The cropland scale operation is an important development direction of cropland utilization in China. This interview conducts an in-depth discussion on the definition, influencing factors and development pathways of cropland scale operation, with the main contents outlined as follows. Firstly, the concept of "five-in-one" cropland scale operation was proposed. The concept covers various connotations, characterizing cropland scale operation from five dimensions: area expansion, the concentration of cropland property rights, the organization of cropland operation, the specialization of production activities, and the agglomeration of landscapes. These dimensions are interrelated and influence each other. Among them, the concentration of cropland management rights serve as the foundation of other dimensions, which promotes the large-scale area, organization of operation, the specialization of production activities, and the agglomeration of landscapes. Secondly, the factors influencing the cropland scale operation were analyzed. From the perspective of per capita income, in order to keep up with the continuously increasing income of urban residents, farmers will mainly achieve this by increasing the scale of cropland operation. From this perspective, the rapid development of the urban economy determines that the cropland scale operation is a long-term development trend. However, the development of the cropland scale operation is also a complex and nonlinear process, and there are many factors affecting the operation, such as agricultural subsidies, technological development, changes in agricultural product prices, and the entry of elderly labor force. In addition, land resource endowment is also a key factor affecting the cropland scale operation. The large differences between the south and north parts of China clearly illustrate this point. Thirdly, the pathway of the cropland scale operation was analyzed. The operation is a combination of the "bottom-up" approach of farmers and the "top-down" approach of the governments at different levles. The "bottom-up" approach of farmers is the main pathway for promoting the cropland scale operation by the land transfers, but most of the transfers are spontaneous and disorderly among small-scale farmers, with high transaction costs, frequent breaches of agreements, and insufficient socialized land management services. The governments mainly influence the process of the cropland scale operation. Lastly, the future pattern of cropland use in China was discussed. Due to the various reasons, different-sized cropland use entities in China will coexist for a long time. (1) The different entities may have vast differences in their demand for cropland size. For example, the cropland scale of agricultural enterprises is definitely much larger than that of elderly laborers. The opportunity cost of elderly laborers is lower, and a smaller cropland scale can meet their farming needs. The small-scale agriculture by elderly laborers delays the process of large-scale management. (2) The cropland scale operation will vary greatly across regions (such as southern and northern regions, mountainous and plain areas).
As China's urbanization enters a stage focused on enhancing the quality of existing urban stock, urban regeneration has emerged as a pivotal strategy for fostering high-quality development and the construction of a modern people-centric city. This paper aims to systematically explore the theoretical and practical pathways for advancing the modern people-centric city through urban regeneration. It begins by examining the development concepts and practical experiences of leading international cities to provide a reference for localized implementation. The study then traces the historical evolution of China's urban development priority from "production-centered" to "people-centered", underscoring the historical inevitability of this paradigm shift. Building on this analysis, the core connotations of the "modern people-centered city" are elaborated. The core section of the paper systematically outlines the pathways through which urban regeneration promotes the multidimensional goals of innovation, livability, beauty, resilience, civility, and smartness. These pathways include: comprehensive improvement guided by livability and civility; functional revitalization driven by innovation and smartness; resilience rebuilding based on security and beauty; and area-wide coordination through systematic and integrated approaches. Finally, the study proposes a systematic set of policy recommendations, offering a theoretically grounded and practically relevant framework for high-quality development of a modern people-centric city through urban regeneration.
Against the backdrop of China's strategic transition from incremental urban expansion to stock-based quality improvement, this paper provides a systematic review and synthesis of 304 academic presentations delivered at the First Annual Conference of the Committee on Resource Activation and Urban Renewal of the China Society of Natural Resources. It comprehensively identifies the new issues, new paths, and new practices shaping contemporary research and policy innovation in this field. In terms of new issues, scholarly attention has shifted from land redevelopment and spatial optimization to institutional reform, social equity, and value reconstruction, reflecting a paradigmatic move from "material renewal" to multidimensional frameworks integrating spatial, social, and institutional dimensions. Theoretical explorations increasingly emphasize spatial justice, ecological civilization, and community resilience, laying the foundation for a more integrated understanding of resource activation. Regarding new paths, cross-disciplinary convergence around health-oriented cities, ecological transition, and digital transformation is reshaping the logic of urban renewal. These innovations mark a shift from construction-led interventions to holistic governance and human-centered development, fostering a "people-ecology-intelligence" synergy in renewal practices. As for new practices, collaborative governance among local governments, markets, and communities has emerged as the key mechanism for activating underutilized resources and improving implementation effectiveness. Institutional innovation in fiscal sustainability and land market reform provides crucial leverage for scaling up renewal outcomes. Overall, the study argues that resource activation represents not merely a technical process of spatial improvement, but a systemic restructuring of urban social relations, institutional frameworks, and value systems. By synthesizing nationwide scholarly findings, this paper outlines the evolving interaction between resource activation and urban renewal, offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for advancing China's high-quality urban transformation in the New Era.
Constructing a systematic and scientific territorial carbon accounting system is crucial for promoting the deep integration of the Dual Carbon goals with territorial spatial planning and enhancing the capacity of territorial spaces to cope with climate change. Building on a comprehensive review and comparison of existing carbon accounting systems, this study proposes a pattern-function-process framework and its methodological system, and further explores its potential applications. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Current carbon accounting systems exhibit sectoral and static characteristics, which limits their effectiveness in supporting territorial spatial governance and constrains the application of accounting results in spatial planning. Establishing a systematic and multi-dimensional territorial carbon accounting framework can effectively enhance the planning adaptability of carbon accounting outcomes and provide theoretical support for low-carbon-oriented territorial spatial planning. (2) The core of the pattern-function-process framework for territorial carbon accounting lies in coupling natural and anthropogenic mechanisms, conducting carbon accounting from three levels: total volume, classification, and dynamics. Specifically, total accounting clarifies the baseline pattern of regional carbon budget; classification accounting identifies spatial variations in carbon emissions and carbon flows according to spatial functions; and dynamic accounting reveals the temporal evolution of carbon processes across different development stages of territorial space. By comprehensively characterizing the source-sink-storage-flow processes, this framework enhances the systematicity, regional comparability, and dynamic adaptability of territorial carbon accounting. (3) In the future, efforts should focus on deepening the scenario-based applications of the pattern-function-process framework for territorial carbon accounting across multiple domains, while developing a digital carbon governance system that spans the entire process of territorial spatial planning and management. Such efforts will facilitate the application of carbon accounting in low-carbon spatial pattern optimization, carbon flow simulation and responsibility allocation, and carbon dynamics monitoring and risk prevention, thereby providing systematic support for low-carbon territorial spatial planning under the global climate governance.
Low-carbon technologies serve as a key pathway for unlocking the emission reduction and carbon sequestration potential of comprehensive land consolidation, playing a vital role in advancing China's "dual carbon" goals. However, a systematic review of low-carbon technologies for comprehensive land consolidation in China remains lacking. With the research boundary of low-carbon technologies for comprehensive land consolidation clearly defined, this study conducted a bibliometric analysis of patents and academic literature to systematically examine key technical areas, development stages, research actors and modes, and research hotspots, thereby synthesizing major technological progress and future trends.The results show that: (1) Research on low-carbon technologies for comprehensive land consolidation mainly focuses on three directions: agricultural land consolidation, construction land consolidation, and ecological protection and restoration. The key technical areas include soil improvement, irrigation and drainage, demolition and reconstruction, rural human settlement enhancement, and water environment management. (2) The development of these technologies is closely aligned with China's land consolidation practices. It has undergone a slow stage from 1996 to 2006, a steady growth stage from 2007 to 2016, and a rapid growth stage from 2017 to 2024. The research focus has continuously broadened in line with the deepening conceptual connotations of land consolidation. (3) Although the technical system has been preliminarily established, further efforts are needed to strengthen research and innovation in emerging and underdeveloped areas, and to enhance the functional adaptability and systemic coordination of key technical areas. In the future, it is imperative to establish a synergistic mechanism integrating patent research and development, pilot application, and academic evaluation, so as to continuously advance the innovation, application and transformation of low-carbon technologies for comprehensive land consolidation, thereby providing a scientific and feasible pathway to support the realization of China's "dual carbon" goals.
Farmland abandonment and its reutilisation constitute a core challenge for global sustainable land management, critically impacting food security and the achievement of the 'Zero Hunger' goal under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To systematically understand the research trajectory and future trends in this field, this paper comprehensively reviews studies on farmland abandonment and reutilisation. The research indicates that: (1) Existing studies have made significant progress in identifying abandoned farmland, primarily employing three methods: field surveys, literature meta-analysis, and remote sensing. Farmland abandonment is driven by a complex interplay of socio-economic, biophysical, and policy-institutional factors. However, research on the long-term, nonlinear effects of abandonment on socio-economic and ecological systems remains relatively insufficient, and some impacts are still subject to debate. (2) Reutilizing abandoned farmland faces multi-dimensional challenges, including imperfect policy systems, inadequate governance efficacy, insufficient motivation among potential users, and prominent risks to sustainable utilization. Addressing these requires systematic solutions: refining top-level design, standardizing policy implementation, activating the motivation of diverse stakeholders, and strengthening engineering and technological support. (3) Reutilisation pathways can be categorized into agricultural uses, ecological uses, and construction uses. The selection among these pathways necessitates careful trade-offs among multidimensional benefits, including food security, farmer livelihoods, and ecological conservation. (4) Current research still exhibits shortcomings in theoretical frameworks, modeling methodologies, regional adaptation models, and governance effectiveness. Future research should deepen theoretical integration, innovate data modeling approaches, evaluate the synergistic benefits of policy combinations, and promote the systematic categorization of regional models. This will provide academic support for safeguarding food security, fostering sustainable rural development, and advancing ecological civilization.
Watershed ecological protection compensation is an important part of China's ecological civilization construction. A systematic review on watershed ecological protection compensation at home and abroad can provide scientific support for practical exploration. Based on clarifying the characteristics of watershed ecological protection compensation, this paper conducts a literature review and research prospect of watershed ecological protection compensation from the aspects of compensation mechanism and benefits. The results show that: (1) The fluidity of water, the "three-life" attributes of water resources, and the complexity of ecosystem are typical characteristics of watershed ecological protection compensation. They identify the key research points as multi-stakeholder game analysis, compensation standard calculation, and compensation benefit assessment. (2) While research on mechanisms of watershed ecological protection compensation has developed mature methods for calculating compensation standards, these approaches often have limited practical applicability. The studies on the stakeholders' behaviors mainly focus on inter-governmental games, but pay little attention to other stakeholders and related incentives. Research into the benefits of watershed ecological protection compensation includes ecological-environmental benefits and economic-social benefits. However, the evaluation indicators of the studies on the ecological-environmental benefits are relatively single, and the results of the studies on the economic-social benefits remain controversial. (3) For future research on watershed ecological protection compensation, this paper recommends a multi-pronged approach, including the development of practice-oriented compensation standards, in-depth analysis of multi-stakeholder behaviors, expanded evaluation perspectives on compensation benefits, as well as greater attention to policy synergy effects.
With the global population growth and rapid economic development, food demand continues to rise, making food security and sustainable development a central focus worldwide. However, food security faces severe challenges due to cultivated land degradation and climate change. Therefore, it is of great strategic significance to enhance the productivity of existing cultivated land and rationally develop reserve resources such as saline-alkali soils to ensure food security. However, the evaluation of production potential is mainly focused on cultivated land, while methods for assessing production potential improvement in saline-alkali soils remain limited. This paper systematically reviews the process of evaluating the production potential improvement of saline-alkali soils. First, an evaluation system for production potential of saline-alkali soils was developed, incorporating climate, agriculture, soil, and terrain, and introduced the indicators for each factor. Subsequently, this study evaluated the effectiveness of various measures in improving salinization indicators and crop yield. Then, an evaluation framework of production potential of saline-alkali soils suitable for regional scale was preliminarily constructed. Future research on enhancing production potential of saline-alkali soils can establish a digital platform to integrate multi-source data, enabling integrated dynamic monitoring of saline-alkali environment and crop growth. Effective management of saline-alkali soils requires differentiated measures tailored to distinct regional conditions, along with the development of region-specific dynamic evaluation systems. This study aims to systematically review evaluation indicators and improvement measures for the production potential of saline-alkali soils, and to preliminarily establish an evaluation framework for enhancing the production potential of saline-alkali soils at the regional scale. This study provides a reference for assessing the enhancement of production potential of saline-alkali soils, thereby promoting the effective utilization of saline-alkali soils resources and sustainable agricultural development.
This paper proposes a theoretical framework for explaining the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature from the perspective of social well-being. On this basis, a harmonious coexistence degree model is established to evaluate the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Spatial analysis methods are employed to analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the human-nature harmonious coexistence degree, and the spatial effects of influencing factors are revealed. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of social well-being, the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature takes dialectical unity as its logical starting point and bidirectional mutual nourishment as its operational mechanism. By quantifying "harmonious coexistence", it provides a unified standard for evaluating the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. (2) China's human-nature harmonious coexistence degree shows a steady upward trend, transitioning from mild to moderate-high harmonious coexistence. The western region has the highest harmonious coexistence degree, while the central region has the lowest, with a distinct "central collapse" characteristic. (3) The human-nature harmonious coexistence degree of the 31 provincial-level regions presents positive growth, among which Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Jiangsu rank leading positions nationwide. The harmonious coexistence between humans and nature exhibits spatial correlation, showing a spatial association pattern characterized by "regional homogeneous development as the mainstay and regional heterogeneous development as the supplement". (4) Promoting urbanization construction, enhancing scientific and technological innovation capabilities, optimizing the industrial structure, and improving the level of opening-up to the outside world have positive promoting effects on the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, while increasing the fiscal decentralization of local governments exerts a negative inhibitory effect on it.
The evaluation and classification of rural modernization development levels is a hot topic in rural revitalization research and can provide a scientific basis for the classification and phased implementation of rural revitalization strategies. Taking Zhejiang province, a demonstration area for common prosperity, as an example, this paper constructs a rural modernization evaluation index system from four dimensions: industrial system, public service, quality of life, and governance system. The entropy method measures the rural modernization level of 52 counties in Zhejiang province from 2011 to 2022 and explores its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, type identification, driving factors, and optimization paths. The results show that: (1) The overall level of rural modernization development in Zhejiang counties presents a temporal evolution of "medium-sized and steadily improving" and a spatial gradient of "high in the east and low in the west, cluster locking". Among them, the modernization of the industrial system and the modernization of quality of life are leading; the modernization of public services is relatively lagging, and the modernization of the governance system still has room for improvement. (2) Government intervention, economic level, social development, technological progress, industrial base, and transportation facilities have significant spatial heterogeneity on rural modernization, which is manifested as a spatial differentiation feature of overlapping strips and sheets. (3) Based on their overall level of rural modernization and dimensional characteristics, the 52 counties are categorized into four development types: lagging development, single-dimensional dominant, dual-dimensional driven, and multi-dimensional comprehensive. Accordingly, this paper proposes a rural modernization pathway tailored to local conditions, offering both theoretical insights and practical references for advancing comprehensive revitalization and high-quality rural development in Zhejiang and similar regions nationwide.
Understanding the synergistic relationship between specialty industries and their role in fostering a beautiful, harmonious countryside while improving people's well-being is a critical issue. It lies at the heart of advancing rural revitalization and building sustainable rural communities. This study constructs a theoretical framework for analyzing synergistic integration. Using Changputang village in Fenghuang county as a case site, and employing interviews and grounded theory, it explores the mechanisms and pathways through which specialty industries in ethnic regions can foster a beautiful, harmonious countryside while improving people's well-being. The results indicate that: (1) In the process of synergistic integration, specialty industries serve as the primary driving force for rural socio-economic development, promoting the construction of "livable" and "livelihood-friendly" beautiful and harmonious countryside, and playing a crucial role in "stabilizing enterprises, employment, and markets". (2) During the process of synergistic integration, a five-tiered synergistic integration mechanism is formed, combining industry, entities, ecology, villages, markets and government. (3) Through five pathways, talent-led development, integration of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, strengthening of village collective economies, regional cluster development, and government-led inclusive infrastructure construction, the study promotes the development of specialty industries, drives the construction of beautiful and harmonious countryside, and achieves improvements in people's well-being. The research findings provide new insights and practical case references for exploring driving the construction of beautiful and harmonious countryside and improving people's well-being in ethnic regions.
Empowering rural revitalization through the return migrant population is a critical measure to address the challenges of rural brain drain and hollowing-out, stimulate endogenous development momentum, and achieve comprehensive rural revitalization. Utilizing methods such as comprehensive evaluation models and fixed-effects models, this study investigates the empowering effects and mechanisms of return migrants on rural revitalization in the Jianghan Plain from 2013 to 2022. The results showed that: (1) From 2013 to 2022, the scale of return migrants in the study area exhibited fluctuating trends, with a spatial distribution characterized by "higher in the south and lower in the north." The level of rural revitalization showed a significant overall increase, demonstrating a development pattern of "multi-core driving, comprehensive growth" across the region. (2) Return migrants have a significantly positive driving effect on rural revitalization, a conclusion that remains robust after a series of reliability and endogeneity tests. (3) Return migrants contribute to rural development and empower rural revitalization primarily through promoting prosperous rural industries, assisting in achieving ecological livability, guiding the advancement of rural civilization, facilitating effective rural governance, and enhancing affluent living standards in rural areas. The research findings can provide theoretical support and practical reference for effectively promoting the participation of returning migrants in rural construction, optimizing empowerment pathways, and thereby achieving endogenous sustainable development of rural areas.
Industrial structure transformation represents a critical pathway for resource-based cities to overcome the "resource curse". This study examined 114 resource-based cities in China from 2012 to 2022 to investigate the influence mechanism of technological factor evolution on industrial structure transformation. The findings indicated that the horizontal evolution of technological factors significantly promoted industrial structure transformation. While vertical evolution initially inhibited industrial structure transformation, it ultimately enhanced the positive effect of horizontal evolution, thereby generating a synergistic interaction between the two dimensions of technological factors. Mechanism analysis revealed that enhancing human capital, advancing the deep integration of digital and real economies, and fostering green technological innovation constituted three key channels through which technological factor evolution drove industrial restructuring. Heterogeneity analysis further showed that the impact of technological factor evolution was more pronounced in cities without environmental policy pilot status, those with more developed data factors, and those with stronger talent attraction. The conclusions of this study offered valuable implications for promoting industrial transformation through the structural evolution of technological factors and facilitating comprehensive industrial upgrading.
Guiding tourists to adopt heritage responsibility behaviors is a critical measure for ensuring the sustainability of agricultural cultural heritage. By combining the cognitive affective affective theory and value-belief-norm theory, this study integrates tourists' rational cognition and subjective emotions to construct a theoretical framework of the driving mechanism underlying heritage responsibility behavior in agricultural cultural heritage sites. The proposed mechanisms are then empirically tested using regression analysis. The results show that heritage responsibility behavior is directly influenced by self-interest, altruism, ecological value cognition, heritage identity, and social responsibility. Both heritage identity and social responsibility play significant mediating roles—individually and sequentially—in the relationship between tourists' value cognition and heritage responsibility behavior. Moral norms have positive and negative regulatory effects on ecological benefits, self-interested value cognition, and heritage responsibility behavior, respectively, but show no regulatory effect on altruistic value cognition. The article improves the mechanism for the formation of tourist heritage responsibility behavior and extends it to the context of agricultural cultural heritage tourism. The proposed countermeasures can provide reference for driving sustainable tourism behavior among tourists and sustainable development of heritage sites.
National parks represent the highest form of recognition and protection afforded to ecosystems at the national level. As iconic and awe-inspiring natural landscapes, they serve as vital settings for eliciting and nurturing tourists' experiences of awe, playing a significant role in fostering pro-environmental values from a spiritual perspective, as well as functioning as a cornerstone of nature education. Understanding the awe experienced by visitors within national parks helps uncover the underlying psychological and spiritual dynamics of the human-environment interaction in these unique contexts. While the measurement of awe has been extensively studied in psychology and validated across diverse cultural settings, there remains a lack of context-specific instruments tailored to tourism settings and the practical needs of China's national park system. This gap impedes the effective integration of emotional measurement with managerial applications, limiting parks' ability to accurately assess visitors' experiential engagement with nature. Grounding our research in the tripartite conceptual model of "Aesthetics-Reason-Belief" dimensions of tourist awe, this study developed and validated a multidimensional scale specific to national park visitors, taking Qinghai Lake National Park as a case area. Following a systematic scale development protocol, a 17-item measurement tool across 3 dimensions was constructed, demonstrating strong reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. The aesthetics includes 7 items, representing visitors' subjective evaluations and perceptions of the extent to which the overall landscape of the national park meets aesthetic standards. The reason includes 6 items, representing the cognitive inspiration that the national park experience provides to visitors. The belief includes 4 items, representing visitors' confidence in the relationship between themselves and nature. By empirically verifying the conceptual framework of tourist awe, this study provides a pioneering effort in unraveling the internal structure of awe in nature-based tourism contexts. The resulting scale offers a quantitative instrument for future research, while simultaneously contributing theoretical insights and practical guidance for enhancing human-land interactions and supporting the educational mission of national parks.
The construction of national-level urban agglomerations, as a key strategic layout for regional development, serves as a vital engine driving the transition to a low-carbon economy. Based on panel data from 282 cities spanning the years 2009 to 2023, this study employs a progressive difference-in-differences model to examine the impact of national-level urban agglomeration construction on the synergistic development of carbon reduction and economic growth. It further explores the distance decay effect from the "core-periphery" perspective. The results indicate that: (1) The construction of national-level urban agglomerations can significantly and robustly promote the synergistic development of carbon reduction and economic growth, while also facilitating collaborative emissions reduction and common prosperity. (2) The synergistic effects of carbon reduction and growth achieved through national-level urban agglomeration construction are realized via two main channels: urban linkage (enhancing economic connectivity, optimizing functional division, and driving market integration) and urban development (alleviating resource misallocation, promoting green innovation, and advancing industrial upgrading). (3) The synergistic effects of carbon reduction and growth resulting from national-level urban agglomeration construction exhibit heterogeneity across urban agglomerations at different developmental stages, as well as across cities with varying locations and hierarchical ranks. (4) The natural, administrative, and socio-cultural barriers between peripheral cities and core cities can weaken the synergistic effects of carbon reduction and growth brought about by the construction of national-level urban agglomerations.
Digital-intelligent development, as a core engine for reshaping the new pattern of economic growth, provides new pathways for the low-carbon transition of energy consumption. Based on panel data of 283 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2023, this study employs a range of econometric models—including two-way fixed effects, mediation, panel quantile regression, panel threshold, and spatial econometric models—to empirically investigate the impact and mechanisms of digital-intelligent development on the low-carbon transformation of energy consumption. The findings indicate that: (1) Digital-intelligent development facilitates the low-carbon transition of energy consumption by accelerating the dual processes of "replacing coal with oil and gas" and "substituting fossil fuels with clean energy". This conclusion remains robust after a series of robustness tests. (2) The energy transition effects of digital-intelligent development exhibit notable heterogeneity, with a pronounced "first-mover advantage" in cities characterized by higher levels of clean energy consumption, non-key environmental protection cities, non-old industrial bases, and coastal cities. (3) Digital-intelligent development functions through three mechanisms: efficiency enhancement, factor support, and clean production. In terms of efficiency enhancement, it significantly improves both energy utilization and allocation efficiency. In terms of factor support, it strengthens the supply of green capital and green innovation factors. In terms of clean production, it facilitates industrial upgrading and collaborative agglomeration. (4) The energy transition effect of digital-intelligent development exhibits nonlinear characteristics. It demonstrates asymmetric impacts at different stages of energy transition, revealing an "inclusive effect". Moreover, under the triple constraints of performance assessment, fiscal balance, and public opinion pressure, threshold effects are observed. Excessive performance pressure may crowd out the transformation effect, whereas rising fiscal pressure can stimulate local governments to foster new growth drivers through digital-intelligent means. Social opinion pressure exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship. Additionally, digital-intelligent development generates a "peer effect" on the low-carbon transformation of energy consumption in neighboring regions, yet this spatial spillover effect decays beyond approximately 170 kilometers.
Based on the sustainable livelihood framework, analyzing the relationship between ecological compensation policy and farmers' livelihood resilience is of great significance for ensuring the effectiveness of ecological compensation policy implementation and improving farmers' well-being. Taking farmers in the surrounding areas of Maoershan Nature Reserve in Guangxi as a research object, and using micro data from household surveys and structural equation model, this study explores the impact mechanism of ecological compensation policy on farmers' livelihood resilience, with focus on examining the mediating effects of coping behavior and the moderating effects of endogenous motivation. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Ecological compensation policy is closely related to farmers' livelihood capital, coping behavior, and livelihood resilience. The ecological compensation policy has a positive impact on farmers' livelihood capital, which enhances their coping behavior and livelihood resilience, and coping behavior strengthens their livelihood resilience. (2) The livelihood capital and coping behavior of farmers play a significant mediating role in the mechanism of livelihood resilience, and there exists a chain mediated impact path. Livelihood capital can mediate the relationship between ecological compensation and coping behavior, as well as the relationship between ecological compensation and livelihood resilience. Furthermore, coping behaviors mediate the relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood resilience. (3) The endogenous driving force plays an important moderating role in the relationship between ecological compensation and farmers' financial capital, and the moderating effect of spiritual driving force is stronger than that of capable driving force. This is mainly reflected in the fact that the stronger the motivation of farmers to actively participate in ecological compensation, the stronger the positive moderating effect of spiritual driving force, and that the weaker the dependence of farmers' livelihood strategies on agricultural production, the stronger the positive moderating effect of instrumental driving forces.
Water resources, water environment, and water ecology form an interconnected organic whole. Promoting the integrated governance of these three elements is the fundamental pathway to constructing beautiful rivers and lakes. Building upon an expanded TOE attribution model, a holistic TOSE theoretical framework was constructed to explain the influencing factors of integrated water governance. Using a coupling coordination degree model, the effectiveness of integrated water governance at the provincial level in China from 2012 to 2023 was measured, and dynamic fsQCA was employed to examine governance pathways. The results indicate that: (1) During the sample period, the coupling coordination degree of integrated water governance in 23 provincial-level regions achieved gradient leapfrogging, though overall it remains at a low level. Regional development gaps have gradually widened, with the Yangtze River Delta emerging as a "pioneering zone" for water ecological civilization construction. (2) The TOSE theoretical framework demonstrates applicability in explaining the driving factors of integrated water governance. Governance effectiveness relies on the synergistic optimization of four groups of factors: technological foundations, organizational management, social participation, and economic environment. (3) The driving pathways for integrated water governance include three types: policy-driven + social linkage, policy-driven + economic propulsion, and policy-driven + technology pull. Ineffective pathways consist of two types: imbalanced policy objectives and deficient policy implementation. (4) Substitutability exists among the conditional variables of driving pathways, but their effectiveness is premised on organizational management conditions. The operational modes of driving pathways exhibit phased characteristics: during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), reliance was on policy drive; during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), governance depended on positive interactions between policy guidance and societal response; and during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), technological foundations and social participation have become key factors. The research conclusions provide a theoretical framework and practical pathways for integrated water governance.
