quality evaluation, regulation and control strategy, especially in the research of basic theory, evolution mechanism and quality evaluation. However, there are still obvious deficiencies in the guidance and support of the current research for practice, and there are still some misunderstandings in the practice of local specific RLEI. Facing the strategic needs of rural revitalization, we need to form "eight consensus" in the understanding and practice of RLEI in the new era. In terms of research, we should strengthen the intersection and integration of rural geography and engineering technology science, urban and rural planning science, management science, sociology, etc., and strive to form a systematic research system integrating theoretical research, technological development, mechanism analysis, effectiveness evaluation, and model optimization, which can better support the improvement of rural living environment and realize the function and value enhancement of rural areas, and then effectively contribute to the Rural Revitalization Strategy.

About one-third of land in the world is approximately the basic conditions of waste-land. Wasteland is very wide and has a pivotal position on earth. Meanwhile, it bears very important ecological functions. In recent years, Chinese government and academia paid much attention to the wasteland. Protection and development of wasteland had become an important research topic. Although China has had a lot of provisions on wasteland, and scholars have carried out relevant research on wasteland from different aspects, the definitions and classifi-cations of wasteland are not unified. This hinders the protection and development of wasteland to a certain extent. Firstly, this paper reviews existing definitions of wasteland and clarifies the relationship between wasteland and other related concepts, and then redefines the concept of wasteland: generally wasteland refers to unutilized, idle or abandoned land except for agricultural land and construction land. In the narrow sense wasteland refers only barren state of land, but with appropriate use it could be suitable for agriculture, forest, herd and energy corps. Secondly, this paper systematically analyzes the classification of wastelands in the United States and India, and on the basis of existing land classification system in China, it proposes to add the category of “ecological land”, which plays the main ecological functions, provides ecological services and ecological products of woodland, grassland, wasteland, water and beaches directly or indirectly. At the same time it proposes to divide wasteland into three types: wilderness, unused and abandoned land. Thirdly, this article first recognizes that waste-land has various ecological functions, such as sand-fixation, soil conservation, carbon sequestra-tion and oxygen release, water conservation, biodiversity conservation, etc., which has impor-tant implications for the development and protection of the ecological land and wasteland. Finally, this paper proposes four suggestions on the development and protection of wasteland in China in the future: pay attention to the value of wasteland, establish the property right system of wasteland, prepare the natural resources balance sheet, protect and develop wasteland by categories.

With unique tourism resources, the Antarctic attracts more and more attention, and the number of tourists to the region is growing rapidly. However, there have been fewer studies on the Antarctic tourism resources, and the research on the classification and evaluation of its tourism resources is almost blank. In this paper, the classification and spatial distribution of the Antarctic tourist resources are studied, and suggestions for the development of Antarctic tourism are put forward, in order to provide a reference for evaluating, developing and conserving these tourism resources. Results show that: (1) In the Antarctic region, substantive tourist activities have been carried out in 558 major tourist resource units, which can be divided into 8 main types, 18 sub-types and 30 basic types according to different attributes. (2) There are diversified natural tourism resources, among which water landscape occupies a large proportion. (3) The tourism resources are unevenly distributed and typically characterized by aggregated distribution, and two high-density clusters are formed in the Antarctic. One is the coastal areas of Graham Land in the northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula and their surrounding islands, and the other is the islands and continent areas near the Ross Sea. (4) Climatic condition and the accessibility of tourism resources are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of Antarctic tourism resources. (5) There are less Antarctic tourism resources related to China, and China's participation and maturity in the development of Antarctic tourism are relatively low. In the future, China should find out the status of Antarctic tourism resources as soon as possible, strengthen the research on the impact of Antarctic tourism, and promote the development of China's tourism to the Antarctic.

The Headstreams of the Three Rivers,the Yellow River,Changjiang River and Lan-cangjiang River,are of great ecological significance to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.They range from31°39'N to36°16'N and89°24'E to102°23'E with elevation s of the headstream regions varying from3450m to6621m.In Qinghai province the headstreams cover an area of0.318million km 2 ,accounting for50.3%of the province total.The largest marshland of China is located here,and these regions are regarded as"China's water tower".There inhabit large quantities of rare wild animals,such as yaks,Tibetan wild donkeys,Tibetan antelopes,and dark-necked cranes etc.On the whole,some 271kinds of wild animals and about 1000species of plants are identi-fied in the headstream regions.In recent two decades,due to global climate change and human activities,the ecosystems of these regions are degrading.The acreage of water and soil erosion reaches34462km 2 ;the areas suffering from rat-caused damages accumulated to6.58million ha,accounting for11%of the whole region;and the desertified area increases to2.53million ha.Some of the glaciers here are shrinking,and the shrinking rate of the glaciers where the Dangqu river originates reach es be-tween8.25m/a and9.9m/a.The lakes here are diminishing with quick water level descending,and the descending level in Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake are over2m.The critical problems urge the authors to seek approaches of ecological alleviation in the three rivers' headstream regions.Thus,the following countermeasures are put forward:to work out scientific plan as quickly as possible to establish natural reserves in the headstream regions;to properly settle the immigrants from responsive regions;to establish scientific research bases for developing and spreading new-high applicable technologies to speed up the environmental re-construction;to lead to restoration of grassland eco-system by eliminating rat-caused damages;and to set up ecological compensative mechanism among areas of upper,middle and lower reaches of a watershed to promote environmental reconstruction.The ultimate intention of this paper is to contribute to ensure the social development towards an ecological sustainability in the three drainage basins.

Cultivated land abandonment has a profound impact on China's food security. Taking the main grain producing areas in China as an example and based on the identification of the distribution of abandoned land, this paper measured the spatial distribution pattern of abandoned land, established the mediating effect model of cultivated land abandonment, and explored the influence mechanism of cultivated land abandonment on regional grain yield. The results showed that: (1) The area of abandoned cultivated land in the main grain producing areas of China was 4.0553 million hectares, with a rate of 5.85%; the distribution of abandoned land presented a T-shaped pattern, mainly concentrated in the Northeastern Heilongjiang, Northwestern Jilin and Southern Inner Mongolia. (2) Cultivated land abandonment had a significant negative impact on the grain yield of the main grain producing areas. In 2017, these areas lost a farmland production potential of 13.3915 million tons, and the loss of grain output was as high as 22.656 million tons, accounting for 4.69%; Inner Mongolia was the most affected region. (3) Grain sown area, farmland production potential, and agricultural technology input all played an intermediary role, and their regression coefficients were -0.194, -0.025 and 0.006, respectively. (4) We should follow the trend of urban-rural integration and agricultural-rural development, strengthen the input of modern agricultural production factors and policy support in major grain producing areas, and construct the flexible mechanism of spatial transformation between grain production and cultivated land fallow to ensure food security in China.

The protection of traditional villages and towns is one of the important tasks of new-type urbanization. However, the residential buildings that are tangible cultural heritage and cultural genes are the mainstay of traditional feature in traditional villages and towns, and the traditional villages and towns would have lost the carrier of the inheritance of cultural heritage, if their traditional residential buildings were missing. In this paper, we take the representative architectural landscape characteristic towns and villages as study cases to analyze their regional differentiation of architecture style, and explore the impact mechanism of their regional differentiation of architecture style. The study found that, firstly, there are 12 types of architecture style in Chinese traditional dwellings. The resulting architectural feature areas show that there are obvious differences in spatial distribution between north and south. The northern architectural feature area is divided into two sections with different sizes, and the southern architectural feature area has two "string of pearls" distribution. Secondly, there are obvious regional differentiations in the characteristic of Chinese traditional residential architecture in 5 aspects, namely, settlement environment, spatial layout, modeling style, building materials and detail decoration. Thirdly, from the impact mechanism of architecture style regional differentiation of Chinese traditional residential buildings, the natural environmental factors (including topography, landform, water system, climate, planting material, earth and stone) are the cornerstone of the formation of architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence. The cultural factors such as the patriarchal ethics, fengshui concept and ethnic culture are the internal impetus of the architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence. The cultural factors such as population migration, war defense and business economy are the extrapolation forces of architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence.

It is reported that the basic goal of the “Hongqi River” Project (also known as “Red Flag River” Project) is to improve the ecological and environmental conditions of dry areas in the Northwest China by transfering water from the Yarlung Zangbo River, the Nu River, the Lancang River, the Jinsha River, the Yalong River and the Dadu River in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, to Xinjiang and other arid areas. By this way, 200 million mu (around 13.33×10⁴ km²) of farmland and oasis could be developed in the dry areas.“Hongqi River” Project is a grand idea of water diversion across river basins, which has attracted wide attention at home and abroad. However, this grand idea also faces multiple severe challenges in the fields of geology, technology, economy, society and ecology, and there is a great uncertainty.From the perspective of physical geography, natural resources and environment and regional development, 60 billion m³ of water cannot meet the needs of the construction of 200 million mu of farmland, nor can it meet the needs of the ecological green belt of 15×10⁴ km², and the two cannot be realized at the same time. In addition, how much water can reach the receiving area when there is strong leakage and evaporation along the river? The project is planned to be built for 10 years, with investment of 4 trillion yuan. The investment of farmland irrigation per mu is around 2×10⁴ yuan, and the water charge per cubic meter is nearly 66 yuan. Who will pay for the expensive water bill when the project is completed and running?The environmental impacts and ecological consequences caused by water diversion are of great uncertainty and need to be highly concerned. The water diversion project is not only a complex water conservancy project, but also a very complex ecosystem engineering, and a very complicated social and economic project. Environmental effects, ecological consequences and socioeconomic effects involve complex geophysical, chemical and biological processes, as well as the complex process of harmonious balance between human and earth relations. The “Hongqi River” Project involves international rivers at the same time. The potential geopolitical risks need to be drawn attention. At the existing level of understanding, it is necessary to make a thorough and systematic study of these problems.In addition, in the public awareness of “Hongqi River”, there are still several views that are contrary to scientific cognition, such as “changing the climate pattern of China”, “forest causing precipitation”, and breaking the “Hu Huanyong Line”. The analysis and clarification for these misunderstandings are carried out in the paper.

Based on the remote sensing monitoring data of land use change/cover in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018, using land use transfer matrix, eco-environmental quality index, and ecological contribution ratio of land use transition, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal features of "Production-Living-Ecological" space structural transformation and eco-environmental effects of land use/cover change in China from 1990 to 2018. On this basis, we identify the main influencing factors of eco-environmental effects and the spatial heterogeneity by using geographically weighted regression model. The results showed that: (1) The production and living space increased, the ecological space decreased, and the overall situation was insufficient from 1990 to 2018 in the whole country. (2) The high-value areas of eco-environmental quality were concentrated to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line during 1990-2018, and mainly in the south and northeast of China. The low-value areas were mainly distributed to the northwest of Hu Huanyong Line. The squeeze of other ecological space and agricultural production space on grassland and woodland ecological space is an important reason for the deterioration of the eco-environment during the study period. (3) Slope, annual precipitation, land use intensity, elevation, topographic relief, population density, and average annual temperature were the main factors influencing eco-environmental quality pattern in China, and the spatial difference of the effect of each factor was obvious. Chinese policies on economic development should take into account the eco-environmental effect of "Production-Living-Ecological" space transformation and influencing factors in the future, and promote the rational distribution of "Production-Living-Ecological" space and the construction of ecological civilization in China.

A long time series of the Ayakekumu Lake level change has been compiled by combination of the T/P, RA-2 and Hydroweb data. In addition, we assessed changing index of the Ayakekumu Lake during 1995-2015 based on Landsat images. The results showed that, the Ayakekumu Lake area and level increased continuously during the observation period, the area of lake increased from 624 km² in 1995 to 995 km² in 2015, and water level increased by 5 m in total in the period of 1995-2015. Meanwhile, the air temperature had risen, and the area of glaciers retreated from 361.27 km² in 1994 to 345.26 km² in 2016. We concluded that the water volume change was related with climate factors, and the main factor was warm-wet climate. Additionally, atmosphere warning led to water level increase due to glaciers melting. The water volume changing in Ayakekumu Lake could be affected by the increasing precipitation as well as dropping evaporation. Some factors are likely to affect lake expansion, including permafrost melting and precipitation at high altitudes. In sum, accurate measurements of lake ice and water levels are critical for understanding the water resource balance and hydrologic cycle in arid or semi-arid regions of China.

The urbanization of China has entered the middle and late stage, and the connotation of the people-centered urbanization needs to be further enriched and refined. The land spatial planning is the key to the practice of the new-type urbanization and ecological civilization construction. This paper proposes that the improvement of well-being of residents is the core of the people-centered urbanization. It sorts out relevant domestic and foreign studies on the connotation of well-being, summarizes the subjective and objective measure index systems and methods of well-being, and examines the factors influencing well-being and happiness of residents. In this study, we draw on the experience of foreign spatial planning and take the improvement of the well-being of urban and rural residents as one of the guiding principles for the compilation of land spatial planning. In the process of the practice of land spatial planning, it is necessary to focus on public health, disaster risk assessment system and construction of urban resilience, optimization of "production-living-ecological" spaces, community living spatial planning, fine-scale management, and big data and intelligent decision-making system. Urbanization is the indispensable important component of national spatial planning, and the establishment of national spatial planning promotes the high-quality development of new-type urbanization and the well-being of urban-rural residents. So, we should show great concern on urban scale hierarchy structure, the pattern of population flow network, peri-urbanization and local urbanization, basic allocation and equalization of public service of urban and rural areas, the impacts of climate change and urban disaster risk management, and the basic research of the new-type urbanization, such as the evolution of man-land relationship in the rapid urbanization.

The project of water transfer from the Yellow River to the Fenhe River launched in 2003 relieved water shortage in Taiyuan. However, the impacts of the polluted Yellow River on the water environment of upper reach area of the Fenhe River were seldom reported. Based on long term observations and samplings, physicochemical properties, major ions, the typical pollutant DBP and Escherichia coli in the receiving river were measured. Results show water transfer imposed great impacts on hydrologic processes and water environment of river and groundwater in the receiving area. The hydrological process of high stage in rainy seasons and low stage in dry seasons was inversed by the Yellow River water transfer project. High water stage in dry seasons was due to huge amount of water transfer, and low stage in rainy seasons was owing to the temporary stop of the water transfer. At the same time, the accelerated velocity of the receiving river increased the river bottom erosion, which could enhance the exchange between the river and the shallow groundwater in the riparian zone. The river water recharged groundwater in saturated condition during the whole hydrologic year, and the water table depth of shallow groundwater was significantly decreased. The risk of flooding might greatly increase. Water environmental degradation was also triggered by the water transfer. The dissolved salts and organic contaminant contents in the receiving river and the shallow groundwater increased. EC value of the Fenhe River was doubled with the geochemical face of the river water changed from Ca-HCO₃ to Na-Cl·SO₄ by the water transfer. Also, DOC and UV₂₅₄ of the river water were increased by 26% and 24%, respectively. When water transfer stopped periodically, the hydro-chemical features of the receiving river recovered. However, the obvious impacts of water transfer on the shallow groundwater in the riparian zone remained. In the long term, excessive Na⁺ and Cl^- imported by the water transfer would make the environment of the receiving area worse, and the elevated evaporation rate of soil moisture and the shallow water table depth would lead to the occurrence of soil salting and vegetation degradation.

In the context of unprecedented changes of energy geopolitics, China's current energy situation is becoming increasingly complex, and energy security has become a major strategy for national economic development. Under the new situation, not only the scientific issues, research objects, and research methods of the world energy geography and national energy security at the interdisciplinary perspective, but also the global energy governance system and international energy cooperation based on the actual needs of China are worth discussion among experts and scholars. This article uses the form of "question and answer (Q&A)" to provide a panoramic view of the host and nine academic interviewees based on different perspectives. Experts express their opinions in a range of content, including energy security and global energy governance model, the challenges and countermeasures of China's energy security, the new changes of global energy geopolitics, the energy security under the geographical pattern of unequal world energy production and consumption space, the high-quality development of China's energy under the trend of global low-carbon transformation, changes in the global energy supply and demand pattern affected by major public health emergencies, and future research prospects and important research directions of energy geography. We hope that a certain consensus can be reached, so as to better promote the development of the discipline of world energy geography, as well as actively respond to issues such as the unprecedented change of energy geopolitics and national energy security.

Emergy analysis theory is a new quantitative analysis method to assess ecological effects of hydropower projects. In order to evaluate unified and quantitative ecological effects of hydropower project with emergy analysis, hydropower transformiy must be calculated firstly. Transformity is the key parameter for emergy calculation analysis. Transformity configuration system of hydropower project is established, its input being the hydropower project construction, and its output being the positive and negative effects on social, economic and ecological environment. According to the characteristics and attributes of resources and products, the transformity calculation method of hydropower is developed based on the input-output analysis of hydropower projects. The method can calculate the hydropower transformity not only for all hydropower projects of a country, but also for a specific hydropower project. Accurately accounting the inputs and outputs of the hydropower project construction is the basic work to calculate the hydropower transformity. The quality of the account will influence the accuracy of the hydropower transformity calculation results. The studies are shown as follows. Firstly, the hydropower transformiy of China showed a decreasing trend, from 2.41×10¹² seJ/kWh in 2003 to 5.69×10¹¹ seJ/kWh in 2014. But after 2011, it gradually stabilized. This means that the effectiveness of hydropower project construction was improved, and the effects of hydropower development on social, economic and ecological environment became stable. But it will stabilize while the technology and management level of the production is relatively stable. Secondly, Chinese hydropower transformity is comparable to the hydropower transformity in the US, higher than the transformity of solar power generation and lower than the transformity of thermal electric power. This shows that the transformity for the same product is different in countries with different production and management levels. At the same time, the transformity for the same product may be also different due to the different production modes. The hydropower transformity obtained in this article is based on all Chinese hydropower projects, and it reflects the overall situation of hydropower projects construction in China. The system boundary should be determined reasonably when a single hydropower project is used as the research object. Thirdly, the main factors affecting Chinese hydropower tansformity are the reservoir inundation, land occupied by water conservancy facilities, and nonrenewable resources input such as earthwork and stonework. At last, four effective ways are put forward to decrease the hydropower transformity. They are rational management to reduce losses caused by floods and droughts, ecological migration to reduce the impact of immigration on society, scientific planning to reduce reservoir inundation, optimizing engineering design and construction to reduce consumption in kind. This study can provide the basis data for the ecological effect quantitative analysis of hydropower projects.

Since the 1950s, driven by large-scale, long-term and continuous comprehensive investigations of natural resources oriented to serve national strategic needs, China's natural resources research has formed a comprehensive and integrated development characteristics, and the development process of "task with discipline" has also gradually created a more systematic resources science theoretical basis and empirical methodology system. Faced with the country's major demand for deepening the reform of the comprehensive management system of natural resources since the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources, promoting the establishment and improvement of an independent resources science discipline system has become an important task in the field of natural resources research in China. This article systematically sorts out the development process of comprehensive investigation and research on China's natural resources from the 1950s to the early 2000s, focusing on the key development directions and characteristics of different periods. Combining the summary and prospects of historical opportunities in different periods, we believe that China's natural resources research has formed a national demand-oriented and leading discipline development trend. In the future, we should continue to adhere to the comprehensive research paradigm featured by multi-disciplinary integration; open up new perspectives on resources science system research with Chinese characteristics; accelerate the formation of a complete discipline system; improve the talent training system of resources science; strengthen the study of the discipline history of resources science; determine the relationship between resources science and geography, geology, ecology, environmental science and other related disciplines; actively introduce the big data theoretical framework and technical advantages to innovate "Natural Resources Big Data" or "Resource Utilization Big Data" and other related theories and technologies and to establish a dynamic evaluation method for the process of natural resources development and utilization; provide the background of natural resources and its comprehensive impact assessment with the ecology and environment for ecological civilization construction and sustainable development strategies support for decision-making; explore and analyze natural laws, socio-economic laws and the systematic association between the two in the process of natural resources utilization.

Based on the analysis of the five factors,this paper chooses14indices and establish-es an index system for appraising resources security.There are five indices in resources field.They are(1)resources support capacity(B)=KR s ?R c ,here K is the integrated coefficient of re-sources recovery,R s is the rest reserve of resources,R c is the consumption of resources;(2)de-pendence upon foreign resources(Y)=Q n ?Q c ,here Q n is net import resources,Q c is resources con-sumption;(3)ratio of resources reserve(S),S 1 =quantity of reserve resources?quantity of resources consumption per day,S 2 =quantity of reserve resources?quantity of resources consumption.The result of S 1 is the number of days that reserve resources can support.The result of S 2 is the per-centage of reserve resources account for the total of consumption in a year;(4)concentration de-gree of import from top three or top five countries (C)=the sum importing from top three or five countries?total of im port;(5)percentage of resources import(F)=the quantity of a kind of import resource?the total of world trade of that resource.There are two indices in political field.One is the stability of in ternational political relations.The other is the domestic political stability of re-sources export countries.Both international and domestic political stability has been graded into five levels and each has a ranging value from1to5,according to the political stability from un-stable to stable.In economic field,there are three indices.Two of them are the long-term and short-term capacities for importing resources,long-term capacity=100-resources import volume?foreign exchange reserve,short-term capacity=100-resources import volume?total volume of ex-port.The third is the coefficient of price fluctuation(P),which can be calculated by formula:P=(P h -P l )?P a ,here P h is the highest price of a certain period,P l is the lowest price of that period and P a is the average price of that period.There are two indices in transportation field,one is distance of transportation,and the other is the number of sea channels that resources transporta-tion ships passed.Ac cording to the transportation distance and the number of channels,they have been graded into five levels respectively and each gives value from1to5.In military field,there are two indices,one is the capacity controlling over the resources supply bases,and the other is the capacity controlling over the important transportation channels.They also have been graded into five levels respectively and each gives value from1to5.Some indices have been used for appraising the security situation of oil and grain in China.The appraisal results are as follows:in terms of dependence upon foreign supply,oil is more de-pendent upon international market than grain.Grain(wheat)is much higher than oil in terms of concentration degree of import from top three countries.Whatever long-term or short-term import capability,grain is much better than oil.In terms of resources reserve ratio,grain is higher than oil.

Valuation of global ecosystem services by R Costanza(1997)has attracted attention of the Chinese ecological researchers over the years. And many Chinese scientists have been using the methods to valuate the ecosystem services for forest, grassland and farmland ecosystems. However, it has been turned out that there are several shortcomings in direct adaptation of the methods, for instance, some ecosystem services have been insufficiently valuated or even ignored via using Costanza’s method. To fill this gap, we have, on the basis of Costanza’s method, developed a new method or 'unit value’ based method for assessment of ecosystem services. Expert interviews with structured questionnaire were contacted in 2002 and 2007 respectively, and altogether 700 Chinese ecologists were involved in the interviews for testing the method. It has been found that the values of ecosystem services from expert knowledge based unit value method and biomass based method are comparative. Therefore, expert knowledge based assessment of ecosystem services could be used as a method for assessing ecosystem services with known land use areas, and a good result could be generated within a short period of time. However, for scientifically sound and concrete results, the spatial disparity of ecosystem services should be taken into account.

This paper brings forestry carbon sequestration into the forestry economic accounting system, building a DEA-Malmquist index containing positive externality output. Based on the systematic measurement of forestry carbon sequestration, it estimates forestry production efficiency and the driving factors of the four forest regions of China from 1988 to 2013, and then using σ convergence and absolute β divergence analysis method, it checks the convergence of forestry production efficiency. The results show that: due to the differences of forest intensive degree and industrial development, the carbon sequestration and carbon sequestration value also have big difference among the four forest regions, the total output values of carbon sinks from high to low are: in the first place, the carbon sequestration value in the Southwest Forest Region is 187.069 billion yuan; in the second place, the carbon sequestration value in the Northeast Forest Region is 133.541 billion yuan; came in the third place is the South Forest Region, the carbon sequestration value being 84.273 billion yuan; on the bottom of the list is the North Forest Region, the carbon sequestration value being 40.735 billion yuan. The Malmquist index without considering the carbon output of forestry production is low, 0.958. When taking the carbon sink of forestry output into consideration, the efficiency is then improved at an average annual growth rate of 0.6% from 1988 to 2013, and the main reason is the improvement of technical efficiency. In the South Forest Region and Northeast Forest Region, the production efficiencies are in the upgrading trend, while in the Southwest Forest Region and North Forest Region, the production efficiencies show downward trend. The efficiencies in the Southwest Forest Region and South Forest Region have a tendency of inversed “U”-shape with the change of time. The average efficiency of the South Forest Region is the highest, which is 1.036, followed by the efficiency of the Northeast Forest Region, which is 1.020. The Malmquist index does not show σ convergence in the four forest regions of China, and there is a phenomenon of absolute β divergence, which means that the differences of the absolute values and the growth rates of the forestry production efficiencies in the four forest regions do not reduce with time.

In order to figure out the impact of climate warming on crop planting areas, this paper used grid data to analyze agricultural heat resources in China based on methods of Sliding Mean Temperature of Five Days, accumulated anomaly, Manner-Kendall test and multiple regression interpolation. The results showed that: (1) The effective accumulative temperatures (≥5 ℃ and ≥10 ℃) show an overall upward trend, and the accumulative temperature of ≥5 ℃ is more remarkable. The southern region has the highest inclination rate, followed by the northern region, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the smallest, while the cumulative temperatures of the Qinling-Daba mountains show a decreasing trend. (2) The effective accumulated temperatures (≥5 ℃ and ≥10 ℃) present a similar spatial distribution, namely, the accumulated temperature varied with latitude from south to north and varied with altitude from east to west. The eastern and central regions of China are obviously affected by latitude, while the western region is affected more by altitude than latitude. The area suitable for planting chimonophilous crop is larger than that suitable for thermophilic crop. (3) The effective accumulated temperatures of both ≥5 ℃ and ≥10 ℃ mutated in 1997, and both of their boundaries show a tendency toward northward and high altitude. The cumulative temperature increment in the south is larger than that in the north. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and mountain areas with high altitude have the smallest increase, while cumulative temperature increment is negative in the Qinling Mountains. (4) The initial days (closing day) of the effective accumulated temperature (≥5 ℃ and ≥10 ℃) presented an overall phenomenon of advance (delay), and the number of advance (delay) days is mostly within 0-10 days. Both of their durations increased overall after mutation. The number of initial days (closing day) in advance (delay) is the largest in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.