Agricultural ecosystem accounting is an important support for understanding the sustainability of agricultural production, the health of the ecological environment, and the quality and safety of agricultural products. Currently, there are three international standards for agricultural ecosystem accounting: the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (SEEA-AFF), the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA2021), and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Agriculture & Food (TEEB-AgriFood). Based on these three international standards, some countries have carried out agricultural ecosystem accounting. This article first reviews the development process of the three international standards, and compares them from six aspects: theoretical basis, accounting perspective, accounting object, accounting scope, classification standard, and account expression. Secondly, the international practices of agricultural ecosystem accounting are summarized from the overall situation and practical experience. Finally, combined with the current situation of agricultural ecosystem accounting in China, policy recommendations for agricultural ecosystem accounting in China are proposed.

The institution of territorial spatial governance for 'integrated mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grassland and deserts' is a direction for exploring ecological civilisation and is crucial for China to modernise its governance systems and capacity. This paper analyses the core concepts and theoretical logic of territorial spatial governance and analyses its governance problems and realisation bases. It explores the appropriate ways forward for the specific institutional construction. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The current governance problems are that the ecological feedback of the governance object needs to be taken seriously, the coordination and linkage of the governance subject is still a problem, along with the fact the synergy and empowerment of the governance system is not yet in place. (2) It is necessary to respond to the demand for modernisation of the national governance system and capacity in the context of China's natural ecology, taking into account fairness and efficiency, and integrating security and development, yet to define the basis of the realisation of the governance subject and the governance system. (3) We should carry out the construction of territorial spatial governance institutions for 'integrated mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses' in three aspects, namely, the governance object, governance subject and governance system.

The greater food approach sets forth elevated requisites and novel benchmarks for the advancement of conceptualization, expansion of connotations, transformation of objectives, and evolution of strategies in the governance of non-grain conversion of cultivated land. A reevaluation of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance through the greater food approach not only aids in rectifying the imbalance in food supply and demand, but also establishes a fundamental underpinning for national security assurance. Findings reveal that: (1) The crux of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land under the greater food approach lies not in the dichotomy of "grain" versus "non-grain" but rather in the judicious allocation of diverse food categories within the framework of the greater food approach. (2) The greater food approach and "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance in the theoretical logic of the fundamental goal and value orientation consistency, theoretical origin and practice to follow the same origin, determines the two in the practical logic of interaction and linkage, embracing the greater food approach serves as the guiding ethos for "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance, constituting the bedrock and avenue for enacting the greater food approach. (3) Governance of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land under the greater food approach encounters challenges such as lagging adjustments in planting structures, an inverted significance of grain and income gradients, simultaneous existence of production bottlenecks and wastage, as well as incongruences between universally applicable rectification measures and localized idiosyncrasies. (4) Proposals encompass five overarching strategies for systematized governance of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land oriented towards the greater food approach, focusing on the preservation of grain within land, crops, techniques, losses, and policies. Grounded in the multifaceted demands and holistic outlook of the greater food approach, the optimization of governance strategies proffers invaluable insights for the theoretical refinement and practical exploration of "Non-grain Conversion" of cultivated land governance amidst the backdrop of a multidimensional transformation in the agricultural and food system.

Territorial ecological restoration (TER) is vital for China to address land degradation challenges, achieve its carbon neutrality strategy, and build the Beautiful China. However, the current TER planning system needs enhancement in its systematic, holistic, and integrated approach to support the unified conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands. This paper draws on the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) concept proposed by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15.3 to establish a logical framework for LDN-oriented TER planning in China, highlighting key research questions to achieve LDN. The findings are: (1) The evolution of LDN reflects the global shift from fragmented to integrated ecological restoration projects. Its conceptual framework and implementation logic offer foundational and universal aspects that can guide the exploration of systematic TER planning in China. (2) LDN-oriented TER planning focuses on addressing land degradation through a singular metric (the proportion of degraded land) to achieve one goal (LDN), following a planning logic of "status analysis-degradation identification-setting LDN goals-identifying LDN pattern-implementing LDN measures-monitoring LDN". (3) Key research questions for achieving LDN in TER include diagnosis of ecological problems, identification of ecological restoration priority area, delineation of TER implementation units, and design of TER monitoring mechanisms. To promote the localization of the LDN concept, it is recommended to establish a balancing mechanism for ecosystem degradation and restoration, targeting the avoidance, alleviation, and restoration of quantity, quality, and productivity degradation across all land-use types, so as to coordinate planning formulation and project implementation.

Whether and how the "dual-carbon" goals could be included in the territorial spatial planning law (TSPL) is a crucial issue in the construction of the rule of law for territorial spatial planning (TSP). By reviewing the existing legal documents and the practice of TSP, the legislative mode of "systematic integration+special embedding" can be adopted to integrate the "dual-carbon" goals into the TSPL in a comprehensive way. By clarifying the principles of periodicity and spatiality of the "dual-carbon" goals, a specialized system of "dual-carbon" regulations will be constructed. By proposing a legislative optimization plan that emphasizes both procedural and substantive aspects, improving the allocation of administrative powers of the relevant departments, scientifically setting up legal responsibilities, and making sure that the TSPL is well connected with energy legislation, the codification of ecological and environmental codes. The above measures provide a guarantee of TSP for the realization of the "dual-carbon" goals.