自然保护地数字文化生态系统服务质量测度与出游意愿效应——以中国五地国家公园网络空间为例
Quality measurement and travel intention effect of digital cultural ecosystem service of the nature reserve conservations:Taking the cyberspace of five national parks in China as an example
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收稿日期: 2022-01-4 修回日期: 2022-04-10
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Received: 2022-01-4 Revised: 2022-04-10
作者简介 About authors
孙佼佼(1989- ),女,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授,研究方向为旅游空间、城市旅游。E-mail:
自然保护地的文化生态系统服务(CES)是保护与提升资源价值,造福国民的有效工具。数字化发展是其实现多维功能拓展的时代需求,亟待学术探索。基于提出数字文化生态系统服务(D-CES)概念,以中国五地(三江源国家公园、海南热带雨林国家公园、大熊猫国家公园、东北虎豹国家公园、武夷山国家公园)的网络空间为案例地,以数字田野调查和多阶段访谈与问卷调查为基础,结合扎根理论质性探索与量化分析,建构了数字文化生态系统服务量表,并检验了其对潜在游客出游行为意愿的效应。结果表明:(1)确立国家公园数字文化生态系统服务五大主题类属和18个概念类属;(2)研究编制、探索并验证了数字文化生态系统服务的测度量表,确定了5个维度(教育价值、美学价值、社交价值、精神价值、娱乐价值)和16个题项; (3)通过效标效度检验,发现了不同维度对潜在游客出游行为意愿的影响;(4)研究为国家公园数字文化生态系统服务的建设提供了参考策略。
关键词:
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) in natural resource areas is an effective tool to protect and enhance the value of resources and benefit the people. Digital development is the demand of the times for its efficient realization of multiple functions, which urgently needs academic exploration. This study puts forward the concept of digital cultural ecosystem service (D-CES). Taking the cyberspace of five places in China (Three-River-Source National Park, National Park of Hainan Tropical Forest, Giant Panda National Park, Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park and Wuyishan National Park) as cases, based on a digital field survey and multi-stage questionnaire interview, combining the qualitative exploration and quantitative analysis of grounded theory, this paper constructs the digital cultural ecosystem service (D-CES) scale, and tests its effect on the travel behavior of potential tourists. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The digital cultural ecosystem service (D-CES) of the national park includes 5 themes and 18 secondary categories. (2) The D-CES measurement scale contains 5 dimensions (educational value, aesthetic value, social value, spiritual value, and entertainment value) and 16 items were compiled and verified. (3) Through the criterion validity test, the study found the impact of different dimensions on potential tourists' travel intention. (4) Finally, the research provides strategies for the construction of digital cultural ecosystem service in national parks.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
孙佼佼, 郭英之.
SUN Jiao-jiao, GUO Ying-zhi.
在对自然地文化质量评价过程中,文化生态系统服务(CES)是指人们从生态系统中通过精神丰富、认知发展、反思、娱乐和审美体验获得的非物质利益[8,9]。这一概念基于更广泛的生态系统服务理念,即生态系统所形成的,使人类获得直接和间接惠益的环境条件与效用[10]。文化生态系统服务强调文化内容与价值,是生态系统服务的重要组成部分[11],它将生态与文化活动联系起来,反映了人与生态之间的交互质量[12]。高质量的文化生态系统服务有助于提升人的福祉[13,14],推动国民更好地理解自然,推进社会公众对自然保护地的支持。Fish等[15]提出文化生态系统服务具有的三维益处,即身份认同、体验、能力。具体到旅游情境中,旅游地被视为一个整体的社会—生态系统[16],是融合了人类社会与自然的复杂互动和反馈[17],资源的不同利用方式也会对社会—生态系统产生影响[18,19],因此也出现了“生态系统服务社会价值”(Social Values for Ecosystem Services,SolVES)[20]等概念。对于国家公园的参观与管理来说,生态系统具有特殊的社会价值[21],其核心目标在于造福人类社会[22],游客是生态系统服务的关键受益人,最看重文化服务[23]。当下,对于文化生态系统进行精确定位的需求日益上升,也产生了对文化生态系统服务量化研究的需求。
在文化生态系统服务的评价与测量方面,以往研究主要关注经济层面,例如使用市场价值法测度文化传承功能[24]。近来,学者也从多维度进行衡量,罗琦等[25]确定了八类文化服务,包括生理及精神健康、灵感美学价值、教育研究价值、精神宗教价值、文化遗产价值、地方感/故土情结、休闲娱乐价值等。国外研究者提出的文化生态系统价值评估的指标包括娱乐和生态旅游美学价值观、精神和宗教价值观、教育价值观、文化遗产价值观、内在和存在价值、灵感、地方感、知识体系、社会关系和文化多样性等[26]。与此同时,研究者也对具体情境下的自然保护地体验进行了测量。陈东军等[27]提出了国家公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系,包括教育价值、游憩价值、环境条件、相关设施及服务;从可持续性角度,张丛林等[28]使用的指标包括旅游吸引物保护、游客管理、文化遗产保护、景区景点解说、知识产权、游客参与可持续发展;从旅游角度,张业臣等[29]分析了国家公园生态系统服务中的美学价值、经济价值、未来价值、文化价值、休闲娱乐价值、历史价值、精神价值、学习价值等。
总体来看,以往对文化生态系统服务的研究视角以供给方为主[30],但在未来,旅游资源评价将更注重个体需求和体验,新技术的应用也将扮演更重要的角色[31]。尤其是在数字时代背景下,国家公园的网络建设大规模开启。以往国家公园的文化生态系统通过实地文化服务实现自然保护、科研、教育、游憩等综合功能[32],数字化背景下,传统功能日益在网络平台实现,数字文化生态系统服务成为传统文化生态系统服务的重要拓展,它以数字平台为依托,以数字化参与为渠道,以数字化体验为方式,拓展、创新和实现保护地的文化生态系统服务功能,为受众提供基于文化的非物质利益。数字化平台对传统文化生态系统服务的拓展体现在两方面:第一,自然保护地建设的官网等网络平台成为国民在实际出行之前的首要体验渠道,影响着潜在参观者的出游意愿;第二,由于国家公园在接待实地参观者时受到生态承载力的限制,数字平台能为更大规模的国民提供了解和体验国家公园的关键渠道。在这一背景下,国家公园如何建设高质量的数字文化生态服务体系,如何科学地对其评价,都成为学术研究的当务之急。基于此,本文提出数字文化生态系统服务(Digital-Cultural Ecosystem Service,D-CES)的概念,挖掘其内涵与维度,探索其评价指标。
1 研究方法与数据来源
1.1 研究案例地选取
案例地选取中国五个国家公园的网络空间,包括三江源国家公园、海南热带雨林国家公园、大熊猫国家公园、东北虎豹国家公园、武夷山国家公园。以上五个国家公园是中国首批国家公园,地理区位涵盖西部地区、南海地区、东北地区等;包含了青藏高原高寒生态系统、岛屿型热带雨林自然资源系统、生物多样性保护示范区、温带森林生态系统、世界文化和自然“双遗产”代表,在自然资源特征、文化和社会价值等多维度具有代表性,且均已由管理部门建立系统化的线上平台,提供数字化生态系统服务。五个平台的一级主题分别为:(1)海南热带雨林国家公园:国家公园简介、国家公园动态、国家公园分局、雨林漫游、雨林课堂和关于我们,首页提供720°全景观赏和视频漫游;(2)三江源国家公园:首页、公园新闻、关于公园、政务公开、公园视觉、走进公园,首页提供图片和3D视频;(3)大熊猫国家公园:走进公园、新闻中心、生态体验、社会参与、熊猫乐园,首页提供图片和视频;(4)东北虎豹国家公园:首页、关于我们、新闻中心、政策法规、自然资源、保护监测、党建园地,首页提供视频和图片;(5)武夷山国家公园:公园概况、政务公开、公众参与、公园印象、影像公园、下载中心、入园申请,首页提供图片。综合看来,五个国家公园的数字化空间建设采用了文字、图片、视频和直播,展示内容以风景、自然科普、政策介绍和新闻宣传为主。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 基于质性数据的扎根理论分析
质性阶段结合数字化田野调查与情境化访谈法。数字化田野调查是将基于数字沟通的虚拟空间作为田野的研究对象,实现高程度的非参与观察[33],该阶段为内容分析和访谈设计采集材料,奠定基础。在民族志实践中,情境包括凝聚在访谈者、被访谈者以及相关时空和实践内的结构[34]。本文中情境化访谈是指先由被访者阅读或观看指定材料,进入连接式共生的数字化情境[35],在此基础上进行深度访谈。该阶段时间为2021年8月2-18日,选取20位被访者,年龄区间为22岁及以下5人、23~30岁6人、31~40岁5人、41~50岁2人、51~60岁1人,61岁以上1人;教育程度为高中及以下3人,本科11人,研究生6人;包括11位男性和9位女性。请被访者用30分钟浏览上述案例地的5个网站,根据个人兴趣自由选择浏览内容或进行网站参与。在完成体验后,对其进行半结构化访谈,问题围绕:(1)您在网站中观看和参与了哪些内容?(2)您对哪些内容印象最深?(3)您最喜欢哪些内容?(4)您体验到了什么价值与收获?平均访谈时间为15~25分钟,访谈后将录音整理为文字,共获得60280字的文本。基于质性阶段获取的文本,研究进行扎根理论分析。扎根理论适用于从原始材料中建构出系统的概念维度,是一种“发现的方法”,对文字分析具有精确性[36]。分析过程采用最重要的质性分析软件之一,Maxqda,该技术能够实现文字的统计化分析,挖掘出文本对象的固有性质[37]。分析过程包含三阶段编码,即开放编码、主轴编码和选择编码。研究者首先通过共识的词汇进行编码,进而根据编码类属的相似性将其划分为概念类属(Categories),最后根据类属的相关性提炼主题(Theme)[38]。为确保编码的可信度,研究采用类属一致性指标(Category Agreement,CA),当其一致性大于70%时,视为可信[39]。本文类属一致性指标为89.21%,有效提炼出数字文化生态系统服务(D-CES)主题类属与概念类属。
1.2.2 三阶段量化数据分析
量化数据采集分为三阶段。第一阶段时间为2021年8月25-30日,首先根据质性分析获得的概念类属编制问卷,邀请5位相关领域的研究者和5位随机人员对问卷题项内容进行预调查,优化问项,基于反馈对措辞进行完善,确保其具有精确性、清晰性。
第二阶段是探索性阶段,采用线上问卷发放,问卷开端附有五个国家公园的网站链接,请作答者使用至少10分钟浏览5个网站的网页,然后填答问卷主体部分的人口统计信息和D-CES测量题项。该阶段时间为2021年9月5日至10月5日,共发放问卷300份,回收282份,有效问卷256份,有效率为90.8%。其中44.1%为男性,55.9%为女性;年龄区间22岁及以下、23~30岁、31~40岁、41~50岁、51~60岁和61岁以上的比例分别为12.5%、38.7%、23.4%、15.6%、6.3%和3.5%;职业包含企业职员、个体经营者、教育科研人员、学生和政府职员,分别占27.3%、24.2%、19.1%、13.3%和8.2%,其他占比7.9%;月收入以2000~5000元和5000~8000元为主,受教育程度以大学本科为主。探索性因子分析基于第一轮的问卷回收结果进行分析,删除不符合条件的指标题项,对符合条件的题项进行主成分分析,并对大类进行命名,初步确定D-CES的测量指标。
第三阶段验证问卷和效标效度检验,该阶段时间为2021年10月12日至11月12日,采用线上问卷发放,问卷开头附有五个国家公园的网站链接,请作答者使用至少10分钟浏览5个网站的网页,然后填答问卷。该阶段问卷除人口统计信息和D-CES测量题项之外,还包含验证性阶段需测量的出游意愿。该阶段共发放问卷350份,回收345份,有效问卷321份,有效率为93.0%。其中41.4%为男性,58.6%为女性;年龄区间22岁及以下、23~30岁、31~40岁、41~50岁、51~60岁和61岁以上的比例分别为10.0%、41.1%、35.2%、8.7%、3.1%和1.9%;职业包括企业职员、教育科研人员、个体经营者、政府职员和学生,分别占比36.1%、19.3%、15.9%、11.2%和9.7%,其他职业占比7.8%。月收入以2000~5000元和5000~8000元为主,受教育程度以大学本科为主。在效标效度检验中,出游意愿的测量量表基于华成钢等[40]的问卷进行调整,题项包括“预计在不久的将来,我将会去该地旅行”“如果时间允许,我想尽快前往该地旅行”“如果资金允许,我想尽快前往该地旅行”和“如果各个条件允许,我将近期前往该地旅行”。量化阶段采用的分析软件为SPSS 22.0和Amos 22.0。
2 结果分析
2.1 质量框架概念与主题类属探索
以传统的文化生态系统服务CES概念为基础,本文提出自然保护地数字文化生态系统服务(D-CES)概念,是指“人们从自然保护地所建设的数字化平台中,通过精神丰富、认知发展、反思、娱乐和审美体验获得的非物质利益”。通过质性分析,研究初步挖掘了数字文化生态系统服务的五大主题类属和18个概念类属。分别为教育价值,主要指数字文化生态系统服务提供的知识内涵,包括思想政治知识、动植物知识、地理环境知识、国家社会知识、世界生态知识;美学价值,指数字文化生态系统服务通过文本、图像、视频等文化创作内容提供的美学体验,包括自然美学、人文美学、生活美学、思想美学;社交价值,指数字文化生态系统服务提供的线上社交渠道和线下社交延展功能,以志愿者社交和公民意见参与为主要体现;精神价值,指观者通过数字文化生态系统服务获得的精神利益,包括身份认同、公民责任、审美哲思;娱乐价值,指数字平台体验者获得的娱乐体验价值,包括图文影欣赏体验、数字直播参与体验,以及基于线上体验而产生的预期游憩体验(表1)。
表1 文化生态系统服务的范畴化与概念化过程
Table 1
主题类属 | 概念类属 | 初步编码(示例) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | 主题类属名 | 编码数 | No | 概念类属名 | ||
Ca1 | 教育价值 | 122 | Ca1-Co1 | 动植物知识 | 珍惜物种/雨林风光/植物/动物品种/动物救治 | |
Ca1-Co2 | 地理环境知识 | 新能源/南北差异/动物习性/季节特征/区域文化 | ||||
Ca1-Co3 | 文化社会知识 | 国家公园/生态保护/理解科研/社区发展/文化遗产 | ||||
Ca1-Co4 | 政策制度知识 | 政策法规/管理制度/政府报表/执法/领导班子 | ||||
Ca1-Co5 | 世界生态知识 | 世界文化遗产/世界自然遗产/人与生物圈 | ||||
Ca2 | 美学价值 | 109 | Ca2-Co1 | 自然美学 | 自然色彩/山景/草原景观/高原空气/水景/森林景 | |
Ca2-Co2 | 人文美学 | 手艺文化/书法文化/康巴婚俗/黎族织锦/建筑美学 | ||||
Ca2-Co3 | 生活美学 | 美食文化/民俗特色/处处是景观/日常观景/疫情调剂 | ||||
Ca2-Co4 | 思想美学 | 心情开阔/人与自然关系/人与动物权利 | ||||
Ca3 | 社交价值 | 95 | Ca3-Co1 | 志愿者社交 | 志愿者招募/期待线下社团活动/群聊 | |
Ca3-Co2 | 公民意见参与 | 局长信箱/社区活动/举报电话/留言板 | ||||
Ca3-Co3 | 线下社交延展 | 信息分享/品味提升/聊天谈资/带亲友前往/在手机上共享美景 | ||||
Ca4 | 精神价值 | 78 | Ca4-Co1 | 身份认同 | 中国人/国土情怀/想家/地域精神 | |
Ca4-Co2 | 公民责任 | 保护/监督/提醒别人/自律/教育孩子 | ||||
Ca4-Co3 | 审美哲思 | 天人合一/精神升华/人民的创造力 | ||||
Ca5 | 娱乐价值 | 71 | Ca5-Co1 | 预期游憩体验 | 期待/想象/散心/置身其中/提上日程 | |
Ca5-Co2 | 图文影欣赏体验 | 视觉享受/看后心情好/3D体验/感慨科技 | ||||
Ca5-Co3 | 数字直播参与体验 | 好像身处其中/公园直播/即时体验 |
2.2 量表验证结果
2.2.1 探索性因子分析
在探索性分析阶段,首先进行Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)和Bartlett's检验,结果显示KMO值为0.866,Bartlett球形检验值为2731.061,说明数据适合进行因子分析。进而采用主成分因子分析法,提取特征值大于1的因子,通过最大方差法转化数据以便进行解释。表2显示探索性因子分析结果,共产生了5个公因子的特征值大于1,其中“通过浏览上述网站,我获得了世界生态知识”和“通过浏览上述网站,我进行了深度思考,体验到了思想美学”两个题项的因子负荷低于0.5,从而被排除。问卷的Cronbach's α值为0.868。
表2 探索性因子分析
Table 2
维度 | 观测变量 | 因子载荷 | 特征值 | 总方差解释/% | Cronbach's α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
教育价值 | 动植物知识 | 0.783 | 6.573 | 18.623 | 0.880 |
地理环境知识 | 0.822 | ||||
文化社会知识 | 0.700 | ||||
政策制度知识 | 0.749 | ||||
美学价值 | 自然美学 | 0.881 | 2.443 | 16.724 | 0.882 |
人文美学 | 0.818 | ||||
生活美学 | 0.868 | ||||
社交价值 | 志愿者社交 | 0.870 | 1.828 | 14.666 | 0.911 |
公民意见参与 | 0.867 | ||||
线下社交延展 | 0.824 | ||||
精神价值 | 身份认同 | 0.749 | 1.327 | 12.356 | 0.742 |
公民责任 | 0.832 | ||||
审美哲思 | 0.833 | ||||
娱乐价值 | 预期游憩体验 | 0.788 | 1.106 | 11.298 | 0.779 |
图文影欣赏体验 | 0.661 | ||||
数字直播参与体验 | 0.779 |
第一个维度共包含4个题项,为动植物知识、地理环境知识、文化社会知识、政策制度知识,能够解释18.623%的总方差,此4个题项都与网站提供内容的知识和教育价值相关,因此将该因子命名为教育价值;第二个维度共包含3个题项,为自然美学、人文美学、生活美学,能够解释16.724%的方差,此3个题项都与网站激发的审美收获相关,因此命名为美学价值;第三个维度包含3个题项,为志愿者社交、公民意见参与、线下社交延展,能够解释14.666%的总方差,此3个题项都与网站提供的社会参与和交往价值相关,因此命名为社交价值;第四个维度包含3个题项,为身份认同、公民责任和审美哲思,能够解释12.356%的总方差,此3个题项都与获取的精神体验价值相关,因此命名为精神价值;第五个维度包含3个题项,为预期游憩体验、图文影欣赏体验、数字直播参与体验,能够解释11.298%的总方差,此3个题项与网站提供的预期娱乐价值有关,因此命名为娱乐价值。
2.2.2 验证性因子分析
使用AMOS进行验证性因子分析以确定最终量表,得到测量模型的各项拟合指标,分别为:χ2值为196.022,CMIN/df值为2.085,介于1~3之间,表明模型的拟合度可以接受。RMSEA值为0.058,小于0.08,GFI、CFI、NNFI和IFI值分别为0.928、0.967、0.958和0.968,均大于0.900,结果理想。在结构效度方面,研究检验了两种类型的效度:收敛效度和区分效度。收敛效度指某一特定结构的指标在多大程度上趋同或共享多大比例的共同差异。分析结果如表3,各题项的标准化因子载荷在0.562~0.904之间,5个因子的AVE值在0.556~0.775之间,说明50%以上的总方差可以由观测变量解释,满足要求。问卷的Cronbach's α为0.889。
表3 验证性因子分析
Table 3
变量 | FL | Cronbach's α | CR | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
教育价值 | 动植物知识 | 0.904 | 0.887 | 0.892 | 0.681 |
地理环境知识 | 0.889 | ||||
文化社会知识 | 0.894 | ||||
政策制度知识 | 0.562 | ||||
美学价值 | 自然美学 | 0.899 | 0.836 | 0.912 | 0.775 |
人文美学 | 0.867 | ||||
生活美学 | 0.875 | ||||
社交价值 | 志愿者社交 | 0.882 | 0.911 | 0.888 | 0.728 |
公民意见参与 | 0.933 | ||||
线下社交延展 | 0.732 | ||||
精神价值 | 身份认同 | 0.604 | 0.783 | 0.791 | 0.563 |
公民责任 | 0.853 | ||||
审美哲思 | 0.772 | ||||
娱乐价值 | 预期游憩体验 | 0.738 | 0.788 | 0.789 | 0.556 |
图文影欣赏体验 | 0.792 | ||||
数字直播参与体验 | 0.704 |
区分效度指一个结构在多大程度上真正区别于其他结构。每个结构之间的相关性将被检验,任何相关系数高于0.8的结构之间会被认为存在潜在的问题。区分效度通常通过比较某结构的AVE平方根与该结构和其他结构的相关系数来评估,AVE的平方根大于相关系数说明结构间存在区分效度。根据表4所示,所有AVE的平方根均大于相应的相关系数,区分效度得到支持。
表4 量表的区分效度
Table 4
维度 | 教育价值 | 美学价值 | 社交价值 | 精神价值 | 娱乐价值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
教育价值 | 0.825 | ||||
美学价值 | 0.680*** | 0.880 | |||
社交价值 | 0.201*** | 0.289*** | 0.853 | ||
精神价值 | 0.407*** | 0.394*** | 0.247*** | 0.750 | |
娱乐价值 | 0.524*** | 0.566*** | 0.498*** | 0.526*** | 0.746 |
注:对角线为AVE的平方根;***表示P<0.001,下同。
2.3 效标效度检验结果
通过检验D-CES质量对出游意愿的预测效果来检验校标效度,分析发现,该模型的拟合结果较好(表5),其中χ2值为366.582,CMIN/df值为2.676,介于1~3之间,表明模型的拟合度可以接受。RMSEA值为0.072,小于0.080,CFI、NNFI和IFI值分别为0.943、0.929和0.943,大于0.900,结果比较理想。总体来看,收集到的数据与理论模型之间的拟合效果较好。
表5 效标效度检验
Table 5
变量 | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
教育价值→出游意愿 | 0.196 | 0.075 | 2.602 | 0.009** |
美学价值→出游意愿 | 0.531 | 0.069 | 7.679 | *** |
社交价值→出游意愿 | 0.096 | 0.048 | 2.006 | 0.045* |
精神价值→出游意愿 | 0.344 | 0.089 | 3.880 | *** |
娱乐价值→出游意愿 | 0.100 | 0.087 | 1.147 | 0.251 |
注:**表示P<0.01,*表示P<0.05。
3 结论与讨论
3.1 结论
针对中国自然保护地的独特属性,在数字化发展的背景下,基于传统的文化生态系统服务概念提出“数字文化生态系统服务”(D-CES)概念,开发与验证了量表。研究结论如下:
首先,研究以质性分析为基础,探索了“数字文化生态系统服务”体验的五大主题类属和18个概念类属。第一类教育价值,包括动植物知识、地理环境知识、文化社会知识、政策制度知识和世界生态知识;第二类美学价值,包含自然美学、人文美学、生活美学、思想美学;第三类社交价值,体现为组织层面提供国家公园志愿者交往平台,在制度层面提供公民对生态保护地意见参与的渠道,并且通过数字平台,实现了线下社交功能的延展,通过从上述网站中获得的信息或体验,为观者进行线下社交提供了交谈或交往要素;第四类精神价值,包含身份认同、公民责任、审美哲思;第五类娱乐价值,包含通过浏览网站获得的图文影欣赏体验、数字直播参与体验和预期游憩体验。
其次,研究编制并验证了自然保护地“数字文化生态系统服务”评价量表,通过探索性与验证性分析,删除了未符合条件的指标,即教育价值中的“世界生态知识”和美学价值中的“思想美学”,最终确定的量表包括五大维度(教育价值、美学价值、社交价值、精神价值和娱乐价值)和16个二级测量指标(动植物知识、地理环境知识、文化社会知识、政策制度知识、自然美学、人文美学、生活美学、志愿者社交、公民意见参与、线下社交延展、身份认同、公民责任、审美哲思、预期游憩体验、图文影欣赏体验和数字直播参与体验)。
第三,研究以出游意愿为对象,对量表进行效标效度检验,在数字层面检验了国家公园文化生态系统服务的价值体验对行为意愿的影响,发现教育价值、美学价值、社交价值、精神价值对出游意愿产生显著正向影响;娱乐价值对出游意愿的影响不显著。其中,美学价值对出游意愿产生了最大的路径系数,数字平台呈现的“美”作为视觉刺激物,激发了观者对具身实地体验的向往,对出游意愿产生了高度的积极影响。
3.2 讨论
本文在网络时代探索了中国国家公园数字空间中的生态系统服务。由于国家公园受到生态承载力的限制,能够接待的实地参观者数量有限,因此其公益功能和社会责任需要寻求新的渠道得以实现;另一方面,数字技术,包括虚拟现实技术、3D视频技术、直播技术的发展,使得网络能为参观者提供更丰富、更多维、更全面的体验。因此,国家公园所建设的官方网站等数字平台成为大多数国民体验生态系统服务的核心渠道。
理论贡献上,以往研究已证明生态系统服务提供的经济价值[41],本文在新时代拓展了其精神价值,并在传统生态系统服务的地区生态网络空间[42]之外,创新文化生态系统服务的数字空间理论,探索了其不同于实地生态系统服务的性质和特征。研究发现了以往教育、运动、生活等体验[43]之外的美学价值、社交价值与精神价值和娱乐价值在数字文化生态系统服务评价中的重要性,体现出中国国家公园的多重属性。基于此,研究开发了国家公园数字化文化生态系统(D-CES)量表,为以国家公园为代表的自然保护地的评价提供了创新性的测量、评估和比较的科学依据。此外,以往研究发现普通公众对国家公园的了解不足[23],针对这一问题,数字化平台有助于普及国家公园理念,提升社会参与和认知,从而产生的教育价值、精神价值、社交价值和美学价值能提升出游意愿,尤其美学价值能对出游意愿产生较大的积极影响。
因此,对于国家公园管理方来说,数字化文化生态服务系统通过平台技术能提升国家公园文化生态系统的附加值,不仅成为国家公园在数字时代的资源重组空间、展示空间和创新空间,也能通过非实地的参观方式保护实地环境;对于数字服务使用者来说,能够得益于数字平台的摄影艺术,视频处理等技术,更直观、更全面地体验国家公园多维度的知识内容、精神内涵、社交方式、美学体验和娱乐方式,因此也能够产生三方面的效果,一是突破了实地参观可行性上的限制,二是实现了高质量的文化服务质量体验,三是激发了实地出游意愿。
但是,五个国家公园网络平台建设也显示出主客价值共创方面的不足,现有参与主要是单向的,由平台提供渠道(志愿者报名或意见留言),缺乏旅游者主动输出的渠道。未来,可尝试建立游客生成内容(TGC)模块,让实地参与了国家公园活动的旅游者以上传视频或实时互动等方式分享本真性体验,让潜在旅游者在平台进行交流分享,从而促进潜在游客的行为和决策[44]。在用户自主性不断上升的数字时代,用户的输出性和交流性参与有助于国家公园价值共创。毋庸置疑,公益化价值取向是国家公园模式发展的主要动力[45],数字化平台建设为公益推广提供了多触角,数字文化生态系统服务成为以国家公园为代表的自然保护地的重要工具,能够最大化实现其公益化功能、提升国民的生态认知,促进国民体验生态美、文化美和社会美,从而提升总体国民精神福利。本文提供了一个数字文化生态系统服务的评价框架,在未来研究中,可进一步探索其教育价值、交往价值、美学价值等不同维度对游客环境责任意识和行为等的影响方式,从而推动国家公园在新时代的多维度发展。
参考文献
国家公园保护与管理机制建设探讨
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三江源国家公园生态系统服务时空变化及权衡—协同关系
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180898
[本文引用: 1]
本文基于“当量因子法”、空间自相关及相关系数等方法,定量分析了1990—2015年三江源国家公园生态系统服务的时空变化及生态系统服务间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明:① 1990—2015年,三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值呈不断上升趋势,从研究初期的542.37亿元增加至研究末期的834.70亿元,增长292.33亿元,增幅53.90%,每一阶段平均增长率为9.01%;长江源园区与黄河源园区生态系统服务价值占比情况与三江源国家公园整体情况一致,水域的生态系统服务价值最高,其次为草地、湿地,其中草地与水域提供了各园区90%以上的生态服务;澜沧江源园区的生态系统服务占比则为草地(70.58%)、湿地(23.58%)、水域(3.38%)。② 空间上,长江源园区及澜沧江源园区的生态系统服务价值呈东南高西北低的特征;黄河源园区则呈现西高东低特征。③ 相关分析表明,协同关系是三江源国家公园生态系统服务之间的主导关系,但各生态系统服务之间的相关程度各异。④ 数量方面,4类典型生态服务之间的权衡与协同关系的Moran′s I指数与相关性系数表现一致;空间分析方面,生态系统服务之间权衡与协同关系的异质性显著。
Spatial-temporal change and trade-off/synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services in Three-River-Source National Park
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180898
[本文引用: 1]
It is of great significance to carry out the research on the changes of National Park ecosystem services and the trade-off and synergy to realize the strictest ecological protection, promote the construction of ecological civilization and realize the sustainable development of the region. In this paper, the Three-River-Source National Park was taken as an example. Firstly, the terrestrial ecosystem service accounting method was used to measure the ecosystem services (including 4 kinds and 11 types) from 1990 to 2015, and we revised the accounting results by using the contribution rate of ecosystem services value. Then the characteristics of its temporal and spatial changes during the study period were analyzed. Finally, the trade-off/synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services were quantitatively analyzed based on bivariate local spatial autocorrelation and correlation coefficient in different periods. The results showed that: (1) The value of the ecosystem services of the Three-River-Source National Park increased from 54.237 billion in 1990 to 83.47 billion in 2015, an increase of 29.233 billion, or up by 53.90%, and the average growth rate at each stage was 9.01%. The value ratio of ecosystem services of the Changjiang and Huanghe river source national parks is consistent with the overall situation of the park, and the water areas provided the highest value of ecosystem services, followed by grassland and wetland. Grassland and water supply more than 90% of the ecological services of the park. But the grasslands provided the highest (70.58%) value of ecosystem services in the Lancang River Source National Park, and followed by wetlands (23.58%) and water areas (3.38%). (2) The ecosystem services value increased from northwest to southeast in Changjiang and Lancang river source national parks, but the ecosystem services value presented the characteristics of "higher in the east but low in the west" in Huanghe River Source National Park. Correlation analysis showed that synergy was the dominate relationship among ecosystem services in the Three-River-Source National Park, but the correlation degree among ecosystem services varied. (3) In quantity, the global Moran′s I index and the correlation coefficient of the trade-off and synergy among the four typical ecological services were consistent. And there was significant heterogeneity of trade-off/synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services in terms of spatial pattern.
国家公园灾害风险管理研究与实践及其对中国的启示
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210408
[本文引用: 1]
自然保护地是区域灾害风险管理热点地区,国家公园是自然保护地体系的重要组成部分。国家公园管理目标的多样性决定其暴露在多种致灾因子下的承灾体多样性,使其灾害风险管理极具综合性。从国家公园管理职责、管理规划实践与科学研究热点出发,总结国家公园灾害风险管理的总体理念、共性与差异,将其置于社会—生态系统管理框架内,提出对中国国家公园体制试点区灾害风险管理的三个启示:(1)灾害风险管理是实现国家公园多重管理目标的必然需求;(2)灾害风险管理要重视维持国家公园社会—生态系统的理想状态;(3)灾害风险管理需要采用“整体”思想,在“愿景—目标—目的”的“层级式”管理目标下协调各部门,以适应性管理方式开展。
Practice of disaster risk management in global national parks and its enlightenment to China
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210408 URL [本文引用: 1]
自然保护地的文化景观价值演变与识别: 以泰山为例
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190904
[本文引用: 1]
中国的自然保护地具有生态和文化双重价值,文化景观作为自然与文化的交界面,如何识别其价值对中国自然保护地的管理至关重要。以泰山为例,通过古籍文献和实地勘察等方法,从历时性角度对泰山的文化景观价值演变进行剖析。研究发现,泰山文化景观价值经历了山岳崇拜的自然价值、君权神授的政治价值、佛道信仰的宗教价值、祭祀游居的民俗价值及保护利用的综合价值五个阶段。结论认为:自然保护地文化景观价值的演变具有一定的规律性:名山自然保护地的文化景观价值演变是从自然到文化再到综合、从御到民、从单一到多元、从分离到融合的过程;自然保护地文化景观价值的构成要素包括思想基础、环境条件、行为方式及空间结果四部分,具有鲜明的完整性、系统性和动态性特征。文章还对自然保护地文化景观价值的识别策略进行了讨论,为相应类型的国家公园和其他类型自然保护地建设提供参考。
The evolution and identification of cultural landscape value in protected areas: A case of Mount Tai
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中国国家公园建设潜在区域识别研究
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20180616
[本文引用: 1]
国家公园是保护具有国家代表性资源的自然生态区域,建设国家公园体制是中国国土生态安全保障和生态文明体制改革的重要内容。论文基于国际经验、国家公园功能和政策内涵,依据国家公园主导定位和生态系统服务理念,构建了包含6个关键指标的综合评价模型,包括生态系统完整性、生态重要性、原真性、生物多样性、自然景观价值与人文遗产价值,分别进行单一要素层评价和多指标空间叠加分析,再结合中国生态地理区划、生态功能区划和省级行政区管理等因素进行比对和范围遴选提取,初步确定了中国国家公园建设的潜在区域。结果表明,生态系统完整性、生态重要性、生物多样性、原真性的高值集聚区域具有趋同性,生态系统完整性较好的区域,承担着重要的生态功能,生物多样性也较高,原真性保存较好。中国三大阶梯与自然地理区域的叠加分布特征明显,东西部潜在区域的面积差异较大,西部地区的空间连续性较强,潜在区域的跨界性较为明显。初步遴选出55处未来可以重点考虑建设的陆地型国家公园潜在区域。研究可为中国国家公园建设合理布局提供方法参考和理论借鉴。
Research on identification of potential regions of national parks in China
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20180616
[本文引用: 1]
National park is a natural ecological region with national representative resources, and the construction of national park system is an important part of China’s land ecological security and ecological civilization system reform. According to the dominant position of national park and the concept of ecosystem service, this paper build the comprehensive evaluation model containing six key indicators including ecological system integrity, ecological importance, authenticityty, biodiversity, natural landscape value and cultural heritage value, based on international experience, national park function and connotation of policy of national park. Single element layer analysis and multi-index superposition analysis were implemented, and then combined with China’s ecological geographic area, ecological function regionalization and provincial-level administrative region, selecting factors are extracted and the potential construction areas of national parks are identified. Results show that, the high ecosystem integrity areas of China distribute obviously in large natural geographical units, including mountainous areas, forests, lakes, grasslands and other ecosystem areas. The authenticity in eastern and central regions, especially coastal areas, plains and urbanization areas, is relatively low. The species diversity in Hengduanshan, Qinling, and Xishuangbanna ecological areas is high. There are spatial concentrations of high natural landscape and cultural heritage value areas, mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along the Heihe-Tengchong Line. Those areas with high values of the ecological system integrity, ecological importance, biological diversity and ecosystem authenticity have strong characteristics of convergence. Areas with good ecosystem integrity often bear important ecological functions, have high biodiversity and are well preserved. The natural geographical areas are obviously superposed on China’s three big ladders. The potential higher score regions in east and west area are of great difference in area that potential regions in the west are more continuous in space and often cross administrative boundaries. In this paper, we select 55 potential areas in total for national park construction in the future. This study can provide a methodological and theoretical reference for the reasonable layout of national park construction in China.
国家保护地体系建设: 西方标准反思与中国路径探讨
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190902
[本文引用: 1]
借鉴西方标准曾对我国保护地制度的建立起到了重要作用。然而,当前国际标准对我国已建立起来的保护地体系已经显现出不适用,因此有必要对其进行反思。回溯我国及世界保护地制度的建立过程及其关联,由于我国在国际保护地标准制定过程中参与度过低,导致我国保护地的特性与发展阶段需求在国际标准中体现不足。我国保护地具有的文化景观属性,即传统的“天人合一”的环境观与西方人和自然对立的思想截然不同。我国保护地面临着保护与发展双重挑战,直接将基于特定人口状况和发展阶段的保护地所制定的标准用于其他状况下的保护地,其合理性存在着问题。应更加批判地看待西方标准,积极探讨可持续和平发展的中国路径。
Construction of national protected areas system: A reflection on the Western-based criteria and exploration of a Chinese approach
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190902
[本文引用: 1]
Learning and borrowing Western experience and criteria played an important role in the establishment of China's modern protected area system. However, at present, after the system took shape, some insufficiency in the international standards have been exposed. For example, they lack a systematic framework for understanding the value of cultural landscapes. Under the favourable circumstances of the recent institutional reform, it is timely to reflect on the tradition of borrowing the Western-based international criteria. This paper first compares the establishment process of the international conservation system with that of China and argues that China was not able to participate in the design and criteria-formulation in the earlier stages, which led to the under-representation of its development phase and the characteristics of the cultural landscape of its protected areas. Secondly, the cultural landscape characteristics of Chinese protected areas are analysed from the perspective of the overlapping geographical distribution of population and the protected areas. It is then pointed out that there has been a distinction between the traditional Chinese concept (syncretism between people and their living environment) and that of the West (the opposition between nature and culture). Thirdly, this paper addresses the dual challenges of conservation and development that Chinese protected areas have been faced with. It challenges the rationality of applying the criteria formulated on the protected areas in a specific population and development context to others in a totally different context. Finally, a more critical view is suggested when we learn from the experience of other countries and deal with the international criteria. It is necessary to take full consideration of the comparability of the human-land relationship and to realise the political implication of international conservation careers as provided by international agreement systems. Meanwhile, it is time to devote more efforts to explore a Chinese approach of sustainable and peaceful development based on the cultural landscape characteristics and developing pressures on Chinese protected areas, which will contribute to a wider range of countries and regions that are faced with similar dual challenges of conservation and development.
近20年国内外国家公园游憩研究综述
DOI:10.18402/resci.2020.11.13
[本文引用: 1]
国家公园游憩研究对保护国家公园生态系统和满足国民游憩需求具有重要意义,是近20年来资源经济学和游憩生态学的研究热点。对2000—2019年间国内外国家公园游憩研究现状及成果进行了系统性总结和梳理,研究发现:①国内外国家公园游憩研究受到广泛关注,相关研究成果主要集中在国家公园游憩的功能分区、业态发展、设施建设、评价、主体、环境影响及管理等7个方面,形成了“一个基础、四大主题、两种手段”的研究内容框架。②国家公园游憩研究方法以定量研究为主、定性研究为辅,基于国家公园大数据和GIS空间分析技术的定性与定量相结合研究需今后重点关注。③欧美学者研究起步早,构建了较为完善的国家公园游憩理论体系与管理框架;比较而言,国内研究仍处于探索阶段,中国学者在国家公园游憩领域进行了较多的本土化尝试,为国际上相关研究提供了中国案例,但理论建构研究相对不足。基于文献梳理与评述,提出未来中国国家公园游憩研究需进一步深入的方向:加强基础理论研究、完善游憩评价技术方法、开展多学科视角的游憩主体研究、深化游憩管理研究,希冀对中国国家公园相关研究及体制试点建设有所启示。
A review of research on national park recreation in the past 20 years
DOI:10.18402/resci.2020.11.13
[本文引用: 1]
The research on national park recreation is of great significance for protecting the national park ecosystem and meeting public recreation needs, and has recently become a hotspot in resource economics and recreation ecology. This article summarized and reviewed the status and achievements of national park recreation research between 2000 and 2019. The results show that: (1) Research on national park recreation in China and internationally has received extensive attention and the number of publications has shown a rapid growth. The existing research mainly focuses on the following seven aspects: national park recreation functional zoning, recreation industry, construction of recreation facilities, recreationist, recreation evaluation, environmental impact, and management. A research framework of “one foundation, four major themes, and two tools” was formed. (2) National park recreation research is mainly based on quantitative methods, supplemented by qualitative research. Research using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods based on national park big data and GIS spatial analysis technology needs to be focused on in the future. (3) Research on national park recreation in Europe and the United States developed earlier than in China, and a relatively complete set of national park recreation theories and management frameworks has been established. In contrast, research in China is still in the exploratory phase. More localized explorations have been carried out in the field of national parks recreation, providing Chinese cases for international research, but theoretical development is relatively insufficient. Based on these findings, the article proposed the following research focus on national park recreation in China in the future: strengthening basic theoretical research, improving evaluation methods, conducting multidisciplinary research on visitors, and improving research on recreation management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to enriching the research on China’s national parks and providing some guidance for Chinese national park recreation management.
Cultural ecosystem services: A literature review and prospects for future research
生态系统服务供需关系研究进展与趋势展望
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210801
[本文引用: 1]
厘清生态系统服务供需关系,对于实现自然资本永续利用与生态系统服务供需协调具有重要意义。结合国内外生态系统服务研究情况,提出了生态系统服务供需关系研究框架,阐释了生态系统服务供需关系形成机制与表现形式,概括了生态系统服务供需关系基本特征,总结了生态系统服务供需关系研究方法,并梳理了未来可能研究方向,以期能够为生态系统服务研究与管理提供参考。总体来看,生态系统服务供需关系产生于两种非排他性机制,主要有簇、权衡、协同与兼容四种表现形式,并具有空间异质性、时间变异性与尺度效应特征;生态系统服务供需关系主要有指数构建与评估、指标统计与分析、情景制定与模拟及空间制图与分析四种研究方法。
Research progress and prospect for the relationships between ecosystem services supplies and demands
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210801 URL [本文引用: 1]
基于生态系统服务的生态承载力: 概念、内涵与评估模型及应用
Ecosystem-service-based ecological carrying capacity: Concept, content, assessment model and application
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.2015.01.001
[本文引用: 1]
With the rapid development of technology and economy recently, environmental issues have presented globally and regionally, absorbing more academic attentions on the relationship between humans and nature. Ecological carrying capacity, one of the theories on this issue, reflects the extent of nature withstanding human activities, and is instructive to mitigate environmental problems and achieve sustainable development. However, compared with resources carrying capacity and environmental carrying capacity appeared before, ecological carrying capacity is more complex and integrated, and is one of the most sophisticated topics in ecology. Nowadays, the research of ecological carrying capacity mostly focuses on assessing the degree of regional sustainable development, which deviates from the original research purpose of carrying capacity, the limits of growths. Meanwhile, attempting to solve all the problems in the process of regional development, such as resources crisis, environmental pollution, ecological degradation, and so on, ecological carrying capacity becomes the research tool of research regional" natural-social-economic"complex system, which can be understood as regional carrying capacity. This paper analyzes the connotation of ecological carrying capacity in the view of ecosystem, and researches ecological carrying capacity from the perspective of ecosystem services, returning to the limits to growths, the original research purpose of carrying capacity. Based on review related papers, this paper proposes the concept and assessment model of Ecosystem- Service-based Ecological Carrying Capacity (ESECC) with"ecosystem-ecosystem services- the scale of population and economy (carrying capacity)"as its main line. ESECC is the population and the scale of the economy supported by ecosystem services which is determined by ecological structures, processes and spatial pattern. And ESECC can be acquired by selecting the minimum from all the carrying capacities of every ecosystem service closely related to human beings as regional ecological carrying capacity. In order to choose the types of ecosystem services, this paper classifies ecosystem services into direct ecosystem services and indirect ecosystem services on the principle of the degree of relationship between mankind's activities and ecosystem services firstly, and the first is the types of ecosystem services in ESECC assessment model. Then, based on consumable characteristic of ecosystem services, direct ecosystem services is classified into consumable-direct ecosystem services and inconsumable- direct ecosystem services, and limiting factor in ESECC assessment model mostly includes the first one. Thirdly, according to the usage of ecosystem services currently, this paper chooses seven consumable-direct ecosystem services to assessment ESECC, including food supply, biomaterial supply, core wood supply, freshwater supply, sewage purification, waste gas absorbability, and solid waste accommodation. In the fourth section of this paper, the assessment model is applied to Honghe County, Yunnan Province.
Understanding the dynamics and factors affecting cultural ecosystem services during urbanization through spatial pattern analysis and a mixed-methods approach
Under the guidance of the eternal blue sky: Cultural ecosystem services that support well-being in Mongolian pastureland
DOI:10.1080/01426397.2021.1885636 URL [本文引用: 1]
Crowdsourcing indicators for cultural ecosystem services: A geographically weighted approach for mountain landscapes
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.042 URL [本文引用: 1]
Conceptualising cultural ecosystem services: A novel framework for research and critical engagement
DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.002 URL [本文引用: 1]
国外旅游地社会—生态系统恢复力研究进展与启示
Research progress and enlightenment of tourism socio-ecological system resilience in foreign countries
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.2014.05.017
[本文引用: 1]
Resilience thinking and method are applied to socio-ecological system, providing a fresh and useful way to explore global sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is an important part of global sustainable development and tourism destination also is an important socio-ecological system. Therefore, resilience theory can better explain the complexity, dynamic and synthesis of tourism destination. It has become an important way to study the tourism sustainable development. It is conducive to better understand the changing relationship between tourism and environment. Based on a large number of foreign studies on socioecological system resilience, this article provides an overview of the related theories and summarizes the scale, the object, the methods and the contents on resilience. Scales in these case studies include large, medium and small scales. The objects are divided into two categories, one is for different types of tourist destinations, such as protected areas, national parks, etc., and the other is the key factors and interference factors of socio-ecological system of tourism destinations, such as communities, stakeholders, and other sudden events. In research methods, currently studies use sociological survey methods, statistical methods, mathematical modeling and GIS and remote sensing, etc. In research contents, studies focused on the understanding tourism socio-ecological system, analyzing relationship between resilience and other concepts, identifying the threshold and driving factors, building the conceptual model and quantitative assessment, adaptive management, and so on. Foreign scholars currently have reached a consensus on tourism socio-ecological system. First, tourism should be included in socio-ecological system. Second, resilience thinking and methods are suitable for tourism socio-ecological system research. At the same time, there are indiscriminate use, such as resilience, sustainability, vulnerability and sensitivity, etc. Therefore, we suggest some future study for better understanding tourism socio-ecological system resilience. There are still critical questions to be solved in the future.
基于扰沌模型的青藏高原放牧社会—生态系统分析
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210816
[本文引用: 1]
青藏高原的放牧系统具有重要的生态和生计意义,但目前正受到气候变化和人为干扰的双重威胁。为寻找改善现状的着力点,有必要探究青藏高原放牧系统的现状与演变趋势。以青藏高原东北部的共和县为例,基于历史统计数据、地方志与文献资料,在社会—生态系统的视角下,运用描述系统演变的扰沌模型,分析共和县放牧社会—生态系统的历史变迁、现状以及未来发展趋势。其中与经济相关的家庭生计—市场子系统目前处于平稳积累资源阶段,与生态相关的草—畜子系统处于释放阶段的早期,社会子系统处于偏离正常轨迹的重组阶段。草—畜子系统的情况恶化并将为更大时空尺度的社会子系统带来负面影响。未来要注意防止家庭畜牧生产与畜牧业市场的过度连接,维护畜牧产业链上的获益公平,提升牧民收入来源多样化程度;注重草地治理,提升基层监理队伍的数量和质量,鼓励合作社优化畜群结构从而与草地匹配,制定合理的政策帮助牧民社会适应外来变化。
Analysis of a pastoral social-ecological system in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on Panarchy
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210816 URL [本文引用: 1]
青藏高原不同草地利用方式产生的原因及其对社会—生态系统的影响研究进展
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.20161195
[本文引用: 1]
20世纪90年代,青藏高原地区开始推行草地承包到户制度,但因种种原因,草地承包落实并不彻底,出现了单户利用和联户利用共存的局面。两种利用方式产生的原因及各自对社会-生态系统的影响引起了学术界的高度关注,已有众多研究人员对此问题进行了深入研究。论文通过对国内外相关文献的分析和总结,对这一研究领域中所取得的主要进展进行了回顾,并凝练出其中存在的主要问题,如对单户利用正面影响和对联户利用负面影响的认识不足等。在此基础上,有针对性地指出了未来研究应予以加强的几个方面,尤其需加强单户和联户利用的实证对比研究。
Advance in the reasons for two different grassland use patterns formed and their each effects on the socio-ecological system on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
气象干旱对甘肃省榆中县乡村社会—生态系统的影响
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190914
[本文引用: 1]
干旱影响研究是干旱及半干旱地区人地关系研究的重要内容,社会—生态系统的视角为西北地区生态脆弱—贫困区的可持续性研究提供了新的思路。选取甘肃省榆中县为研究区,运用标准化降水指数、干旱经济损失估算模型和GIS分析工具,分析干旱对粮食产量、经济发展和农户家庭的影响,归纳干旱对乡村社会—生态系统的影响机制。研究结果表明:(1)1960-2015年,榆中县气象干旱程度较强,且与粮食产量呈显著正相关,尤其对榆中县南、北部山区的粮食产量影响显著;(2)气象干旱造成的经济损失具有频率高和空间分布广的特征,经济损失严重区集中在榆中县南、北部山区;(3)农户家庭受灾面积较大,农作物减产和家庭收入损失明显,气象干旱造成的粮食安全问题严重,且“纯农型”家庭收入损失和粮食安全问题尤为突出;(4)水资源利用环、产量环、收入环—生计环和经济环为干旱影响社会—生态系统运行机制的关键环节。
Impacts of meteorological drought on social-ecological system in rural areas of Yuzhong county in Gansu province
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190914
[本文引用: 1]
Impacts of drought play a vital role in studies on human-environment relationship in arid and semiarid regions. The assessment on the impacts of drought on social-ecological system in rural areas provides a new thinking for human-environment system sustainability of ecological fragile-poverty zone in Northwest China. The article analyses the impacts of drought on grain yield, economic development and rural household family. Then, it concludes impact mechanism of meteorological drought on social-ecological system in rural areas, applying Standardized Precipitation Index, economic loss of drought model and analysis tool of GIS. The main results include: (1) There is significant positive correlation between drought intensity and grain yield especially in the southern and northern parts of Yuzhong county, where drought intensity is high in 1960-2015. (2) Serious economy loss caused by drought characterized with high frequency and wide distribution occurs in the southern and northern parts of Yuzhong county. (3) Drought causes reduction of agricultural product and economic income obviously, and results in serious food security of rural household families that are engaged just in agriculture activity. (4) Impact mechanism of drought on social-ecological system in rural areas depends on water resource utilization loop, production loop, income and livelihood loop and economy loop.
生态系统文化服务研究进展: 基于CiteSpace的可视化分析
Research progress in cultural ecosystem services
基于SolVES模型的西安浐灞国家湿地公园生态系统服务社会价值评估
Assessment on social values of ecosystem services in Xi'an Chanba National Wetland Park based on SolVES Model
基于景感生态学理念的乡村社会—生态系统供给服务研究
Research on rural society-ecosystem supply service based on the concept of landsenses ecology
国家公园游憩功能的实现: 武夷山国家公园试点区游客生态系统服务需求和支付意愿
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190104
[本文引用: 2]
引入生态系统服务概念,考察游客作为生态系统服务关键受益人对武夷山国家公园试点区可以提供的生态系统服务作何选择,并对其投资自然资本保障生态系统服务的支付意愿进行初步分析,探讨国家公园试点建设中如何优化旅游,促进保护和公益性功能实现。研究结果显示:(1)游客以文化服务为首选,主要体现在实践性强的生态旅游、较为抽象的文化体验以及较为单纯的美景欣赏三方面,在生态旅游具体需求上会出现选择间的相互竞争;(2)除了净化空气,对供给服务和其他调节服务则需求不大;(3)在免门票假设下,具有支付意愿的游客达到90%以上,然而平均支付意愿没有达到现有门票价格;(4)教育水平和职业对支付意愿的影响最为显著,并与年龄和收入等因子一起形成具有不同支付意愿上的特征人群。因此,武夷山国家公园体制试点建设中,需要积极探索协同多种文化服务供给,大力推动社会参与理念,从根本上提高受益者对生态系统的认知,从受益者需求入手推进国家公园公益性功能的实现。
Realisation of recreation in national parks: A perspective of ecosystem services demand and willingness to pay of tourists in Wuyishan Pilot
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190104 URL [本文引用: 2]
崇义客家梯田区生态系统服务功能及价值评估
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.20151343
[本文引用: 1]
崇义客家梯田位于赣南,为当地客家人提供了多项生态服务功能。开展崇义客家梯田区生态系统服务功能价值评估,有助于人们更好地了解梯田区生态系统对客家社会的直接贡献,使政府作经济效益权衡决策时充分考虑保护梯田区生态系统的重要性。论文根据梯田区生态与社会经济系统的特征,构建了崇义客家梯田区生态系统服务功能价值评估指标体系,并以2012年数据为基础,综合运用替代成本、市场价值、影子工程、造林成本、成果参数和旅行费用等定量方法,评估了崇义客家梯田区农田和森林两个主要生态系统的价值。结果表明:1)2012年崇义客家梯田区生态系统服务总价值为102.02×10<sup>8</sup>元,其中,农田生态系统和森林生态系统服务价值分别为42.00×10<sup>8</sup>元和60.03×10<sup>8</sup>元,分别占总价值的41.17%和58.84%。2)在评估的11项服务指标中,生物多样性保护和旅游休闲的价值居前两位,分别为29.73×10<sup>8</sup>元和22.30×10<sup>8</sup>元,各占总价值的29.14%和21.86%。3)11项服务指标按其评估的价值大小排序为:生物多样性保护>旅游休闲>气体调节>土壤保持>产品生产>气候调节>调洪蓄水>病虫草害控制>社会保障>文化传承>净化环境。直观的经济数字反映了客家梯田区生态系统对社会的巨大贡献,不仅有利于提高管理者和公众保护农业文化遗产的意识,也为政府制定客家梯田区生态系统补偿标准提供数据支撑。
Evaluating the ecosystem services of Chongyi Hakka Terraces in Gannan, Jiangxi province
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.20151343
[本文引用: 1]
Chongyi Hakka Terraces are located in South of Jiangxi. They provide many ecosystem services for the Hakka people. Economic valuation on the main ecosystem services of Chongyi Hakka Terraces can help us understand the direct contribution of the terrace system to Hakka society, and make the government pay high attention to the protection of the terrace ecosystem when making economic strategies. The paper established the evaluation indexes system of the ecosystem service function in Chongyi Hakka Terraces according to the regional ecological and social economic characteristics. The eco-economic values provided by two major ecosystem (field and forest) in the Chongyi Hakka Terraces in 2012 were evaluated with the quantitative measures of replacement cost, market value, shadow engineering, cost of afforestation, reference results and travel expenses. The results showed that: First, the total economic value of the ecosystem services provided by Chongyi Hakka Terraces was estimated to be 102.02×10<sup>8 </sup>yuan in 2012, among which the values of farmland ecosystem service and forest ecosystem service were 42.00×10<sup>8</sup> and 60.03×10<sup>8</sup> yuan, accounting for 41.17% and 58.84% of the total value, respectively. Second, the values of biological diversity protection and tourism leisure were the top two among the 11 ecosystem services evaluated, which were 29.73×10<sup>8</sup> yuan and 22.30×10<sup>8</sup> yuan, accounting for 29.14% and 21.86% of the total value, respectively. The economic values of the 11 ecosystem service in order were biological diversity protection, tourism leisure, gas regulation, soil conservation, product production, climate regulation, flood adjustment, pest control, social security, cultural transmission and environment purification. The direct economic figures revealed the great contribution made by Chongyi Hakka Terraces. The results not only help the management and the public improve their consciousness to protect the traditional agricultural culture, but also provide the data support for the government to formulate the compensation standard in the Hakka terrace area.
生态治理工程对锡林郭勒草地生态系统文化服务感知的影响研究
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200111
[本文引用: 1]
锡林郭勒近年来草地退化趋势严重,一系列生态治理工程陆续开展。基于问卷调查法,探究草地文化服务牧户感知情况及其影响因素,对比分析不同治理工程区牧户对草地文化服务感知的差异。结果表明:(1)牧户对草地文化服务的感知受其民族、年龄、文化水平的影响(P<0.05)。蒙古族对生理和精神健康、美学价值的感知高于汉族;年龄较高的群体对生理及精神健康服务、教育及研究价值感知较高,对休闲娱乐的感知较低;高文化水平群体对教育及研究价值感知较高。(2)生态工程影响草地文化服务的牧户感知,“草畜平衡+休牧+禁牧”区牧户对草地多项文化服务(生理及精神健康、灵感、精神及宗教信仰、地方感、休闲娱乐)的感知低于其他治理工程区。
The influence of ecological restoration projects on cultural ecosystem services in the Xilin Gol Grassland
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200111
[本文引用: 1]
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are important parts of ecosystem services and are receiving increasing attention. As the ecological barriers in the northern China, Xilin Gol League has witnessed more serious degradation in recent years. A large number of ecological restoration projects (ERPs) have been carried out in Xilin Gol, among which, grazing prohibition, rest grazing, grass-animal balance are the most representative ones. In this study, we used the questionnaire survey method to investigate the perceptions of 144 respondents in Xilin Gol on the CES of grassland ecosystem, and analyzed the factors influencing these perceptions. In addition, we compared the CES of grassland in three ERPs areas ("rest grazing", "rest grazing +grass-animal balance", "rest grazing + grass-animal balance + grazing prohibition"). The results showed that: (1) Respondent's perception of grassland's CES was affected by their ethnicity, age and education level (P<0.05), the perception of Mongolian people on mental and physical health, and the aesthetic services is higher than that of Han ethnic groups; the older group has higher perception than the younger one on mental and physical health, education and science, and low perception on recreational services; the group with high education level has higher perception on education and science services. (2) ERPs affected the CES of grassland, several grassland's CES (mental and physical health, inspiration, spiritual and religious services, sense of place, recreational services) in "rest grazing + grass-animal balance + grazing prohibition" region is lower than that of the other two areas.
Cultural ecosystem services of geodiversity: A case study from Stránská skála (Brno, Czech Republic)
The concept of ecosystem services developed in the second half of the 20th century, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was crucial for its acceptance. This assessment identified the services that ecosystems provide to society, but geodiversity (as an indispensable component of ecosystems) was somewhat underestimated. At present, geodiversity is intensively used by human society and it provides numerous services including cultural as a resource for tourism, recreation, as a part of natural heritage, and to satisfy matters of spiritual importance. The main purpose of this paper is to present the geocultural issues of Stránská skála (a limestone cliff with caves and an anthropogenic underground) in Brno (Czech Republic) and to evaluate the cultural ecosystem services of geodiversity by using the abiotic ecosystem services approach. This assessment of cultural ecosystem services of the Stránská skála enables the identification and description of the functions and services which are provided by geodiversity and confirms the high cultural and geoheritage value of the site.
国家公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系构建与实证研究
Construction and empirical analysis of the suitability evaluation of study travel development in national park
青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系
Evaluation indicator system for the recreational sustainability management of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster
DOI:10.17520/biods.2020401 URL [本文引用: 1]
基于游客感知的生态系统服务社会价值评估: 以钱江源国家公园为例
Evaluation of the social value of ecosystem services based on tourists' perception: A cacse study of Qianjiangyuan National Park
The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning
DOI:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.006 URL [本文引用: 1]
旅游资源及其评价过程与机制: 技术性评价到社会建构视角
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200704
[本文引用: 1]
合理评价旅游资源,发掘具有价值的潜在旅游资源,是促进旅游产业发展的重要基础。采用文献分析法,结合理论与实践,系统梳理回顾我国旅游资源评价的发展历程,分析旅游资源评价变迁所经历的三个不同阶段及其基本特征,并尝试探索转变的关键驱动力和影响机制。研究发现:我国的旅游资源评价经历了“要素评价—综合评价—社会评价”的过程,与旅游资源相对应的旅游吸引物等概念也被广泛接受和使用,在此过程中,政策、资本、社会经济、客源市场结构和信息传播媒介等是不同阶段转变的主要影响因素。未来的旅游资源评价将更注重实用性和可持续性及游客的需求和体验,并关注其经济、政治、文化、社会和生态综合价值;而新技术如5G的应用,会提高旅游资源(吸引物)的可视化和提高评价效率。
The process and mechanism of tourism resources evaluation: From technical evaluation to the social construction perspective
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200704 URL [本文引用: 1]
旅游还是游憩? 中国国家公园的公众利用表述方式反思
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190901
[本文引用: 1]
自国家公园试点工作推行以来,有关国家公园到底能不能开展旅游活动以及开展什么样的旅游活动,到底是旅游活动还是游憩活动的争议从未停止。在分析“旅游”和“游憩”内涵的基础上,结合国外在国家公园利用方式的相应表述,根据我国建设国家公园的基本国情,对我国国家公园建设中的“游憩”与“旅游”问题进行了讨论。结论认为:国家公园内的“游憩”与“旅游”实际上是一体两面,在公园的功能定位与分区规划中,使用“游憩”一词比较合适,以体现国家公园的公益性目标。但在国家公园的具体运营管理中,使用“生态旅游”一词进行表述更恰当。在谈及旅游与国家公园的矛盾时,使用“旅游开发”更符合事实。
Tourism or recreation? Rethink the expression of the public use in Chinese national parks
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190901 URL [本文引用: 1]
红色旅游地资源的网络空间多维生产模式研究: 基于沙家浜的数字田野实证
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210709
[本文引用: 1]
研究以苏州沙家浜红色旅游风景区为案例地,以数字田野调查为基础,剖析了红色旅游地资源的网络空间生产中“人—地”关系转变为“人—网—地”关系的过程,探索了红色旅游地资源的网络空间的多维生产模式特征。结论指出:(1)红色旅游资源网络空间打破了传统时空界限,单向的红色价值观传递转变为主客价值共创,体现了红色精神民主化生产过程;(2)红色网络流动性空间需面对红色教育、娱乐和审美等价值的多元性,空间多维主体以“遥在场”的方式产生了新的主客网络地缘争夺,即网络话语权的争夺;(3)传统游客转变为红色资源网络空间的消费者、参与者与生产者,去中心化特征明显,红色网络空间通过超文本表征和非计划互动得以建构,要求红色目的地官方在网络供给侧掌握更高水平的治理能力;(4)红色旅游官方主体尝试使用流行元素融入网络实践,但也展示出泛娱乐化的趋向,需在红色网络空间的多维精神建构中合理整合多元价值,促进集体情感的深度内化。
Multi-dimensional production mode of the red tourism destination resource cyberspace: Digital field research based on Shajiabang
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210709 URL [本文引用: 1]
道德民族志的情境化实验
The contextualized experiment of the moralities ethnography
连接式共生: 数字化情境下组织共生的范式涌现
Connected symbiosis: The fundamental paradigm of organizational symbiosis in the digital context
矛盾的乌托邦: 邮轮旅游体验的空间生产: 基于扎根理论的质性分析
Contradictory utopia in the space production of cruise tourism experience: A qualitative analysis based on grounded theory
Quantitative narrative analysis software options compared: PC-ACE and CAQDAS (ATLAS. ti, MAXqda, and NVivo)
Reaching audiences through travel vlogs: The perspective of involvement
Ecotourism experiences reported online: Classification of satisfaction attributes
DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.08.003 URL [本文引用: 1]
移动互联时代旅游信息服务体验对出游决策的影响研究
The impact of mobile tourism information service experience on travel decision quality
中国生态系统服务研究的回顾与展望
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.2009.01.001
[本文引用: 1]
生态系统服务研究是当前国际上科学研究的热点和前沿。近年来我国生态系统服务研究取得了较快进展。为了全面认识与介绍国内生态系统服务研究的状况与成果,促进国际生态系统服务研究的交流与合作,论文首先回顾了我国生态系统服务研究的4个时期,并简要概括了所取得的成就和存在的问题,最后指出,中国生态系统服务的研究应该尽快由当前的概算式研究转向更深层次的研究,尤其要重点关注生态系统功能的基础理论研究、评估指标与方法的标准化、生态服务价值动态评估模型研究、评估结果在决策过程中的应用研究以及生态系统服务的市场化机制研究。
Research on ecosystem in China: Progress and perspetives
基于生态系统服务供需的厦漳泉地区生态网络空间优化
Optimizing the ecological networks based on the supply and demand of ecosystem services in Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Region
DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210206
[本文引用: 1]
Coupling the supply and demand of ecosystem service with the security pattern of landscape ecology, and deconstructing the ecological space structure of urban agglomerations are the basis for optimizing the spatial arrangement of agriculture-urban areas-ecology networks. Based on the theory of supply and demand for ecosystem service, ecosystem service supply area was determined by fusing the most important areas of the integrated ecosystem services and the boundaries of the ecological red line, by taking Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Urban Agglomeration in the southeast coast of Fujian province as an example. In combination of natural and economic factors, the consumption pattern can be constructed. The minimum cumulative resistance model was further applied to establish a landscape ecology security pattern in order to identify landscape components, such as demand zones, network of ecological flows, and key nodes. Furthermore, the ecological network space of Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou region was reconstructed by utilizing layered overlay analysis. The results showed that: (1) The supply area occupied 41.64% of the study area, in addition, ecological buffer zones, ecological sensitive zones, and production and living zones accounted for 22.67%, 31.58%, and 4.11%, respectively. (2) The source of supply was mainly distributed in the hilly and mountainous areas of the central and western regions, where the low-cost areas of ecosystem service were located. The high-cost areas concentrated in the coastal regions were characterized by an octothorpe shaped distribution pattern. (3) Ecological flow paths were highly meshed. They were mainly composed of forests in the central and western regions, and urban water system, green space systems and surrounding farmland in the eastern coastal areas. Both the type and intensity of the driving factors suggested significant spatial heterogeneity. (4) Constructing an ecological network space optimization layout of "nine zones, four groups, one belt, nine corridors and multi-centers" in the study region was also proposed in this research, so as to coordinate the production-living-ecological function among the region and facilitate the synergetic development of the economic-ecological space.
基于国家公园生态体验机会谱系的公众体验意向评估研究: 以大熊猫国家公园为例
Evaluation research of public experience intention based on the spectrum of ecological experience opportunities in national parks: Taking the Giant Panda National Park as an example
基于网络数据文本分析的目的地形象维度分异研究: 以南京为例
DOI:10.18402/resci.2018.07.16
[本文引用: 1]
随着Web2.0技术的发展,网络文本已成为目的地形象研究的重要数据来源。本文选取南京作为案例地,以马蜂窝游客对南京的10 077条在线评论文本为数据,运用网络大数据文本挖掘法、词频统计法和共现网络法,分析得出目的地形象维度重要性存在差异,旅游吸引物是第一层次,公共基础设施是第二层次,休闲和娱乐、旅游环境和地方氛围是第三层次,旅游基础设施是第四层次。其次,南京感知形象中突出的认知成分源于旅游吸引物和公共基础设施维度的感知,而情感形象为正面,并产生了一定的意动形象,形成了网络口碑效应。此外,南京整体形象主要源于旅游吸引物和公共基础设施维度的感知,进一步验证了感知维度的重要性存在差异。本文验证了旅游形象的相关理论,丰富了旅游大数据研究方法,并可为南京旅游形象建设和发展提供科学依据。
A research on destination image and perceived dimension difference based on big data of tourists' comments: A case of Nanjing
自然遗产地国家公园模式发展的影响因素与空间扩散
Driving factors and spatial diffusion for the development of national park model for natural heritage sites
DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.2012.04.016
[本文引用: 1]
The protection and utilization of nature heritages present a worldview and ethnical inclination of human-being. The national parks with heritage conservation and public recreation as main objectives have been considered as a matured model for reconciliation of heritage protection and tourism development. To find out meaningfully theoretical supports for the governance of natural heritages in China, the paper explored the driving factors for the development of national park model (NPM) and tried to find the rules of its global spatial diffusion. After collecting the huge data from the World Database on Protected Areas(WDPA) and other data pools relevant with global economy, environment, tourism and public service, multi-regression analyses were run to explore the driving factors and gravity center analysis was used to interpret the route of global diffusion for NPM. In addition, the multicollinearity problems had not occurred on the test of multi-regression equation. The results of analysis indicated: firstly, the value inclination for public service is the main driving factor for development of NPM; secondly, economic growth may instead squeeze the space for national parks; thirdly, there exist great differences for developed and developing countries because the levels of environmental concern and tourism development are the main factors influencing the growth of NPM for developed countries, while in developing ones, environment concern has no relevance with that of NPM, and the level of tourism development shows negative correlation with it. Moreover, the result of gravity center analysis showed that the NPM has been spreading over the world, and the shift of gravity center for the growth of national parks was influenced by macro background, eco-environmental protection, and other factors. Therefore, to develop NPM in China is really in coincidence with the objective rules. However, the fiscal restraints on public administration of China are not conducive to cultivate NPM and there are knotty contradiction among environmental protection, tourism development and NPM. To advance governance effectiveness of natural heritage sites in China, it's necessary for Chinese government to create the value of public service, to push on the environmental protection, and to improve the quality of tourism development.
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