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  • Experts Intterviews
    XU Chun-xiao, FENG Xue-gang, JIANG Yi-yi, LIANG Zeng-xian, ZHU He, WANG Fu-yuan, WANG Jin-wei, XIE Xia, SU Lu-jun, XIE Chao-wu, MA Xue-feng
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 876-900. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250402

    The deep integration of culture and tourism has sparked numerous hot topics worthy of academic and professional discussion. This study synthesizes experts' views on these topics, analyzing key phenomena such as "digital intelligence empowerment", "rural tournaments", "national style breaking the circle", "officials'endorsement", "film and television empowering tourism", "off-site performances", and "city blogging". The study further examines these topics in terms of "emotional value", "cross-border integration", "risk management", and develops five key viewpoints: (1) Despite the explosive growth in public attention and replication of social behaviors, each hot topic has distinct values. (2) The "breaking the circle" phenomenon is triggered by the intersection of accidental inspiration and underlying logic, with both shared and unique triggers. (3) The formation mechanism of culture and tourism integration hot topics is complex, involving political, economic, social, technological, and other factors, driven by local governments, enterprises, institutions, and market demand. (4) The evolution of these hot topics is characterized by trends, with multiple types of cycles such as short cycle, long tail, and steady state. (5) The hot topics reflect the comprehensive effects of cross-border integration, demonstrating the depth and breadth of cultural and tourism integration, and varying in scope, intensity, and effectiveness of resource utilization. Positive and negative effects emerge simultaneously, with varying levels of controllability, necessitating the exploration and categorization of negative effects to strengthen risk management.

  • Urban Renewal and Governance Reform
    XU Ke-xi, SU Jie-yu, BAO Hai-jun
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(6): 1451-1467. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250602

    Innovating the multi-stakeholder collaborative governance model is essential for addressing the China's urban renewal and developmental obstacles. It would also assist in promoting high-quality urban development. This study analyzes the practical pathways and internal mechanisms of collaborative governance in urban renewal. With Hangzhou as an example, the study adopts a case study and inductive analysis methods to explore these dynamics. The results indicate that: (1) Hangzhou's urban renewal has developed four governance paths. The first path is building a governance environment through an integrated management system and diverse policy tools. The second path is establishing a governance structure that coordinates the efforts of government, market, residents, and society. The third path is applying governance tools that combine knowledge-based discourse and physical technology. Finally, the fourth path is achieving governance outcomes that balance development, livelihood, and preservation. (2) Multi-stakeholder collaborative governance of urban renewal should encompass an integrated framework of 'synergistic environment-structure-means-outcomes.' This includes an environmental synergy through self-consistent management and coordinated policy innovation, a structural synergy via diversified interest coordination and differentiated power allocation, a means synergy through normative procedures and incentive controls, and a results synergy focused on balancing conflicting goals with universal sharing. These integrated mechanisms are designed to facilitate high-quality urban renewal through coordinated development strategies. Therefore, this study offers four key governance insights. Firstly, it highlights the principles of responsibility-rights coordination and dynamic adjustment to innovate management systems and policy tools. Secondly, it calls for allocating stakeholder power based on roles to build an inclusive urban renewal governance community. Thirdly, it proposes combining regulation and incentives for flexible yet effective governance approaches. Finally, it stresses balancing efficiency and equity to achieve coordinated economic, social, and environmental development. These insights provide valuable lessons for advancing urban renewal governance in the New Era.

  • Experts Interviews
    YANG Xiao-hui, LUO Wei, CHEN Hua-wen, LIN Ji-fu, WANG Min, ZHU He, KANG Li, ZHOU Jian-ming, SUN Ye-hong, GE Lei
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(9): 2297-2315. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250901

    Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a crucial cultural resource and an integral part of China's excellent traditional culture. Protecting, inheriting, and promoting ICH is significant for preserving historical context, strengthening cultural confidence, fostering civilizational exchanges, and building a socialist cultural power. After over two decades of efforts, China has achieved remarkable progress in ICH protection and accumulated valuable experience. Currently, ICH preservation is transitioning from "rescue-oriented protection" to "systematic protection", marked by new characteristics. This special discussion invites experts and scholars from ICH and related fields to explore topics such as ICH protection system construction, innovative protection models, and inheritance pathways. Based on their insights, the following priorities emerge for innovative protection and inheritance in the New Era: (1) Promote systematic ICH protection by emphasizing the relationship between ICH and its environment, implementing regional holistic conservation through cultural ecological reserves, and building a people-centered protection system. (2) As a crystallization of ethnic wisdom and a key bond for consolidating the Chinese national community, ICH must connect with contemporary life. Multi-stakeholder collaboration should facilitate its integration into modern society to achieve creative transformation and innovative development. (3) Technology and tourism can empower ICH protection and inheritance across multiple dimensions. However, the core objective of heritage preservation must remain paramount. Strategic integration of technological tools can deepen ICH-tourism synergies, improve heritage experience infrastructure, facilitate ICH preservation and adaptive reuse, and effectively support both rural revitalization and urban renewal initiatives.

  • Integration of Culture and Tourism and Path Optimization
    DENG Jing, LIN Ming-shui, JIAN Jing-song, ZHU He, LIN Juan, GAN Meng-yu
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1107-1123. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250414

    With the vigorous development of the Internet, data have become an important means of production, penetrating all areas of the tourism industry and giving rise to various "Internet-famous" tourist destinations. The "explosion of popularity" of traditional villages is not only a concentrated reflection of the transformation of rural tourism development mode promoted by digital intelligence technology, but also the basic characteristics and operating logic of the traffic economy in the New Era. Taking Xunpu village in Quanzhou city as a case study, this paper applies the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) theory, grounded theory and the fsQCA method to reveal the influencing factors behind traditional villages becoming "Internet-famous" and to explore pathways for sustaining "long-term popularity". The research shows that: (1) Xunpu village has become an Internet-famous village with the help of network traffic, and its life cycle curve has deformed due to time compression, showing an extruded S shape. (2) The "explosion of popularity" of Xunpu village results from the interaction of five factors: symbolic value, virtual and real culture, spatial reconstruction, optimized management, and traffic dissemination, which jointly promote the mobility of village stock resources and production factors. (3) The three main paths for Xunpu village to achieve long-term success are "symbolic value-driven type by traffic dissemination", "symbolist value-optimized management boosted type" and "spatial reconstruction-optimized management driven type". Under the coordination of virtual and real culture and traffic dissemination, symbolic value plays a core leading role. The flow economy, as an important form of tourism productivity, has brought new opportunities and challenges to the sustainable development of traditional villages. Future related research can further expand the sample range to cover more types of Internet-famous villages, to enhance the explanatory power of the lifecycle model of Internet-famous tourist destinations. At the same time, further in-depth exploration is needed on the path and impact mechanism of transforming the information flow of Internet-famous villages into tourist flow, as well as determining the conversion rate of different types of tourist destinations.

  • Experts Intterviews
    ZHANG Hong-lei, SONG Rui, JIN Cheng, LI Gang, LU Lin, WANG Zhao-feng, LU Song, WANG Hui, ZOU Tong-qian
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 855-875. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250401

    In building China's modern tourism system, the innovative use, effective protection, and judicious transformation of tourism resources serve not only as core supporting elements, but also as critical drivers of industrial upgrading and sustainable development. To address this topic, the paper convened experts and scholars from geography, tourism, culture, and management to discuss issues such as the integration of culture and tourism, resource potential, and technological change. A synthesis of their main insights points to three pressing questions: (1) From an institutional and strategic perspective, rethinking the value system of tourism resources is essential, moving beyond traditional views rooted in the "natural-human" dichotomy. Less obvious factors, such as everyday lifestyles and cultural identity, should be recognized as key components of the resource spectrum and aligned with national objectives for cultural soft power and high-quality development. Interdisciplinary research, technological tools, and robust institutional support, including planning, management, and legal safeguards, can help steer resource development toward richer and more innovative pathways. (2) Regarding implementation models and strategies, success hinges on a three-way partnership among government, enterprises, and society. The government supplies top-level design and oversight in aspects like planning, property rights coordination, and funding support; enterprises respond to market demand by offering differentiated, high-quality products and services; at the same time, local residents and social organizations should be encouraged to participate in uncovering and shaping local knowledge and values. By leveraging new digital technologies, immersive and interactive forms of tourism can be promoted, expanding the benefits of industry integration. (3) Considering potential drawbacks and countermeasures, it is vital to guard against excessive commercialization that may undermine ecological integrity and cultural authenticity, making it necessary to set reasonable limits on development intensity. Strengthening cross-regional collaboration and policy support, along with optimizing transportation and public services, can help less-developed regions translate their natural and cultural resources into genuine engines of high-quality growth. This paper ultimately calls for a multidisciplinary effort under a broader national strategic vision, where "collaborative innovation" turns tourism resource advantages into catalysts for sustained industrial and regional growth. By doing so, it reinforces national cultural confidence and soft power, while contributing China's insights to the global discourse on tourism theory and practice.

  • Integration of Culture and Tourism and Path Optimization
    XIE Chao-wu, ZHU Hai, ZHANG Kun
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1084-1106. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250413

    High-quality integrated development of culture and tourism is of great significance in building a new development pattern of the two industries. Based on the system theory, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the development of culture and tourism industries from four dimensions of "elements-structure-function-environment", and explores the spatial and temporal variations of the development level of high-quality integration of and cultural and tourism industries in 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2013 to 2022 by using the comprehensive evaluation model of fitness, Moran's I index and hot spot analysis, and examines the grouping paths to achieve high-quality integration of cultural and tourism development through fsQCA analysis. The results show that: (1) China's cultural and tourism industry development indexes show a fluctuating growth, and first increase and then decrease, respectively, both showing the spatial and temporal characteristics of "increase in the south and decrease in the north". (2) China's high-quality integrated development of culture and tourism presents a spatial pattern of "high in the southeast and low in the northwest", with high-adaptation and high-match types mainly concentrated in East China, and low-adaptation and low-match types mostly found in Southwest China, South China and Northeast China. (3) The development of high-quality integration of culture and tourism in China is characterised by 'multiple concurrency', with circularity and openness being one of the main core conditions for achieving high-quality integration of culture and tourism in multiple stages, and coordination, ecological civilisation, and scientific and technological innovation playing an important driving role in different stages. China should use policy coordination, integrated layout and comprehensive development as a means of governance, and benchmarking, collaborative and combined development as a policy guide to continuously promote the high-quality integrated development of the culture and tourism industries.

  • Tourism Resources and Innovative Development
    ZHAO Shu-hong, KONG Ying-ying, LI Xiao-guang, LI Jia-yi
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 934-953. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250405

    Network attention is a concentrated expression of market demand, and it provides a new focus for releasing the potential of tourism consumption and optimizing the allocation of tourism resources in the context of flow economy. Based on the phenomenon that the current network focus hotspots and spatially based resource distribution abundance are not fully coordinated, and the transformation of tourism resource utilization value to product market value is insufficient, this paper takes Yunnan province data from the whole and local scales as the cases from 2013 to 2022 to explore the spatial mismatch relationship and driving mechanism of tourism resource abundance and network attention in this province through the methods of gravity center model, spatial dislocation index and geographic detector. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of the overall mismatch, the gravity center of tourism resources abundance and tourism network attention during the study period present the characteristics of moving to the southeast and the southwest of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, respectively. The fluctuation amplitude of the distance between the two centers of gravity is relatively large, showing a repeated alternation of "approaching-distancing-approaching". (2) From the perspective of regional dislocation, the spatial mismatch relationship between the two regions has obvious regional characteristics, presenting a distribution pattern of "positive mismatch area-negative mismatch area-positive mismatch area" from northwest to southeast. (3) From the perspective of driving mechanism, the four driving forces, namely, resource endowment, human resource potential, economic development and information dissemination, are intertwined, which jointly drive the evolution of tourism resource abundance and network attention in Yunnan from spatial dislocation to spatial adaptation. The results of this study not only respond to the practical needs and academic concerns of the adaptive development of regional tourism resources "quantity and quality" and network attention in the context of flow economy, but also promote the rational explanation of the driving mechanism of spatial mismatch between them.

  • Policy Empowerment and Regional Synergy
    WANG Jin-wei, REN Jian-rong, LIU Min, JIANG Hong-yun, LIU Lei, LI Hong-xin, SUN Jie
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 968-991. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250407

    A comprehensive policy system is an important institutional guarantee to help improve the modern tourism system and accelerate the construction of a powerful tourism nation. This paper constructs a four-dimensional analysis framework of policy evolution, policy subjects, policy tools and policy effectiveness. Using content analysis method, social network analysis method and policy consistency index model (PMC), this paper systematically examines 884 national tourism policies from 1978 to 2020. The results show that: (1) Since the reform and opening up, the evolution of tourism policy has experienced an budding stage (1978-1991), a rapid development stage (1992-2011) and a comprehensive deepening stage (2012-2020). Slightly different from existing research, this study's policy sample better reflects the changes in the practical goals and development directions of China's tourism industry at various stages of development since the late 1970s, and expands them in the temporal dimension. (2) The formulation and issue of tourism policies are mainly independent release, with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MCT) being the main policy issuing department. (3) The policy tools present the structural unbalance state, which place emphasis on environmental policies but lack of supply policies. This phenomenon may be related to the timely adjustment of the goals of the tourism industry in different periods, as well as the changes in the environment of the tourism industry development. (4) The text validity of tourism policy is good on the whole, but the performance of the policy nature, policy field and policy audience dimension needs to be improved. Based on this, the paper puts forward some suggestions: (1) Optimize the cooperation mechanism among tourism policy issuing bodies and coordinate multi-bodies to strengthen cross-departmental cooperation in tourism policy making. (2) Rationally allocate policy tools, give full play to the linkage role of three policy tools to promote the healthy development of China's tourism industry. (3) Coordinate the text effectiveness dimension and constantly improve the poorly performing dimension to optimize the overall tourism policy effectiveness mechanism. This study clarifies the logical evolution and structural system of China's tourism policy since the late 1970s, and provides theoretical references for the future clarification of the focus areas of tourism policy and the construction of a more reasonable and effective tourism policy system. In addition, it provides insights into the high-quality development of tourism industry.

  • Postscript
    ZHU He, WANG Jin-wei
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1138-1140. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250416
  • Urban Renewal and Governance Reform
    HUANG Xing, REN Hai, LIU Yu-ting
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(6): 1586-1604. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250610

    China has currently entered a stock era of comprehensive renewal, while urban renewal has become the primary task and form of urban development. Japan, a developed adjacent country, has similar geographical and cultural backgrounds to China. As such, understanding its urban renewal can help to formulate and develop sustainable strategies for urban renewal in contemporary China. In doing so, this study aims to compare and discuss the differences in the characteristics of stages of urban renewal between China and Japan by analyzing the case of the process of urban renewal at Shibuya, Tokyo. It is found that urban renewal in Japan has gone through five stages since the Meiji Restoration, and there are significant differences in terms of time dimension, driving factors, location, and scale compared to urban renewal in China. However, from the dynamic development process, urban renewal in China gradually converged with the development characteristics of Japan in the later stages. Therefore, based on the inspiration from Japan's experience, this study summarizes the path and countermeasures for the future development of urban renewal in China: first, building a more refined and perfect urban renewal policy system; second, exploring the autonomous creation model under government led coordination; and third, using Japan's pioneering experience for reference and considering in advance the response to social issues.

  • Integration of Culture and Tourism and Path Optimization
    REN Yi-sheng, HOU Ying, LU Lin
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1068-1083. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250412

    Adhering to the principle of shaping tourism through culture and highlighting culture through tourism, we will promote the deep integration development of culture and tourism, providing clear direction for this development in the New Era. This study involved a systematic review of research on the integration of culture and tourism, and we summarized the conceptual connotations and research hotspots of this integration. The study findings revealed that: (1) Chinese-style modernization served as the value guide for promoting the deep integration of culture and tourism, which was an important path toward achieving Chinese-style modernization. The deep integration of culture and tourism leveraged and boosted Chinese-style modernization. A close internal logical relationship existed between them. (2) The deep integration of culture and tourism refered to the mutual intersection, integration, and optimization of cultural undertakings, cultural industries, and tourism at the resource, product, organizational, and technological levels. It involved innovating different types of tourism destination carriers in the common market. Through the process of resource integration to product integration, and product integration to industry integration, it continuously derived new formats, expanded the industrial scope, extended the industry chain, and shaped the value chain. This was a process of "1+1>2" wherein culture and tourism achieved broader, deeper, and higher levels of integrated development. The deep integration of culture and tourism was not a simple resource integration or "resource-product" integration but a comprehensive and deep "resource-product-industry" integration characterized by typical self-organization, adaptability, nonlinearity, and emergence. (3) In the context of Chinese-style modernization, focusing on research regarding the internal logic, evaluation, paths, mechanisms, and institutional supply of the deep integration of culture and tourism was important. By continuously deepening research content and innovating research themes, we could unleash the huge potential and strong vitality of the deep integration of culture and tourism, better promote the steady and long-term development of the tourism industry, and contribute to the realization of Chinese-style modernization through the power of culture and tourism.

  • Urban Renewal and Governance Reform
    CHEN Yi-chen, CHEN Shu-xiang
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(6): 1523-1540. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250606

    Based on the unique geographical and historical background, red brick has become a distinctive urban characteristic in the Fujian-Taiwan region, with its complex cultural background endowing it with rich potential value. However, the current inheritance and continuation of red brick cultural genes face significant challenges. In this study, we apply scene theory to Quanzhou West Street historical and cultural district, which is the most representative red brick area in Quanzhou. This study adopts the framework of the five elements of a scene to analyze the evaluation process of carrier characteristics, behavioral perception, and amenity value. Through a combination of field research, in-depth interviews, surveys, and big data statistical analysis, we investigate the evaluation indicator system for scene amenities at two levels: the macro-level of the entire district and the micro-level of red brick buildings. Our research findings reveal: (1) The scene elements of the red brick historical district include spatial environment, functional medium, diverse groups, activity combinations, and value attraction. (2) The scene functions of the overall district environment include: historical artifacts, cultural displays, and consumption experiences. These three aspects are interrelated, but the overall satisfaction of Quanzhou West Street still needs improvement. (3) The amenities of red brick architecture can be categorized into four types: color aesthetics, texture, decorative details, and regional characteristics. These categories include 12 traditional architectural features such as red bricks, white stones, wood, windows, balconies, external structures, beam decorations, columns, bricklaying methods, internal spaces, main structures, and roofs. Finally, we propose principles for protection and renewal, specific measures, and strategies for controlling the architectural style of red brick buildings. Our research extends the empirical application of scene theory in China, and provides effective approaches for the protection and renewal of historical and cultural districts.

  • Observation of Natural Resources
    ZHU Pei-juan, ZOU Zhi-jian, LIN Ming-jie, OUYANG Pei
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(7): 1795-1815. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250705

    As urbanization dynamics transform and dominant social challenges change, population migration in China has exhibited distinct new trends. Understanding the regional opportunity factors that shape migration is crucial for uncovering the driving forces behind these changes. This study builds on the theoretical framework of regional opportunity structures, developing an evaluation system that uses the entropy weight method, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method, and self-organizing map neural network techniques to assess and categorize the regional opportunity levels of China's prefecture-level cities. Using data from CMDS 2017, the research explores how regional opportunity levels affect both the mobility-stickiness of population migration. The main findings are as follows: (1) By introducing the geographical concept of "regional opportunities" into population migration research, this study creates a "mobility-stickiness" analytical framework. This framework investigates how spatial differences in regional opportunities shape migration behavior, focusing on four key dimensions: economic development opportunities, life service opportunities, institutional and cultural opportunities, and natural environment opportunities. (2) The overall regional opportunity levels in China are generally aligned with the levels of regional economic development and can be categorized into seven distinct clusters. (3) Major urban agglomerations and provincial capital cities are the primary destinations for population migration. Economic opportunities remain a key driver of migration from a mobility perspective, while differences in migration destinations and motivations shape the diverse impacts of various opportunity dimensions from a retention perspective. Individual characteristics also play a significant role in moderating how regional opportunities impact migration decisions. (4) Based on the influence of the dominant and limiting factors of regional opportunities on population migration, the study identifies four types of regional opportunity models: hard-factor dominant zones, hard-factor constrained zones, soft-factor dominant zones, and soft-factor constrained zones. Targeted strategies are suggested to address the unique challenges and strengths of each type. The framework for analyzing regional opportunities proposed in this study offers broad applicability beyond China, providing valuable insights for designing population management and regional development policies in other contexts.

  • Policy Empowerment and Regional Synergy
    ZHOU Jian-ping, XU Wei-xiang, GUO Jia-xin
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 992-1011. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250408

    To promote the integration of urban ecology, culture and tourism, it is necessary to provide both supply side capital supply and demand side consumption activation. In order to accurately identify the impact of the government's bilateral guidance on the integrated development of culture and tourism, this paper uses the data of 285 cities in China from 2011 to 2021 to measure the level of urban cultural and tourism integration development under the systematic framework of "culture-ecology-tourism", and then uses the difference-in-differences model to identify the role of capital supply and demand expansion based on the government's cultural and tourism industry guidance fund and consumption pilot policy. Research has found that: (1) The integrated development of urban ecology, culture and tourism presents an overall spatial pattern of "high in the east and low in the west", with gradient differentiation within the region. Its spatial imbalance and differentiation characteristics are more obvious. (2) The cultural and tourism industry guidance fund has a significant positive effect on the integration of ecological culture and tourism, while the implementation of consumption pilot policies cannot pass the significance test. However, the coordination between supply side and demand side policies can produce stronger positive effects, and there is spatial heterogeneity in the coordination. (3) The integration of the market, the improvement of the business environment, and the increasing attention to the integration of cultural and tourism networks can strengthen the policy coordination between supply and demand and promote the integration of urban ecology, culture, and tourism. In addition, there is a U-shaped negative spatial spillover characteristic in the government's policy coordination of both sides, and the "siphon effect" reaches its maximum at around 300 km.

  • Observation of Natural Resources
    ZHAO Yu, YING Ling-xiao, ZHANG Guan-shi, OUYANG Zhi-yun
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(7): 1719-1742. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250701

    Ecosystem assets, as an important part of the natural resource assets to support human socio-economic development, are the basis for the provision of ecosystem products and services to humans, and consequently for the generation of ecological benefits and gross ecosystem product, including natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands, artificial ecosystems based on natural ecological processes such as farmland and urban green space, as well as wildlife resources. Ecosystem asset quality is the synthesis of structural and functional characteristics of ecosystems, reflecting the capacity to provide ecosystem services sustainably. Assessing the ecosystem asset quality is one of the most complex parts in ecosystem asset accounting. As a new perspective of ecosystem accounting, ecosystem asset quality emphasizes both natural and socio-economic attributes of ecosystems, which is highly significant in promoting ecosystem valorization, ecosystem asset management and the realization of the value of ecosystem products. In this review, we systematically summarize the concepts, assessment methods and indicators of ecosystem asset quality, and also provide an overview of global relevant cases. Issues, such as the improvement of the indicator system and the comprehensive assessment, and suggestions for the assessment of ecosystem asset quality are proposed to establish a framework for future research, and to promote global ecosystem assessment and accounting with its application in ecological and environmental protection policymaking.

  • Tourism Resources and Innovative Development
    SUN Jiao-jiao
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 901-911. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250403

    Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development, and tourism resource development is a typical field for achieving this goal. Among them, art resource development is particularly representative-the development of art tourism resources in the New Era is not only highly compatible with new quality productive forces, but also a key innovative path for promoting the development of cultural industries. However, at present, the question of how new quality productive forces empowers the development of art tourism resources, its connotation and mechanism, has not been systematically answered. Based on this, firstly, this study proposes a full value chain model that empowers the development of art tourism resources with new quality productive forces, explains its basis and connotation, and analyzes the exploration and production, creation and innovation, assignment and value-adding, dissemination and marketing, benefits and distribution, management and governance, inheritance and protection, as well as the entire chain process of sustainable development of art tourism resources covered by it; proposes a full value chain value-added model for material, spiritual, and constructive art tourism resources. Secondly, the study proposes a full value chain development mechanism for empowering art tourism resources with new quality productive forces from three dimensions: subject expansion, industrial driving force of supply and demand coordination, and development path of new quality technology. Thirdly, the study proposes future research directions for the development of art tourism resources, covering innovation led research, research on new growth models, new development paths, and the supporting role of high technology. Overall, the study takes art tourism resources as the starting point, aiming to use this type of resource with typical new quality characteristics as an example to explain the connotation, model, mechanism, and future research of high-quality development and value enhancement of tourism resources in the creative era. This research is not only of great significance for the theoretical and practical development of tourism resources, but also helps to promote high-quality development of urban and rural areas in China in the New Era by leveraging tourism resource development.

  • Realizing the Value of Ecological Resources
    ZHANG Jia-ning, HU Xiao-fei, GU Dong-ming
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(6): 1681-1697. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250615

    As an important bridge connecting the natural ecosystem and human society, the improvement of the value realization efficiency of forest ecological products significantly impacts the realization of sustainable development goals. This paper aimed to explore how the new quality productive forces can empower the value realization efficiency of forest ecological products and promote the sustainable and efficient utilization of forest resources. Based on the dynamic qualitative comparative analysis method, using the panel data of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2011 to 2022, this paper analyzed the multi-factor synergistic linkage effect of new quality productive forces in the process of improving the value realization efficiency of forest ecological products. The study found that: (1) A single factor couldn't constitute a necessary condition for the high value realization efficiency of forest ecological products, but the necessity of innovative productivity, technological productivity, resource productivity, environmental productivity, digital industry productivity and industrial digital productivity was gradually increasing. (2) The high value realization efficiency of forest ecological products had four driving paths: "innovation+environment", "technology+environment+industrial digit", "resources +digit" and "innovation+resources". The low value realization efficiency of forest ecological products had three restrictive paths: "green+industrial digit", "technology+green" and "innovation+environment". (3) All the four driving paths of high value realization efficiency of forest ecological products had spatial heterogeneity, and the "innovation+environment" driving path has significant time effect. The research results provided not only theoretical support for understanding the empowering effect of new quality productive forces on the value realization efficiency of forest ecological products, but also practical guidance for optimizing the management of forest ecological products and enhancing the value of ecological services.

  • Integration of Culture and Tourism and Path Optimization
    XIE Jia, SUN Jiu-xia
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1124-1137. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250415

    In the context of a mediatized society, the integration of culture and tourism has become a distinctive feature and advantage for the development of China's tourism industry, but it faces contradictions and challenges. On one hand, the development of technology has propelled new products and empowered the tourism industry; on the other hand, the emergence of internet-famous cities and products has led to issues such as resource misallocation and negative environmental impacts. The integration of culture and tourism needs to move from instrumental rationality to value rationality. This article proposes a framework of "unity in ambidexterity" for the integration of culture and tourism. This framework breaks the traditional binary opposition mindset and emphasizes the dialectical unity of culture and tourism. The integration of culture and tourism in the mediatized society is an integration of production and consumption, virtual and reality, margin and center, manifested as a co-creation of the host and guest, through dynamic competition, to achieve the process of value integration in the space of virtual and real mutual construction. In this framework, the governance of government emphasizes flexibility and focuses on resilience; enterprises should strengthen integration within the field and promote inter-field linkage to innovate; the society should emphasize diversity and inclusiveness, build consensus, and promote the construction of cross-regional communities and the training of innovative talents. The framework of "unity in ambidexterity" breaks free from the constraints of instrumental rationality, guided by value rationality, emphasizing the balance and synergy between tourism and culture, driving the destination to enhance quality and upgrade, and achieving a path of tourism development with Chinese characteristics.

  • Tourism Resources and Innovative Development
    WANG Zhao-feng, ZHANG Xian-tian
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 912-933. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250404

    Clarifying the spatial network characteristics of typical mountainous tourism resources development level has important reference value for maximizing the public welfare function of tourism resources and promoting social well-being. Taking 71 counties (cities, districts) in the Wuling Mountain area from 2008 to 2022 as the research object, this study measures the development level of tourism resources and social well-being. It characterizes the spatial network characteristics of tourism resources development using the modified gravity model and social network analysis method, and analyzes its social well-being effects from the perspective of centrality using spatial econometric models. The results show that: (1) The development level of tourism resources and social well-being in the study area are increasing, with significant spatial differentiation. The former exhibits a spatial pattern of "northern protrusion, central depression, and southern stability," while the latter shows a "point-belt" pattern and tends to be polarized. (2) The spatial network of tourism resources development exhibits an imbalanced structure with "denser in the middle and looser in the surrounding areas, as well as denser in the southeast and looser in the northwest". The network connections and network density are both increasing, while network efficiency and spatial network hierarchy are gradually decreasing. (3) Centrality in the spatial network of tourism resources development has a positive direct impact and spatial spillover effect on social well-being.

  • Regular Articles
    LI Mei-jiao, HE Fan-neng, ZHAO Cai-shan, YANG Fan
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(9): 2573-2590. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250917

    Reconstruction of regional land use/land cover changes not only provides scientific data for climate change and ecological effect simulations but also enriches and improves global datasets with regional references. By examining and analyzing historical records on manor cropland from 800 to 1583, cropland measurements from 1583 to 1872, cropland surveys from 1872 to 2000, and population estimations and surveys from 800 to 2000 in Japan, this study reconstructs the national and regional cropland area in Japan over the past millennium and at eight representative time points, respectively. Then the temporal and spatial variations of cropland in Japan were analyzed. The results are shown as follows: (1) During the manor system period (800-1583), per capita cropland area of Japan was approximately 0.31 hm2, with agricultural population constituting about 80% of the total population. In the period of the Kokudaka-based feudal system (1583-1872), paddy and dry fields accounted for approximately 60% and 40% of the total cropland areas, respectively. And the standard yield of rice per 0.1 hm2 was 1.2 koku for paddy fields and 0.8 koku for dry fields, respectively. The unit "koku" is a traditional Japanese measure of rice, with 1 koku equivalent to approximately 30 kg of rice. (2) Over the past millennium, the total cropland area of the whole study area experienced four phases: slow increase (800-1338), gradual decrease (1338-1598), rapid growth (1598-1940), and sharp decline (1940-2000). At the regional scale, the overall trend in cropland area of the study area was similar, though there were significant regional differences. Spatial distribution patterns show that, over the past millennium, cropland in Japan was primarily concentrated in the Kinki, Kanto, and Chubu regions, with a trend of gradual expansion from the central region to the south and northeast. (3) The relative discrepancy rates of the total cropland area from the HYDE 3.2 and PJ datasets for 1200-1880 compared to the reconstruction results of this study are -37% to -70% and -69% to -90%, respectively. The study shows that per capita cropland area of Japan declined from 0.31 hm2 to 0.12 hm2 during the study period, while the HYDE 3.2 and PJ datasets report per capita cropland areas of approximately 0.06 hm2 and 0.03 hm2, respectively.

  • Tourism Resources and Innovative Development
    LI Yan-hao, LIU Li-jing, SUN Jiao-jiao
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 954-967. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250406

    The Opinions on Implementing the Plan to Promote Ethnic Exchange and Integration through Tourism points out that high-quality development of the tourism industry should be accelerated to promote the forging of a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. As an important resource of the tourism industry in the New Era, ethnic art has become an urgent theoretical question to be answered on how to make good use of artistic resources to promote the forging of a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Therefore, this article takes Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County as a case study and explores how tourism development of ethnic art resources can realize this goal based on the theory of communitas. Research has found that, firstly, ethnic art tourism is based on performance and aesthetic space, with interactive rituals as the process, to generate a state of communitas, strengthened by individual well-being and collective identity, and promote the forging of the sense of community for the Chinese nation. Secondly, tourism industry development should be carried out on ethnic art resources, generating a spiritual field of aesthetic experience, using shared ritual symbols as the basis, shared artistic discourse as the link, shared sensory experience as the channel, and shared embodied behavior as carriers, to achieve interactive co-creation of individual and collective physical and mental experiences among participants. Thirdly, individual physical and mental experiences include aesthetic experiences, value experiences, and flow experiences based on embodied participation; the collective physical and mental experience is based on shared historical memory, including experiences of equality, connection, and belonging. Fourthly, the individual and collective physical and mental experiences mutually enhance each other in the interaction between hosts and guests, working together with individual well-being and collective identity, and promote communitas in the interaction. Through the progression of the three dimensions of communitas (spontaneous, normative and ideological), we can forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. This research contributes case studies and theories from the field of tourism resources to promote the construction of a scientific and comprehensive theoretical system for the Chinese nation's community.

  • Policy Empowerment and Regional Synergy
    MA Xue-feng, LIAO Yue-ying
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1032-1047. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250410

    The overall goal of rural revitalization and common prosperity of tourism in rural areas is to promote the construction of harmonious and beautiful villages and to improve the residents' happiness. Based on the relationship among "people, land and industry", taking Zhushan village in Fenghuang county as a case study, this paper adopts in-depth interviews and text analysis to explore, from a micro perspective, the mechanism of coordination and integration in terms of the improvement of residents' happiness in tourist destinations and the development mechanism of harmonious rural construction. The results are shown as follows: (1) The symbiosis system of "rural tourism-harmony and beautiful villages-residents' happiness" transforms from irrelevant symbiosis to synergistic symbiosis through the role of rural reconstruction of the symbiotic environment. (2) Reshaping the symbiotic environment of rural development through the "company+tourism cooperative+farmer" mode can promote the reconstruction of rural economy, society and space, which drives the coordinated and integrated development of rural construction and improves residents' happiness. (3) Under the effect of the internal symbiotic environment of "three changes+four forces+five prosperities", and in combination with the interest connection, cooperative operation, mutual assistance and coordination mechanism, we will promote the coordinated and integrated development of residents' quality of life, social welfare, career development, and spiritual culture.

  • Observation of Natural Resources
    SONG Ma-lin, TAO Wei-liang, WANG Jian-lin
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(7): 1773-1794. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250704

    The energy conservation and emission reduction fiscal policy is a major institutional innovation in China's green finance sector and is crucial for achieving the "dual carbon" goals. This paper takes the pilot comprehensive demonstration cities for this policy as the exogenous policy impact, and analyzes its effects on energy and industrial structure transformation using a difference-in-differences model and a dual machine learning model. The results indicate that establishing comprehensive demonstration cities significantly enhances the optimization of energy structure and the upgrading of industrial structure in the region. These conclusions remain robust after a series of tests, including parallel trend and heterogeneous treatment effects. Mechanism analysis shows that the policy pilot can improve energy and industrial structures by promoting energy- and environment-oriented technologies and capacity utilization. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the implementation effect of the pilot policy is more prominent in core large cities, non-industrial base cities, highly market-oriented cities, and cities with low financial pressure. Further research demonstrates that constructing demonstration cities offers obvious advantages in promoting the realization of six tasks initially set by the policy, including industrial decarbonization, clean transportation, green building, service intensification, reduction of major pollutants, and large-scale utilization of renewable energy. The findings of the study provide valuable insights for designing and implementing more comprehensive green fiscal policies in China in the future.

  • Urban Renewal and Governance Reform
    LIN Qiang, LI Qian, LI Meng-hui, WANG Qi
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(6): 1555-1568. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250608

    Floor area is vital influencing factor of urban regeneration development gains. The article, based on Shenzhen experience analyzing the rule of floor area determination in urban regeneration, presents the evidence for the strong conflict between market-oriented and planning technology-oriented floor area determination, which brings the unequal development right among the subjects, the huge profit gap among different projects, the higher floor area ratio, and the subordinate functional type of urban construction, etc. The conflict has been proved not good for improving the quality and efficiency of floor area allocation. Therefore, this article analyzes the cooperative transformation mode of urban renewal,and uses an economic benefit analysis model based on four indicators: demolition and construction ratio, demolition and compensation ratio, saleable housing price unit price, and profit margin. It analyzes the mathematical relationship between various indicators in different types of renovation projects and examines the economic relationship between the government, market entities, and original rights holders in urban renewal. As a result of these investigations, suggestions, for instance, separating the market-oriented floor area and planning technology-oriented floor area, developing the demolition and construction ratio-based rule of floor area determination, enhancing the guidance of the demolition and compensation negotiation, are identified for improving the rule of floor area determination in urban regeneration at the end of this article.

  • Urban Renewal and Governance Reform
    ZHANG Hong-chi, PENG Hai-yang, GAO Jia-lu, WANG Feng-lin, ZHU Pei-sheng
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(6): 1504-1522. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250605

    The integration of culture and tourism is becoming a new engine for boosting domestic demand in China, and the assessment of the potential for cultural and tourism development can help to reuse the built heritage of the city and renew it with high quality. Under the heritage conservation policy of integrated management, how to quickly identify and categorize built heritage with potential for enhancement, and how to gather multiple heritage resources to build a cultural and tourism network has become a key issue in cultural heritage renewal. Taking built heritage in the main urban area of Dalian as the object of study, combining field research scoring, geospatial, socio-economic, demographic and streetscape image data, we constructed an evaluation system of built heritage regeneration potential from three levels, namely supply potential, demand potential and regional security power, and further refined it with six elements, namely environmental value, ontological value, market demand, cultural renewal demand, regional resource conditions and tourism resource extensibility. Through the collection and sorting of heritage lists, the existing built heritage with development value was screened and identified, and the improved CRITIC and TOPSIS integrated evaluation models were used to comprehensively evaluate the development potential of built heritage sites, and the data of each element and criterion layer were visualized and analyzed. Based on the kernel density analysis, the joint heritage renewal areas were divided and the renewal priority of each area was determined. The results show that: (1) The differences in the development value of each built heritage are concentrated in the two aspects of supply potential and regional security power. (2) The demand potential, especially the demand for cultural renewal, is less different from region to region. (3) The higher comprehensive development value is observed in the urban core area. Based on the evaluation results of each element and the comprehensive analysis, we put forward the renewal mechanisms for the heritage development models in various regions. Finally, we select the most representative heritage sites with priority for renewal in each region, providing references for the protection and development practices of existing urban built heritage.

  • Policy Empowerment and Regional Synergy
    TAN Jia-xin, WANG Kai
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(4): 1048-1067. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250411

    Based on the panel data of 48 districts and counties in the Wuling Mountainou area, the dual machine learning method mediation model and moderation model were employed to investigate the impact mechanism of tourismfication on urban-rural integration development. The results showed that: (1) Both the levels of the tourismfication and urban-rural integration development in the Wuling Mountain area showed an upward trend. The spatial differences in tourismfication gradually increased, while the spatial distribution pattern of the level of urban-rural integration development was relatively stable. (2) Tourismfication had a positive promoting effect on urban-rural integration development, mainly reflected in the positive impact on the urban-rural "industry" elements integration. However, due to the differences in ownership under the dual urban-rural land system, there was a negative impact on the urban-rural "land" elements integration, and there was no significant impact on the urban-rural "people" elements integration. (3) The construction of digital infrastructure and the upgrading of industrial structure were important paths through which tourismfication affects the urban-rural integration development. Marketization could positively regulate the relationship between tourismfication and the urban-rural integration development, while government intervention presented a negative regulatory effect. (4) The impact of tourismfication on the urban-rural integration development showed significant spatial heterogeneity. On the one hand, districts, cities and counties where high-speed railways had been opened, former national key poverty alleviation counties and national all-for-one tourism demonstration areas all exhibited relatively strong positive impacts. On the other hand, the positive impact effected in the sub-areas of Chongqing, Hubei and Guizhou weakened successively, and the sub-area of Hunan showed an insignificant positive effect.

  • Observation of Natural Resources
    CHEN Yu-chao, ZHANG Yang, ZHANG Xian-chun, ZHANG Yan
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(5): 1174-1193. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250503

    The institution of territorial spatial governance for 'integrated mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grassland and deserts' is a direction for exploring ecological civilisation and is crucial for China to modernise its governance systems and capacity. This paper analyses the core concepts and theoretical logic of territorial spatial governance and analyses its governance problems and realisation bases. It explores the appropriate ways forward for the specific institutional construction. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The current governance problems are that the ecological feedback of the governance object needs to be taken seriously, the coordination and linkage of the governance subject is still a problem, along with the fact the synergy and empowerment of the governance system is not yet in place. (2) It is necessary to respond to the demand for modernisation of the national governance system and capacity in the context of China's natural ecology, taking into account fairness and efficiency, and integrating security and development, yet to define the basis of the realisation of the governance subject and the governance system. (3) We should carry out the construction of territorial spatial governance institutions for 'integrated mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses' in three aspects, namely, the governance object, governance subject and governance system.

  • Regular Articles
    ZHU Xiao-hui, YU Fa-wen
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(5): 1386-1411. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250515

    The imbalance between urban and rural development is a prominent contradiction in China's economic and social development. To fundamentally resolve this problem, it is necessary to take the path of urban-rural integrated development. The county is a crucial support for urban-rural integration. Accurately grasping the multidimensional spatiotemporal characteristics of urban-rural integration within the county domain and clarifying the mechanism by which element flow impacts urban-rural integrated development is of great significance for enriching the theoretical system of common prosperity in the New Era. Based on flow space theory, this study analyzed the theoretical mechanism of element flow on urban-rural integrated development and constructed an evaluation index system for integration at the county scale from eight elements: population, land, ecological environment, capital, industry, technology, management, and data. An empirical analysis was conducted on 64 counties in the Wuling Mountain Area, Central China. The research results showed that: (1) During the sample period, the level of urban-rural integrated development in the study area showed a continuous upward trend. (2) The number of low-level urban-rural integrated areas in this region was decreasing, while that of high-level areas was increasing, generally presenting a spatial distribution pattern of "hotspots in the south, and coldspots in the west," with the standard deviation ellipse showing a trend of moving from southeast to northwest. (3) The overall disparity in the level of urban-rural integrated development was decreasing, with intra-regional differences being the main source. (4) Fiscal decentralization and industrial structure had significant inhibitory effects on the integration of urban and rural areas, while fiscal expenditure and financial efficiency had significant promoting effects on the integrated development. The impact of these factors on urban-rural integration varied depending on altitude and whether the area was an ethnic minority autonomous county. To achieve high-quality urban-rural integrated development, it was necessary to focus on the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban-rural integration development, make full use of resource endowments and locational advantages to achieve differentiated development, and pay attention to specific factors affecting urban-rural integration. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the implementation of urban-rural integrated development in mountainous county regions.

  • Regular Articles
    CHEN Qi-qi, FANG Wen-chu, YUAN Yu-han, FENG Jian
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(9): 2398-2416. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250907

    The development of characteristic agriculture is an important approach to achieving rural revitalization and promoting county-level economic development by stimulating industrial vitality. How to combine resource advantages and transform them into industrial strengths is the key to build a high-quality characteristic agriculture industry. This paper selects 31 county-level characteristic agriculture cases as research objects, constructs a TOE and dual-dimensional theoretical indicator system, and uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to extract element combinations and examine the influencing factors and differentiated paths of characteristic agricultural development in China's county-level areas. The study shows that: (1) "organizational resources" and "crop varieties" are the core factors for achieving high-quality development in county-level characteristic agriculture. (2) The high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture presents mixed development models, including market-oriented, organization-oriented, and technology-oriented models, as well as outward development models embedded in elements and inward development models relying on endowments. (3) Non-high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture exists in outward deficiency models constrained by organizations and mixed deficiency models constrained by organizations-environment and technology-environment. (4) The integration of multiple resource paths from both internal and external drivers is more effective than relying on a single internal or external driver in constructing action mechanisms for high-quality characteristic agriculture development. Based on the above research results, this paper proposes diversified, complementary, and integrated development path suggestions for county-level characteristic agriculture in China, providing a reference for achieving agricultural and rural modernization.

  • Observation of Natural Resources
    LI Hui-min, CHEN Zi-wen, ZHANG Yi-chi, WANG Xiao-nuo, WANG Chen-qi, HU Yin-gen
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2025, 40(5): 1194-1211. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20250504

    The greater food approach sets forth elevated requisites and novel benchmarks for the advancement of conceptualization, expansion of connotations, transformation of objectives, and evolution of strategies in the governance of non-grain conversion of cultivated land. A reevaluation of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance through the greater food approach not only aids in rectifying the imbalance in food supply and demand, but also establishes a fundamental underpinning for national security assurance. Findings reveal that: (1) The crux of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land under the greater food approach lies not in the dichotomy of "grain" versus "non-grain" but rather in the judicious allocation of diverse food categories within the framework of the greater food approach. (2) The greater food approach and "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance in the theoretical logic of the fundamental goal and value orientation consistency, theoretical origin and practice to follow the same origin, determines the two in the practical logic of interaction and linkage, embracing the greater food approach serves as the guiding ethos for "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance, constituting the bedrock and avenue for enacting the greater food approach. (3) Governance of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land under the greater food approach encounters challenges such as lagging adjustments in planting structures, an inverted significance of grain and income gradients, simultaneous existence of production bottlenecks and wastage, as well as incongruences between universally applicable rectification measures and localized idiosyncrasies. (4) Proposals encompass five overarching strategies for systematized governance of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land oriented towards the greater food approach, focusing on the preservation of grain within land, crops, techniques, losses, and policies. Grounded in the multifaceted demands and holistic outlook of the greater food approach, the optimization of governance strategies proffers invaluable insights for the theoretical refinement and practical exploration of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance amidst the backdrop of a multidimensional transformation in the agricultural and food system.