The construction of the China Spatial Planning Observation Network (CSPON) is a crucial means to promote intelligent planning, that is "perceptive, capable of learning, good at governance, and self-realizing." It is also a key support for building a green and smart digital ecological civilization. Addressing the urgent need for scientific and systematic technical methods in CSPON construction, this paper explores the methodological approach for CSPON algorithm model construction and application. It proposes a CSPON algorithm model technical framework supported by "high-performance computing", "big data", and "large model" technologies, oriented towards "large-scale scenario" applications. The paper illustrates its application in typical spatial planning implementation monitoring scenarios such as safety baseline control, planning transmission control, planning implementation assessment, and spatial pattern optimization through practical cases. The research indicates that: (1) "High-Performance Computing" is the foundation supporting CSPON's growing demands for high-frequency data processing and dynamic computational analysis. It should fully integrate modern computing architectures such as cloud computing, edge computing, and distributed computing to strengthen CSPON's computational foundation. (2) "Big Data" is the cornerstone for constructing and operating CSPON algorithm model systems. The integration and mining of multi-source big data from "space, aerial, ground, sea, and network" can support algorithm models in more comprehensively and accurately characterizing complex spatial systems. (3) "Large Model" is the "intelligent core" of CSPON. The "multi-model parallel use" mode, integrating traditional "small models" like GIS spatial analysis and machine learning algorithms with generative "large models" such as language and vision models, will become the mainstream trend in CSPON algorithm model application and development. (4) "Large-scale Scenarios" serve as the application carrier and target of CSPON. They should establish application scenarios combining "common scenarios" and "personalized scenarios" based on local characteristics and business needs, fully leveraging the roles and advantages of different CSPON algorithm models. The research results provide a scientific basis for accelerating the improvement of CSPON technical methods and their practical application.

Establishing the mechanism of territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation- warning and enhancing the implementation supervision system are important basic work to improve the capacity of territorial spatial governance and the modernization level of the governance system. This paper points out the existing problems in the territorial spatial planning implementation and supervision: (1) The subject of monitoring, evaluation and early warning is not clear in regulations. (2) The mechanism of monitoring, evaluation and early warning cannot fully meet the need, and it is difficult to further apply the results of supervision. (3) There are still challenges in the intelligent monitoring, evaluation and early warning system, such as inconsistent data, weak integrity of technical models, poor application scenarios and so on. In the era of ecological civilization, the territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning should meet the requirements of building a solid security bottom line, responding to the needs of the people, adapting to technological progress, and striving to be useful. It is necessary to explore and innovate the mechanism of territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning: (1) Clarify the key contents of the territorial spatial planning implementation and supervision at different administrative levels. (2) Build a sound monitoring-evaluation-warning system for territorial spatial planning. (3) Promote the intelligence level of monitoring-evaluation-warning. (4) Determine the key elements of monitoring-evaluation-warning and develop the corresponding algorithms, application models, and systems based on the focal tasks of spatial governance and planning supervision in various regions. By constantly improving the theoretical framework, technical system and application scenarios about territorial spatial planning monitoring-evaluation-warning, the capacity of territorial spatial governance and the modernization level of governance system will be comprehensively improved.

Territorial spatial planning serves as a guide for national spatial development and a blueprint for sustainable development. It is the fundamental basis for development, protection, and construction activities in territorial spatial domain, playing a crucial role in spatial governance. In the context of rapid socio-economic changes, there is an urgent need for new perspectives to recognize territorial spatial planning as a dynamic system. This article addresses the issue of inconsistent rates of change among internal elements and subsystems of the territorial spatial planning system by proposing the concept of ''planning lag'' and a theoretical cognitive framework. Planning lag refers to the inconsistency between ''ought to be'' and ''actual to be''. Furthermore, this article decomposes lag into upward planning lag and downward planning lag based on the main steps of territorial spatial planning. The emergence of planning lag can be understood from the paradox of ontology, the paradox of wholeness, and the paradox of value in planning. The contradiction between the certainty of planning and the uncertainty of planning objectives as well as social development context, the mismatch between the holistic requirements of territorial spatial governance and the fragmented distribution of planning power, and the value-goal tensions among multiple stakeholders are the main endogenous causes of planning lag. These three planning paradoxes act at different steps of the entire planning, ultimately leading to planning lag. Based on the understanding of planning paradox, this article proposes optimization paths for improving territorial spatial planning to bridge the lag caused by the three paradoxes. Furthermore, this article proposes approaches such as adjusting planning boundaries, optimizing the distribution of planning authority, and balancing the value orientations of planning to address the practical dimension. The concepts of planning lag and planning paradox introduced in this article provide a new idea and a new perspective for understanding territorial spatial planning in the context of significant changes.

At present, China Spatial Planning Observation Network is in a critical stage of exploration and construction, and the development of digital technology in the transformation of national spatial governance system has become a cutting-edge focus. Among them, multi-source data fusion is crucial for the successful implementation of industry models and applications as the foundation of China Spatial Planning Observation Network. However, the understanding and application paths of different aspects of data fusion have not been fully resolved. Therefore, this study proposes a technical framework for data fusion in the context of land spatial planning implementation monitoring from the perspectives of data integration, business development, and application scenarios, with the high-speed railway network development evaluation as an application case. Then this study elaborates on the specific implementation path and effects of data fusion methods based on data structure features, information integration methods oriented towards key business elements, and data application connectivity methods driven by functional scenarios. Finally, this study discusses the key content, practical value, and policy recommendations of multi-source data fusion, providing fundamental support for improving the modernization level of national spatial governance.