城镇化问题是当代中国社会经济发展的综合性课题,是涉及到国民经济各部门如何协调发展,达到一个新的现代化和谐社会发展的根本问题;新型城镇化是中国城镇化健康稳定发展的基本保证,在当前的新形势下,探索中国新型城镇化理论与实践问题,具有重要的学术价值与实践意义。在过去一阶段,虽然城镇化推动了中国社会经济发展取得了巨大成就,并在城市现代化建设与城乡一体化方面也取得了惊人的发展,但在某个时期或一些地区,城镇化过速发展阶段,出现了无序的发展状态,大中城市边缘盲目扩展,水土资源日渐退化,生态环境遭受破坏,特别是有些政府决策人对城镇化的许多制约因素认识不足,甚至决策失误,导致了城市环境出现许多不安全、不舒适的问题。着重从地理空间与自然资源保护的角度,探索中国新型城镇化3个理论与实践问题：① 如何认知中国新型城镇化的基本特征与新的路径;② 在全球经济一体化形势下,如何构建新型城镇化的创新模式;③ 在新型城镇化实施过程中,如何认识中国城镇化本身的发展规律,走具有中国特色的新型城镇化道路。

Issue of urbanization is a comphrensive subject which is related to harmonious development of each department of national economy and building a harmonious society. New urbanization is the guarantee of healthy and stable development of urbanization. The research work of the thesis has higher academic meaning and practical value. Urbanization promoted social and economic development of China in the past decades. But some problems arised in the process of urbanization in some areas, such as the rapid pace and disordered state of development, the blind expansion on the edge of cities, degradation of land and water resources, destruction of the ecological environment, and many unsafe, uncomfortable problems in urban environment.From the geographical space and natural resource conservation point of view, this article focuses on three theoretical issues. 1) How to have a good understanding of the basic characteristics and realizing route of new urbanization; 2) How to build a innovation model of new urbanization; 3) In the process of implementing new urbanization, how to understand the development law of China's urbanization, and to take a new road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics.

城乡国土空间统一用途管制背景下,乡村空间治理成为国土空间治理体系的重要组成部分。从乡村空间治理的理论内涵出发,构建了乡村空间治理理论分析框架,探讨了乡村空间治理作用于国土空间规划的内在机制和可行路径。结论如下：① 乡村空间治理是以乡村空间为治理对象,通过规划和协商等方式,实现乡村空间用途有效管制,空间权利有序配置,凸显多元主体参与的“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合的综合治理过程;② 通过“举措—效能—目标”体系,构建了刚性与弹性结合、物质空间与空间关系交互、空间权属与空间组织叠加的乡村空间“物质—组织—权属”综合治理分析框架;③ 多级尺度互联互通（区域—村域—地块）的乡村空间治理特征有利于完善乡村空间治理体系;④ 乡村空间治理通过多种手段并施、多元主体参与、多重价值共享,完善国土空间规划体系,推进多规融合,细化国土空间用途管制,促进乡村善治和生态治理;⑤ 乡村空间治理通过“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合的动员和行动策略,构建新型村庄运营模式和组织机制,为落实实用性村庄规划和乡村振兴战略创造条件。

Under the background of unified management of urban and rural space, rural spatial governance has become an important part of the spatial governance system. Conducting in-depth theoretical and practical research on rural spatial governance and analyzing the mechanisms and path of rural spatial governance in national spatial planning will be conducive to improving the planning and control system of rural space. Starting from the connotation rural spatial governance, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of rural spatial governance based on the comprehensive perspective of spatial governance, discusses the internal mechanism and feasible paths of rural spatial governance in territorial spatial planning, and then realizes the theoretical and practical research of rural spatial governance. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Rural spatial governance starts from the coordination theory of human-land relations in the rural regional system. Through planning and negotiation, it realizes effective control of rural space usage, and orderly allocation of space rights. Rural spatial governance highlights the comprehensive governance process that combines "top-down" and "bottom-up" participation by multiple subjects. (2) Through the "action-efficiency-target" system, the comprehensive governance analysis framework of "matter-organization-ownership" in rural space provides an effective scheme for the construction of multiple rural spatial governance that combines rigidity and flexibility, interaction between material space and space relationship, and superposition of spatial ownership and spatial organization. (3) The rural spatial governance features of interconnecting various scales (region-village-plot) are conducive to improving the rural spatial governance system. (4) The multiple governance means, participation modes and value-sharing mechanisms of rural spatial governance are conducive to enriching the territorial spatial planning system, promoting the integration of multiple regulations, refining the control of territorial space use, and ensuring good rural governance and ecological governance. (5) Rural spatial governance uses mobilization strategies of "top-down" and "bottom-up", and creates conditions for the implementation of practical village planning and revitalization strategies through the construction of new village operation models and reconstruction of organizational mechanisms.

构建现代乡村治理体系成为推动城乡融合发展和乡村振兴的重要内容。破解乡村空间利用过程中出现的发展空间受限、权属关系不明和组织体系不畅等系统性问题,成为乡村空间治理的首要任务。本文从乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”综合治理的视角出发,尝试解析乡村空间治理在推动乡村空间重构、权属关系重塑和组织体系重建中的作用机制,并进一步探讨乡村空间治理优化城乡格局、改善城乡互动关系、推动城乡融合发展的可行路径。结论如下:物质空间治理可作为乡村空间结构和功能优化的重要手段,空间权属治理有助于保障乡村空间不同参与主体的发展权利,空间组织治理可提升乡村空间的组织效率;乡村空间治理导向的“人口—土地—产业”转型过程为“深化空间治理—活化乡村空间—优化人地关系—改善城乡格局”的分析思路创造条件;乡村空间治理推动城乡发展格局不断演化,城乡互动关系改善成为推动城乡融合发展和破解乡村发展困境的重要依据。最后,本文构建了乡村空间治理与城乡融合发展互动分析框架,并探讨了乡村空间治理与国土空间规划的内在关系及研究趋势。

The construction of the modern rural governance system becomes an important part in promoting the urban-rural integration development and rural vitalization. Solving systemic problems such as limited development space, unclear ownership relationship and inefficient organization in the process of using rural space has become the primary task of rural spatial governance. Based on the breakthrough of the comprehensive governance of "matter-ownership-organization" in rural space, this paper attempts to analyze the mechanism of rural space governance in promoting rural space restructuring, ownership reshaping and organizational system reconstruction, and further explores the feasible path of rural space governance to optimize the urban-rural pattern, improve the urban-rural interaction, and promote the urban-rural integration development. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Physical space governance facilitates the optimization of rural spatial structure, the space ownership governance safeguards the development rights of different stakeholders, and the space organization governance enhances rural organizational capabilities. The comprehensive governance of "matter-ownership-organization" in rural space helps to impel the restructuring of rural space, the reshaping of ownership relations and the reconstructing of organizational system, to achieve the goals of the modern rural space governance system with clear rural space ownership. (2) The "population-land-industry" transformation path guided by rural space governance creates conditions for the analysis of "deepening space governance-activating rural space-optimizing human-land relationship-improving the urban-rural pattern". (3) Rural space governance promotes the continuous evolution of urban-rural development, and the improvement of urban-rural interaction becomes an important basis for upgrading urban-rural integration development and solving the dilemma of rural development. Finally, this paper constructs an analytical framework and feasible path for the interaction between rural space governance and the urban-rural integration development, and explores the internal relationship and research trends of rural space governance and territory spatial planning.

缩小城乡差距,促进城乡均衡发展,实现城乡居民生活质量等值,是乡村振兴和城乡融合发展的重要目标。通过基础理论的分析,探讨了城乡融合与乡村振兴科学内涵,剖析了城乡融合与乡村振兴的相互关系,构建了城乡空间均衡模型和定义城乡等值线,提出了中国城乡融合与乡村振兴实现途径及需要深入研究的方向。结果表明：① 城乡融合发展是基于空间布局优化和制度供给创新的经济、社会、环境全面融合发展,“乡村振兴五边形”和“人—地—钱—业”是乡村振兴的核心内涵;城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相互支撑,城乡融合和乡村振兴的过程是城乡空间动态均衡的过程。② 城乡发展的空间均衡模型可以较好地阐释促进城乡融合发展、实施乡村振兴的关键问题,通过城乡要素的重新优化配置和人口的流动,城乡人均综合发展效益逐渐趋于相等;城乡等值线可以进一步解释城乡发展空间均衡的动态过程与传导机理。③ 从政策制度构建、“点轴”渐进扩散、分区分类推进、典型发展模式提炼等方面探讨乡村振兴的科学路径,可以为中国乡村振兴战略实施提供理论参考。

Rural revitalization and urban-rural integration aim at narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, promoting balanced development and realizing the equivalent life quality between urban and rural residents. Spatial equilibrium and its quantitative expression provide a new perspective to explain the pattern, process and mechanism of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. Through the analysis of basic theory, this study discusses the scientific content and interaction between urban-rural integration and rural revitalization, sets up the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, defines the urban-rural development isolines, works out the way to implement the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China, and addresses the potential for further research. The results show that: (1) Theory of regional system of man-land relationship and theory of spatial structure are the important theoretical basis for urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. The urban-rural integrated development depends on the all-round development of economy, society and environment with optimized spatial layout and innovative system, and rural revitalization mainly refers to the "pentagon of rural revitalization" and "people-land-capital-industry"; Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization strategy support each other, and the process of urban rural integration and rural revitalization is a dynamic equilibrium process between urban and rural areas. (2) The key issues of implementing rural revitalization and urban-rural integration can be illustrated through the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, and the overall per capita benefits in rural areas gradually tend to be the same as that in cities by the re-optimization of urban-rural factors and population mobility; the dynamic process and mechanism of urban-rural integration spatial equilibrium is further interpreted via the urban-rural development isolines. (3) Exploring the implementation path of scientific rural revitalization strategy can achieve the goal of urban-rural integration and urban-rural spatial equilibrium development. The scientific path of rural revitalization is discussed from the perspectives of policy system construction, "pole-axis" spatial progressive diffusion, sub-area classification and typical development pattern, and it can provide theoretical reference for the strategy implementation of China's rural revitalization.

全域土地综合整治近年来迅速发展,已成为推动乡村振兴战略实施的重要工具,但作为一项崭新而重大的土地制度供给,从理论到实践都有很大的探索空间。本文根据公共价值创造理论,认为由政府推动的乡村振兴成果具有公共产品属性,乡村振兴的过程就是公共价值创造和实现的过程。全域土地综合整治作为乡村振兴的重要手段,本质上就是通过土地制度创新促进乡村振兴中公共价值的创造和实现。为此,本文首先总结了中外土地整治实践经验,分析了全域土地综合整治的公共价值取向,以此为基础,深入探讨了全域土地综合整治的公共价值创造和实现问题,其中公共价值的创造需要推进理念创新、方法创新和科技创新,公共价值的实现需要推进产权创新、组织创新和监管创新。

Region-wide comprehensive land improvement has expanded greatly in recent years and has become a critical tool for promoting the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. However, as a brand-new and substantial systematic land institution provision, it presents a big room for exploration both in theory and in practice. From the perspective of public value creation, this article argued that the achievements of the government-promoted rural revitalization have the attributes of public goods, and the rural revitalization is a process of creating and realizing public values. As an important means of rural revitalization, region-wide comprehensive land improvement is essential for promoting the creation and realization of public values in rural revitalization through land institution innovation. Therefore, this article first summarized the practical experiences of land regulation in China and internationally, and analyzed the public value orientation of region-wide comprehensive land improvement. On this basis, this article further discussed the creation of public value and the realization of region-wide comprehensive land improvement. Of all the related issues, the creation of public value calls for conceptual innovation, methodological innovation, and science-technological innovation; and the realization of public value needs to realize property rights innovation, organizational innovation, and regulatory innovation.

目前,中国新型工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的推进仍缺乏重要抓手和空间支撑平台,严重影响了城乡一体化发展进程。亟需通过开展农村土地综合整治,重构乡村生产、生活和生态空间,为推进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展搭建新平台。本文在界定了乡村空间重构,即在快速工业化和城镇化进程中,伴随乡村内生发展需求和外源驱动力综合作用下导致的农村地区社会经济结构重新塑造,乡村地域上生产空间、生活空间和生态空间的优化调整乃至根本性变革的过程,及其产业发展集聚、农民居住集中和资源利用集约3 个方面内涵的基础上,分析了工业化和城镇化进程对乡村生产、生活和生态空间的影响;探讨了乡村空间重构的土地整治类型及助推机制;结合农用地整治、"空心村"整治和工矿用地整治提出了乡村生产、生活和生态空间重构的模式与途径,以及依托土地整治的以"自下而上"为主、"自上而下"为辅的乡村空间重构战略。作为城乡一体化发展根基的乡村空间其重要性和基础平台作用应受到足够重视,乡村集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间和山清水秀的生态空间的优化重构,有赖于区域农村土地整治工程技术、政策机制与模式的创新。

Currently, the implementation of new type industrialization, new type urbanization and agricultural modernization strategy lacks of a major hand grip and spatial sustain platform, due to long-term existed "dual-track" structure of rural-urban development in China as well as unstable rural development institution and mechanism and backward rural and agricultural infrastructures, which greatly affects the advancement of urban-rural integration development. It is necessary to restructure rural production, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realize urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring, i.e., an optimization and adjustment even utterly changing process of rural production, living and ecological space accompanied by rural socio-economic structure reshaping under the pressure of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The connotations of rural spatial restructuring involve three aspects of assembling industrial development, centralizing farmers' living and intensive resources utilization. Based on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, this paper also probes the mechanism which push forward rural spatial restructuring by carrying out land consolidation, an important approach to supplying cultivated land, revitalizing the stock land, optimizing rural-urban land, utilizing land intensively, and increasing land productivity. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological environment spatial restructuring is analyzed in combination with agricultural land consolidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Finally, the author argues that a "bottom-up" restructuring strategy accompanied by a few "top-down" elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward current rural spatial restructuring in China. The optimization and restructuring of rural intensive and high-efficient production space, suitable living space with amenity and ecological space with beautiful mountain and clean water will rely on the innovation of regional engineering technology, policy mechanism and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.

论文首先从人地关系视角分析了乡村问题的背景及乡村振兴的内容逻辑,提出乡村衰退是人地关系调整滞后于社会经济发展进程的结果,乡村振兴最终目的就是调整人地关系以适应社会经济发展新阶段的生产要素价值变化。对乡村振兴地理研究的评述发现,多数关注其战略内容的实施,而对乡村人口重要载体的乡村聚落重视不够。事实上,乡村聚落与乡村振兴的关系密切,乡村聚落是乡村地区人类社会经济活动的集中场所,是乡村人地关系调整的核心和关键抓手,在乡村振兴中起关键作用。而已有的乡村聚落地理研究多聚焦空间变化,并且重实证轻机理,尤其是与乡村振兴相关联的聚落演变机理研究尚无成果问世。最后,基于乡村聚落在乡村振兴中关键作用,提出从人地关系协调出发,加强乡村聚落演变理论、乡村聚落空间结构变化趋势、乡村聚落专业化转型、乡村聚落整治优化及乡村聚落风貌景观等5个方面的研究。

This article started with an analysis of the background of rural decline, and the content and logic of the national strategy of rural revitalization from the perspective of human-land relationship. We proposed that rural recession is the result of the adjustment of human-land relationship lagging behind the process of social and economic development. The ultimate purpose of rural revitalization is to adjust the relationship between human and land to adapt to the change of the value of production factors in the new stage of social and economic development. Then, the review of the literature on rural revitalization found that the existing research has paid more attention to the implementation of its strategic content, but not enough attention to rural settlements that have been the important carrier of rural population. There is a close relationship between rural settlement and rural revitalization. Rural settlements are the focus of human social and economic activities in rural areas, and are the core and starting point of rural human-land relationship adjustment. But in the existing literature on rural settlements, emphasis is placed on development cases and neglecting mechanisms, especially the mechanism of change of rural settlements, which is closely associated with rural revitalization. Therefore, bearing in mind the key role of rural settlements in rural revitalization, this article finally put forward five focus areas of future research: the theory of rural settlement evolution, changing trend of spatial structure in rural settlements, specialization transformation of rural settlements, optimization of rural settlements, and landscape of rural settlements.

土地系统科学的研究视角可为促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型研究提供参考借鉴。本文在梳理国际上土地系统科学发展历程基础上,基于土地系统科学研究视角探讨了土地利用转型影响城乡融合发展的理论框架、方式与路径以及促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型调控途径与措施。土地系统科学致力于监测土地变化,解释驱动因素和反馈机制,理解发生于土地上的人类—环境相互作用,实现将对土地系统的科学发现转化为可持续土地利用解决方案。土地系统运行以土地可持续利用与人类福祉为准绳,显化为土地利用的多维效应。通过科学管控土地利用转型实现土地系统的良好运行能够影响城乡融合发展进程。土地利用转型通过效率提升、价值显化、要素流通与结构优化4大渠道,在“强整体”效应与“补短板”效应的作用下助推城乡融合发展。基于土地系统科学视域下促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型调控需要重塑土地权能体系,推进国土空间综合整治,健全土地利用转型管控体系。

The research perspective of land system science can provide a reference for the study of urban-rural integrated development promoted by land use transitions. Based on the review of the development of land system science, this paper discusses the theoretical framework concerning land use transitions affecting urban-rural integrated development guided by land system science, the influential ways and paths of land use transitions on urban-rural integrated development, and the measures of promoting urban-rural integrated development via adjusting and controlling land use transitions. Land system science is committed to monitoring land use change, explaining the driving forces and feedback mechanism, understanding the human-environment interactions occurring on land, and translating scientific findings on land system into solutions for sustainable land use. The operating of land system takes sustainable land use and human well-being as the criterions, and manifests as multi-dimensional effects of land use. Operating well the land system via scientifically adjusting and controlling land use transitions can affect the process of urban-rural integrated development. Land use transitions promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas under the effects of strengthening the whole and reinforcing weak links through four channels, i.e., efficiency improvement, value embodiment, development elements circulation and structure optimization. In order to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas from the perspective of land system science, the adjustment and control of land use transitions need to reshape the land use rights system, to promote the integrated consolidation of territorial space, and to improve the management and control system of land use transitions.

土地问题是乡村振兴战略落实的关键。土地整治和资本化作为提升土地质量、促进城乡融合的重要手段,一直是各方探讨的热点。论文以广东省实施的农村拆旧复垦政策为切入点,分析农村建设用地拆旧复垦模式资本化效应的形成机制,梳理其与乡村振兴、城乡联动的关系。研究发现：首先,在农村建设用地拆旧复垦模式实施中,以市场机制为主的“弱关系”和土地流转为主的“强关系”分别在整治腾退建设用地和复垦农业用地中发挥重要作用,是实现土地资本化的主要路径;其次,农村建设用地拆旧复垦模式主要通过结构重组、空间重构、生产方式变革和生态环境优化等推动乡村振兴;最后,农村建设用地拆旧复垦模式以跨地区市场交易平台为载体,引导城乡之间土地、资金等要素流通,通过设置最低保护价和优先购买权等方式保障乡村的发展权利,实现城乡等价要素联动。

Addressing the land issue is the key for implementing the rural revitalization strategy. Land consolidation and capitalization as important means to improve land quality and promote rural-urban integration have been the hot topic of discussion. This study took the demolition and reclamation policy in Guangdong Province as a case, analyzed the mechanism of capitalization effect of rural construction land reclamation, and clarified its influence on rural revitalization as well as rural-urban integration. First, during the implementation of rural construction land reclamation, the "weak relationship" dominated by market mechanism and the "strong relationship" dominated by land circulation play important roles in the renovation and reclamation, which are the main ways to realize land capitalization. Second, rural construction land reclamation mainly promotes rural revitalization through structural reconstruction, spatial reorganization, production mode transformation, and ecological environment optimization. Finally, rural construction land reclamation takes cross-regional market trading platforms as the carrier to guide the circulation of land, capital, and other factors between urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, it guarantees the development right of rural areas by setting the protection price and the right of preemption, which realizes the smooth flow of factors between urban and rural areas.

城乡融合不仅是社会经济结构的转换过程,也是城乡持续转型过程。以淮海经济区为研究区,剖析了城乡融合发展面临的困境,通过城乡转型多维定量评价与比较,诊断了研究区城乡融合状态,提出了推进城乡融合发展的路径。结果表明：（1）淮海经济区城乡融合发展面临“两分离一切变”而导致的“三不足”的困境,即传统农区的“居业分离”、资源型城市的“产城分离”和省际交界区的“切变效应”,导致乡村转型的内在动力不足、城市对乡村的辐射带动力不足和城乡公共服务供给的区域协同力不足。（2）城乡转型状态呈现出经济、社会和空间多维相关的特征,转型过程的城乡异速不同步和转型格局的城乡异构非均衡现象并存;采用对比聚类法,划分出城乡转型滞后型、乡村转型滞后型、城市转型滞后型和城乡转型同步型四种类型。（3）推进淮海经济区城乡融合发展的关键是要突破城乡二元结构和区域发展“碎片化”困境,分类推进城乡协同转型发展,加强省际交界区城乡发展的跨域协同。

Rural hollowing is a widespread phenomenon all over China, especially in traditional agricultural areas. From the dynamic viewpoint, rural hollowing is a special evolution form of rural areal system during the process of urban-rural transformation development. In terms of its natural function and task, rural geography has unique advantages to research rural hollowing. From the comprehensive, dynamic and regional perspectives, these advantages of rural geography are mainly the phenomenon description and spatial models establishment of rural hollowing, formation mechanism and dynamic force simulation, response mechanism and comprehensive effect, as well as potential types and its optimal regulation This paper puts forward a series of propositions which should be studied based on theoretical disciplinary system of rural geography. Therefore this paper refines and develops the theoretical foundation of rural geography for rural hollowing research. The theoretical system includes the lifecycles of rural hollowing evolvement, spatial pattern of generation development, mechanics theory of rural hollowing and "Three Integration" model. Then based on the theory research of rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation, integrating with analysis of influencing factors on spatial pattern and evolvement of rural settlement, this paper develops a framework for the succession, evaluation and regulation of rural hollowing. Finally, taking Yucheng city in Shandong province as a typical case, this paper constructs the basic criterion, development concept and planning schemes for the regulation of hollowed villages in Yucheng city, which is the theoretical practice of rural geography. In order to guide new countryside construction, ensure warning line of cultivated land and co-ordinate land use allocation between urban and rural areas in China, it is necessary to conduct a through investigation on the mechanism, policy and mode innovation involved "trinity" by implementing village renovation demonstration project.

治理已经成为多学科关注的重要理论与现实问题。在快速城镇化和城乡差距居高不下的背景下,城乡治理对中国而言尤为重要。论文通过梳理国内外治理理论,概括治理的要点为开放系统、自组织、权力与权利的交织3个方面。国际研究强调社会生态系统的治理,城市治理增势显著,乡村治理研究开始兴起。中国在顶层设计上经历了从管理到治理的全面转型,城乡治理逐渐成为研究和政策实践的关键议题。未来中国城乡治理的主要路径在于：从权力导向转向权利导向;从只注重社会维度、一元化的、城市偏向的治理模式转向生态环境与社会治理并重,形成多元主体参与的城乡共治体系;积极开展城乡弱势群体的扶持救助工作。城乡共治将会成为新的理论增长点,需要进行多学科、多主体、多部门的协同工作。

Governance has become an important theoretical and practical issue of multi-disciplinary concern. In the context of rapid urbanization and wide rural-urban disparity, rural-urban governance is particularly important for China. Based on the Chinese and international governance theories, the key aspects of governance include: an open system, self-organization, and the interactive relationship between power and rights. Internationally the research frontier focuses on the governance of social-ecological systems, while urban governance has grown significantly, and rural governance has also risen in recent years. The research trend and policy evolution of governance in China indicate that China has undergone a comprehensive transformation from management to governance by top-level design, and rural-urban governance is becoming a key issue. The main path of China's rural-urban governance in the future lies in three aspects. First, it is necessary to shift from power-oriented to rights-oriented governance. Second, equal attention needs to be paid to both ecological environment and social governance instead of focusing only on social, single-dimensional, and urban governance systems, and form a rural-urban co-governance system with the participation of multiple subjects. Third, it should be launched to assist rural and urban vulnerable groups actively. Rural-urban co-governance will become a new growth point for theories, and multi-disciplinary, multi-subject, and multi-department collaboration is much needed.

针对全球变化影响下的国土空间和生态系统,生态文明建设和国土空间规划是中国在新时代的积极响应,国土整治与生态修复的转型和提升成为必然要求。在介绍国土整治与生态修复概念内涵的基础上,指出中国国土空间生态环境问题的复杂性和生态文明建设的新理念要求决定了国土整治与生态修复的转型。从工作理念、理论基础、技术体系和制度建设等方面,分析了当前国土整治与生态修复工作中存在的不足,主要包括整体综合理念滞后、理论基础体系欠缺、技术支撑相对薄弱、体制机制不尽完善等方面。针对这些不足,提出了新时代国土整治与生态修复转型的路径和策略,主要策略包括强化系统思维、提升理论体系、加强技术支撑、完善机制建设等内容,以期为国土整治与生态修复推进美丽中国建设提供科学依据。

As the national land space and ecosystems are affected by global change nowadays, ecological civilization construction and land spatial planning must be the positive responses of China in the new era. Great achievements have been made in the restorations of ecological space and ecosystems through projects for land consolidation and ecological restoration. However, the degradation of some regional ecosystems still exists, and the interference of unreasonable traditional human activities has not been completely eliminated in China. Meanwhile, China faces a large number of challenges in the economic and social developments of the new era. The transformation and improvement of land consolidation and ecological restoration therefore become the inevitable requirement. Through introducing the concepts, connotations of land consolidation, ecological restoration and relationships between them in the new era, this paper suggested that the transformation should be determined by the variations and complexities of regional ecological and environmental issues, the new requirements of ecological civilization construction and land spatial planning. We also indicated the four shortcomings of land consolidation and ecological restoration at present, including working perception, theoretical basis, technological system, and institutional construction. Specifically in recent practices, the integrated and comprehensive concepts are lagging behind, the key theoretical systems are deficient, the technological supports are instable, and the related institutions are insufficient. Therefore, we proposed the strategies for the corresponding transformation, which mainly included: (1) intensifying the systematic thinking and concept to promote the implementation of land consolidation and ecological restoration on a regional basis; (2) upgrading the theoretical system to stimulate the new motivation for land consolidation and ecological restoration; (3) enhancing the technical support to improve the effectiveness of land consolidation and ecological restoration works; (4) improving the institution construction to reinforce the support foundation for land consolidation and ecological restoration implementations.

耕地细碎化会导致农业生产效率降低、土地利用可持续性下降、耕地撂荒增多等多种农业问题,土地整治是当前中国改善耕地细碎化的重要途径之一。为探索适宜的土地整治计量模型以解决耕地资源优化配置问题,基于多目标线性规划,从工程设计、权属调整、地块分配三方面构建土地整治项目区耕地资源优化配置模型,并选取典型土地整治项目进行案例分析。研究结果表明：通过模型优化,案例区农业生产消耗降低了20.41%、地块平均规模增大了53.72%、户均地块数降低了34.92%,平均耕作距离减小了68.17%,可促进耕地细碎化问题的改善,有利于农业生产效率的提升。研究对丰富土地整治规划设计方法,推动耕地细碎化问题解决具有参考和借鉴意义。

Fragmentation of cultivated land will lead to the reduction of agricultural production efficiency, the decline of land use sustainability and the shortage of cultivated land. Land consolidation is one of the important ways to improve the fragmentation of cultivated land in China. In order to explore suitable land consolidation model to solve the problem of optimal allocation of cultivated land resources, this study constructs a model of optimal allocation of cultivated land resources based on multi-objective linear programming model from three aspects: engineering design, ownership adjustment and plots allocation, and selects a typical land consolidation project for case analysis. Then it compares the model optimization and actual land consolidation results with the pre-consolidation from the aspects of agricultural production consumption, improvement of arable land morphology and location, and ownership status. The results show that: (1) Through the optimization of the model, the agricultural cost in the project area, the average number of plots per farmer, and the average cultivation distance decreased by 20.41%, 34.92%, and 68.17%, respectively, while the average size of the plot increased by 53.72%. The fragmentation of cultivated land is reduced and the agricultural production efficiency is improved. However, compared with the typical foreign land consolidation project, there is still much room for improvement in the allocation of cultivated land. (2) The current land consolidation methods have played a positive role in increasing the average size of plots and improving the shape of plots. However, there are still deficiencies in reducing the farming distance of farmers, increasing the adjacency of cultivated roads, and promoting the concentration of cultivated land property rights. (3) Combining land consolidation with land ownership adjustment plays an important role in reducing the agricultural production consumption caused by land fragmentation and inconvenient farming and improving agricultural production efficiency. The research is of significance for enriching planning and designing methods of land consolidation and promoting the solution to the issue of fragmentation of cultivated land.

Regime shifts are large, abrupt, and persistent critical transitions in the function and structure of ecosystems. Yet, it is unknown how these transitions will interact, whether the occurrence of one will increase the likelihood of another or simply correlate at distant places. We explored two types of cascading effects: Domino effects create one-way dependencies, whereas hidden feedbacks produce two-way interactions. We compare them with the control case of driver sharing, which can induce correlations. Using 30 regime shifts described as networks, we show that 45% of regime shift pairwise combinations present at least one plausible structural interdependence. The likelihood of cascading effects depends on cross-scale interactions but differs for each type. Management of regime shifts should account for potential connections.Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Farmers' organizations (FOs), such as associations, cooperatives, self-help and women's groups, are common in developing countries and provide services that are widely viewed as contributing to income and productivity for small-scale producers. Here, we conducted a scoping review of the literature on FO services and their impacts on small-scale producers in sub-Saharan Africa and India. Most reviewed studies (57%) reported positive FO impacts on farmer income, but much fewer reported positive impacts on crop yield (19%) and production quality (20%). Environmental benefits, such as resilience-building and improved water quality and quantity were documented in 24% of the studies. Our analysis indicates that having access to markets through information, infrastructure, and logistical support at the centre of FO design could help integrate FOs into policy. Natural resource management should also be more widely incorporated in the services provided by FOs to mitigate risks associated with environmental degradation and climate change. Finally, farmers who are already marginalized because of poor education, land access, social status and market accessibility may require additional support systems to improve their capacities, skills and resources before they are able to benefit from FO membership.© 2020. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

乡村振兴的核心目的是系统构建人口、土地、产业等多种发展要素的耦合格局。土地整治在乡村振兴过程中肩负着为人口集聚、产业发展提供资源支撑的基础性作用。本文基于影响乡村发展的关键要素阐释了新时代乡村振兴和土地整治的内涵及其互馈关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下土地整治的区域实施路径。最后,就未来乡村振兴视角下土地整治的方向进行了展望与讨论。结论如下：① 乡村振兴的内涵在于为应对乡村内部要素的流失与衰退,通过经济、政治及文化建设等手段激发内部动力和吸纳外部资源来重新组合、优化配置和高效利用乡村人口、土地和产业等发展要素,从而优化要素结构、提升地域功能、重塑乡村形态,实现乡村地域经济、社会及生态的全面复兴和城乡融合发展的新格局;② 乡村振兴视角下土地整治要激活乡村人口、土地和产业等关键发展要素,统筹物质空间振兴与精神内核提升;③ 开展农村土地整治要与区域自然本底条件和社会经济发展阶段相适应,按照分区统筹、分类施策的原则在国土空间开发格局的框架下因地制宜地采取相应的模式与路径;④ 未来有必要重塑土地整治的价值取向,在统一空间规划体系下统筹土地整治规划与乡村振兴规划,大力发展土地整治与多功能农业相结合的新模式。

The core objective of rural vitalization is to systemically establish a coupling pattern of various rural development elements including population, land and industry. As one of the prerequisites, land resources is required to be optimally allocated via land consolidation. Consequently, land consolidation contributes greatly in population agglomeration, industry development and resources support under the context of combating rural decline. In light of these facts, this paper conducts an elementary analysis on the connotation of land consolidation and rural vitalization in the new era, as well as their relationships. Furthermore, the issues on the alternative paths for achieving rural vitalization via land consolidation in different regions were also discussed. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) It is manifested that rural vitalization in the new era can be explained as a comprehensive process of tackling the loss and decline of rural development elements through political, economic and cultural means. Most importantly, vitalizing the interior motivation and absorbing the external power are essential for the efficient reconfiguration and utilization of rural population, land and industry, thus achieving the goals of arousing rural vitality, optimizing elements structure, enhancing territorial function and restructuring rural morphology. (2) From the perspective of rural vitalization, land consolidation, which adheres to the path of connotative development, should not only target at stimulating the key elements of rural development, but also place emphasis on the coordination of material space and spirit core, so as to realize the co-prosperity of the urban and the rural areas. (3) Regional natural indigenous factors and the corresponding phases of socio-economic development should be both taken into account in the process of implementing rural land consolidation. Following the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, appropriate paths or modes are supposed to be chosen in different regions constrained by the territorial development pattern. Finally, focusing on a series of problems and new concepts, which is aimed at achieving urban-rural integration development and boosting socio-economic growth in rural areas, we propose further discussions.

随着城乡融合发展和农户需求的不断提高,探讨农村居民点多功能及其协调关系,是推进农村人居环境整治和乡村振兴的重要依据。以山东省王村镇为例,基于“识别—诊断—优化”的逻辑思路,从生活—生产—生态角度构建农村居民点多功能评价指标体系,利用空间自相关、协调度和障碍诊断等模型,剖析农村居民点多功能空间格局、协调关系及其障碍因子,进而提出农村居民点多功能提升与协调的优化模式。研究发现：（1）王村镇农村居民点总体上呈现出“生产功能较好,生活功能一般,生态功能较差”的特征,且不同功能具有显著的空间异质性;（2）王村镇农村居民点“三生”功能整体协调性相对较高,但协调类型存在明显的复杂性和不均衡性;（3）王村镇农村居民点“三生”功能协调性障碍因素表现为大体相似且个别村庄无障碍性,用地强度、交通条件、资源禀赋、基础设施建设和生态环境状况是农村居民点多功能高强度协调的主要障碍因素;（4）基于障碍因子组合提出的农村居民点多功能协调性优化模式,为可持续性乡村发展提供理论借鉴。

以珠三角城市群地区的县（区）为研究单元,从生产供给、经济发展、社会保障和生态保育四个维度构建都市农业功能评价指标体系,利用熵值法、时空差异诊断模型、Spearman秩相关系数法和双变量局部空间自相关模型等对2005年、2012年和2019年珠三角地区都市农业多维功能演变及协同-权衡关系进行测度。结果表明：① 2005—2019年,珠三角地区都市农业的生产供给、经济发展和社会保障功能均值先下降后上升而生态保育功能反之;生产供给和生态保育功能总体呈现稳定的外部较强而中心偏弱的空间格局,经济发展和社会保障功能的空间分布格局变化较大。② 时间上,2005年珠三角都市农业经济发展功能较其他功能相对独立发展,2012年功能之间权衡关系显现,2019年各功能之间以协同关系为主;空间上,珠三角地区都市农业生态保育功能与其他三项功能的协同-权衡关系较为稳定,社会保障功能与生产供给、经济发展功能的协同-权衡关系较为稳定。③ 都市农业功能演变及协同-权衡关系发展具有阶段性特征,大致呈现“相互独立/低位协同-相互权衡-高位协同”的演化规律。

Urban-rural integration is a new demand for the development of urban-rural relations, and urban agriculture is a new format for coordinating the development of urban-rural integration. Its functional evolution and collaboration/trade-off relationship are worthy of attention. Constructing an evaluation index system from four dimensions of production supply, economic development, social security and ecological conservation, and using entropy weight method, spatio-temporal differences identifying model, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient method and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation model, this study comprehensively evaluated the multifunctional evolution and collaboration/trade-off relationship of urban agriculture at the county level in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2015. The main results are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2019, the average value of the production supply, economic development and social security functions of urban agriculture decreased first and then increased, while that of the ecological conservation function went the other way in the PRD urban agglomeration. The production supply and ecological conservation functions presented a stable spatial pattern with strong externality and weak centre, while the spatial distribution pattern of economic development and social security functions changed greatly. (2) In terms of temporal pattern, urban agricultural economic development functions developed relatively independently compared with other functions in 2005, the trade-off relationship among functions appeared in 2012, the collaboration between functions was the main relationship in 2019. As for spatial pattern, the collaboration/trade-off relationship between urban agricultural ecological conservation function and the other three functions are relatively stable, and the collaboration/trade-off relationship between urban agricultural social security, production supply and economic development function are relatively stable in the study area. (3) Functional evolution and collaboration/trade-off relationship of urban agriculture are characterized by stages, and the evolution law is "mutual independence/low level collaboration—mutual trade-off—high level collaboration". By revealing the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of multi-functional trade-offs and synergies of urban agriculture in the PRDelta urban agglomeration, and summarizing the internal logic mechanism and phased law of its evolution, the paper aims to provide scientific support for the coordinated development of agricultural multi-functional development and green development in metropolitan areas.

城乡融合发展是实现乡村振兴与推进新型城镇化建设的关键举措,土地市场则是实现城乡要素流通的重要渠道,也是连接城乡发展的关键纽带。本文阐释了城乡融合发展的科学内涵与本质特征,探究了土地市场对城乡融合发展的作用机理,在此基础上,量化分析了中国273个地级及以上行政单元土地市场与城乡融合发展的演进规律,并运用面板数据模型对土地市场与城乡融合关系进行了实证检验,以期从土地市场视角为城乡融合发展提供一条可实现路径。结论如下：（1）城乡融合发展是城乡价值重塑的过程,旨在消除阻碍城乡发展的因素,推动城乡要素自由流动与平等交换,实现城乡发展要素回报趋同,本质是通过城乡互动互补实现城乡地域功能的整体优化。（2）土地市场对城乡融合的作用是利弊双轨的权衡,作用方向取决于土地市场是否是良性市场。城乡二元分配体制与社会融入受阻背景下,扭曲土地市场掣肘城乡融合发展。（3）2005-2013年中国土地市场稳步发展,城乡融合发展水平略低,土地市场规模、土地市场价格与土地市场化程度分别提升113.66%、274.09%与37.07%,59.34%城市的城乡融合发展水平下滑,二者反差明显,且均具时空分异特征。（4）现阶段,土地市场对城乡融合发展更多体现为滞碍作用,但土地市场对城乡融合存在“低水平陷阱”,突破88.64%的抑制拐点,即可发挥土地市场对城乡融合的促进作用。重塑土地市场发展价值取向,加快推进土地市场化改革,探索人口—土地挂钩机制是后续工作的重要方向。

人地关系地域系统理论系统提出30 a来，对促进地理学综合研究、学科建设和服务国家重大战略决策发挥了重要的科学支撑与导向作用。深入解析了人地关系地域系统理论的科学内涵及时代价值，诠释了现代人地系统的类型与环境，提出了“人地圈”与人地系统科学研究的主要内容和前沿领域。初步研究表明：① 现代人地系统具有复杂性、地域性和动态性特征，人?地交互作用过程、格局及其综合效应正在发生深刻变化，地球表层人地系统成为现代地学综合研究的核心内容和重要主题。② 科学认知和有效协调人地关系，亟需深入探究人地系统耦合格局与机理，探明人地关系地域系统类型、结构及其动力机制。依据城乡关系将人地关系地域类型划分为城市地域系统、城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统。乡村地域系统可细分为农业系统、村庄系统、乡域系统、城镇系统等子系统，分别对应于作土关系、人居关系、居业关系、产城关系。③ 现代人类活动强烈地作用于地球表层人地系统，形成了人地系统耦合与交互作用的地表圈层——“人地圈”，其实质是现代人类活动与地表环境相互联系、耦合渗透而形成的自然–经济–技术综合体或人地协同体。④ 人地系统科学或人地科学是研究人地系统耦合机理、演变过程及其复杂交互效应的新型交叉学科。它是现代地理科学与地球系统科学的深度交叉和聚焦，以现代人地圈系统为对象，致力于探究人类活动改造和影响地表环境系统的状态，以及人地系统交互作用与耦合规律、人地协同体形成机理与演化过程。人地系统耦合与可持续发展是人地系统科学的研究核心。传承创新人地关系地域系统理论和发展人地系统科学，更能凸显地球表层人类的主体性、人地协同的过程性和可持续发展的战略性，为人地系统协调与可持续发展决策提供科学指导。

In the past 30 years, the theory of human-earth areal system has played an important support and guidance role in promoting the comprehensive research, disciplinary development and serving national strategic decision of geography. This study analyzes the scientific connotation and era value of human-earth areal system, explores the types and environment of modern human-earth system, and puts forward 'human-earth sphere' and the main contents and frontier fields of human-earth system science. The results show that: 1) The modern human-earth system is characterized by complexity, regionalism and dynamicity. The processes, pattern and comprehensive effect of human-earth interaction are undergoing profound changes, and the human-earth system on the surface of the earth has become the critical content and important theme of modern geosciences. 2) To scientifically understand and effectively coordinate the human-earth relationship, it is urgent to explore the coupling pattern and mechanism of human-earth relationship and to analyze the type, structure and dynamic mechanism of human-earth areal system. Based on the urban-rural relationship, the human-earth areal system can be divided into urban regional system, urban-rural integration system and rural regional system. Furthermore, the rural regional system is subdivided into agricultural system, village system, rural system and township system. 3) Modern human activities strongly affect the human-earth system on the surface of the earth, forming a new surface with the coupling and interaction between human and earth. In essence, it is a natural-economic-technological synthesis or human-earth coordination. They are also the main contents of deepening the researches on the coupling of human-earth system and supporting decision-making for coordinated development of human-earth system. 4) Human-earth system science or human-earth science is a new interdisciplinary subject which studies the coupling mechanism, evolution process and complex interaction effect of man earth system. It is the deep intersection and focus of modern geographic science and earth system science. Taking the modern human-earth sphere system as the research object, it is committed to exploring the state of human activities transforming and affecting the surface environment system, the interaction and coupling law of human-earth system, the formation mechanism and evolution process of human-earth coordination.Human-earth system coupling and sustainable development is the core of human-earth system science. Inheriting and innovating the theory of human-earth areal system and developing the human-earth system science will highlight the subjectivity of human on the earth surface, the process of human-earth coordination and the strategy of sustainable development, thus providing scientific guidance for the coordination of human-earth system and sustainable development decision-making.