Assessment and monitoring are an essential part of promoting the achievement of the sustainable development. Currently, theoretical research and localized program around the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been in full swing, but the relevant assessment and practice process is still lacking in the consideration of target constraints and hierarchical transmission. To this end, the study establishes a sustainable development assessment oriented towards the SDGs and concerned on the systematicity and openness, which can be deconstructed and applied in multiscale spatial units. The results show that, at the national and regional levels, the gap between SDGs and the current level in 2020 regarding to the dimensions of safe ecology, pleasant environment and green development is rapidly narrowing. On the contrary, there is still a large gap on the dimension of harmony society, though the index experiences a steady growth, which can be interpreted as the uneven income distribution and large urban-rural differences. It is crucial to identify the priorities of different regions and the synergies and trade-off between indicators in different scaled objectives to promote the implementation of the SDGs. The proposed assessment program supports the diagnosis of regional problems of sustainable development and the understanding of interrelationships between different regions and goals. It also facilitates the active participation of different levels and actors in the cause of sustainable development within an open framework, and helps to systematically assess and monitor the process of realizing SDGs.

Territorial and spatial use regulation can correct market failure, but its policy externality may widen the development gap between regions and affect the overall high-quality development of China's economy. It is of vital significance to clarify and validate the practical effects of territorial and spatial use regulation on high-quality economic development and the underlying theoretical logic. Marginal analysis and geographical detector methods were adopted in this study. Based on provincial panel data from 2010 to 2021, this paper analyzes and verifies the effects of territorial and spatial use regulation on high-quality economic development in China from two dimensions: regulation intensity and regulation validity. Research findings: (1) From a national perspective, the influencing factors of high-quality economic development are opening-up, technology investment, validity of territorial and spatial use regulation, capital stock, human capital, and intensity of territorial and spatial use regulation. (2) There is regional heterogeneity in the impact of human capital and technology investment on high-quality economic development. (3) There is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between the intensity of territorial and spatial use regulation and the level of high-quality economic development. With the increase in the intensity of territorial and spatial use regulation, the level of high-quality development of regional economy first increases and then decreases. (4) The validity of territorial and spatial use regulation is significantly and positively correlated with the level of high-quality economic development. The factor contribution of the validity of territorial and spatial use regulation to high-quality economic development is 0.406. The following conclusions can be drawn: Scientific implementation of territorial and spatial use regulation can promote high-quality economic development in China. The study proposes suggestions and enlightenments on promoting high-quality development of the China's economy, such as maintaining the optimal range of territorial and spatial use regulation intensity, improving the compensation mechanism, enhancing the validity of territorial and spatial use regulation, and formulating targeted implementation plans for high-quality economic development in different regions.

Strategic critical minerals are crucial for the development of emerging industries and constitute a top priority for resource security. With the ongoing deepening of global multipolarity and economic globalization, the level of mutual connection and interdependence between nations has unprecedentedly increased. China not only has a sustained demand for mineral resources in economic growth but also experiences a growing need for various strategic critical mineral resources in emerging technologies, green energy, and other sectors. The widespread application of lithium resources in electric vehicles, energy storage, and other fields has led to an increasingly complex supply-demand relationship and market structure for lithium resources, with associated risks gradually becoming apparent. This underscores the urgency and necessity of early warning and scientific management of comprehensive risks related to lithium resources. This study constructed a comprehensive risk assessment framework for China's lithium resources, covering "resources-technology-trade-market-society," based on the five basic meanings of resource security. Five primary indicators and 22 secondary indicators were selected. The CRITIC weight, combined with the gray relational projection method, was employed to assess and warn about the comprehensive risk of lithium resources from 2008 to 2022. Path analysis was also conducted to clarify the pathways of influence. The study addresses three main research questions: "What is the current risk situation?", "What are the future risks?", and "How to avoid risks?". The results indicate that: (1) The comprehensive risk of China's lithium resources has consistently been at a medium-risk level or above, showing a dual-peak changing pattern since 2015. Among them, technology risk, trade risk, and social risk exhibit a typical multi-peak curve, with a prominent polarization phenomenon. (2) The early-stage comprehensive risk of China's lithium resources has been consistently in a "heavy warning" state and is expected to be maintained at a "medium warning" state in the future. Global events are often accompanied by abrupt changes in warning levels before and after their occurrence. Specifically, since 2017, there have been sudden changes in resource risk, technology risk, trade risk, market risk, and social risk, with their warning levels showing a phased growth pattern. In the future, market risk may continue to be in a "heavy warning" state. (3) There is a significant positive impact among the risks.

Energy interconnection is an important part of the Belt and Road Initiative, and ensuring the safety of energy transportation pipelines is of great significance in promoting the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative. This paper takes China's cross-border oil and gas transport pipelines as the research object, and constructs an oil and gas transport pipeline safety evaluation index system covering five dimensions of pipeline, resources, economy, politics and diplomacy from two aspects of pipeline safety and pipeline routing involving national security. Based on the entropy-catastrophe progression method, the safety of China's cross-border oil and gas transport pipelines in 2020 is evaluated and classified into categories. The results show that: (1) The catastrophe level values of crude oil transportation pipelines are ranked as China-Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline>China-Russia crude oil pipeline>China-Myanmar crude oil pipeline; the catastrophe level values of natural gas transportation pipelines are ranked as China-Central Asia natural gas pipeline line C>China-Central Asia natural gas pipeline lines A and B>east route of China-Russia natural gas pipeline>China-Myanmar natural gas pipeline; and the pipelines have their respective advantages and disadvantages under the sub-dimensions. (2) According to the system clustering method, the pipelines are divided into two types: high security type and low security type. The high safety pipelines are in good condition at present, but there are still safety hazards; resource scarcity, political instability, and economic weakness have become unfavourable factors affecting the safety evaluation of low safety pipelines.

The community is the space unit most closely related to the daily life of residents. Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have affected the daily activity patterns of urban residents and the way they use community service amenities. A new form of community life circle characterized by the interaction of virtual and physical spaces has emerged. Against this backdrop, it is urgent to innovate planning methods of community life circles, and explore the approaches of evaluating and optimizing the layout of community life circle amenities based on the interaction between virtual and physical spaces. These explorations will help tackle with practical challenges related to insufficient community amenities facilities, low efficiency of public service and mismatch between service provision and the needs of local residents. This paper first reviews the research progress regarding quantitative approaches of evaluating and optimizing community life circle amenities. Future research directions regarding the planning of communitiy life circle based on the perspective of virtual-physical space interactions are then proposed. Specifically, future research should focus on the mechanisms of how virtual service impact residents' activities and community space, the dynamic evaluation method of amenities based on the interaction of virtual and real space and the simulation method for optimizing the spatial layout of service amenities. This paper will enrich our understanding of community life circle and facilitate the empirical research and the practice of planning community life circle from the new perspective.

Land use transitions are the processes of pursuing the maximization of land use benefits. Using theoretical analysis, literature research and case study method, the land use, mechanism of land use transitions, the "coordination-conflict-coordination" alternating evolution mode of land use morphology and the optimization effects of land use transitions on territorial spatial development patterns are discussed from the perspective of the spatial functions of land use benefits. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The spatial function of land use benefits reflects the pattern of output of regional land use benefits. The spatial function of land use benefits of each land use type jointly determines the benefits relative advantage areas of each land use type. (2) The action path of regional land use transitions from underlying to surface can be summarized as "three-dimensional original driving forces-recessive morphology changes-benefits functions changes-spatial conflict and coordination-dominant morphology changes". Land use transitions pursue not only the optimal coupling between the recessive morphology of regional land use and the "natural environment-economic society-management system" (recessive morphology optimization), but also the optimal coupling between the dominant morphology of land use and the spatial functions of land use benefits (dominant morphology optimization), thus transforming the strong spatial conflicts of land use types into weak conflicts (coordination), and close to achieving the maximum total benefits of land use morphology (benefits optimization). (3) The changes of the spatial functions of land use benefits are the upper reaches and driving link of the "coordination-conflict-coordination" alternating evolution of land use morphology, the final benefits output of land use is its downstream response, and land use transitions are the long-term result of the above alternating evolution. The total benefits output of regional land use morphology is the bond and link between specific land use morphology and specific socio-economy development stage. (4) Land use transitions have service advantages for the optimization of territorial spatial patterns in smaller regions and scales, and need to interact and connect with the larger scale of territorial spatial planning to realize the optimization effects.

Territorial ecological restoration highly emphasizes ecosystem integrity. For watersheds, complete natural geographical units, territorial ecological restoration will play an important role in the construction of ecological civilization in the new era. According to the context of "one core-two dimensions-three connections", the theoretical cognition of watershed-based territorial ecological restoration is deepened. Among them, "one core" refers to "water" as the core element of watershed ecological protection and restoration. "Two dimensions" includes two scales of time and space, among which temporal scale focuses on the balance in the short term and long term, and the dynamic adaptation, while the spatial scale emphasizes regional integration and inter-regional cooperation. "Three connections", proposed from the perspective of "social-ecological systems", refers to the coordination of ecological functions and human well-being, the coordination of natural boundaries and administrative boundaries, and the coordination of natural restoration and artificial restoration. Combined with the systematic cognition of watershed-based territorial ecological restoration, four key points of watershed ecological restoration planning are proposed, including quantitative characterization of the relationship between human and water, clarity on connection between spatial and temporal scales, implement governance by zoning and classification, and strengthening of planning sustainability by nature-based solutions. The research results can provide scientific support for the construction of sustainable pattern of watershed territorial development and protection.

With the extensive promotion of the practice of three-dimensional and stratified utilization of sea areas in various regions, the focus of sea area management has shifted from mode exploration to space management. Because most of the three-dimensional and layered uses of sea areas come from different sea use subjects, the coordination of space conflicts has become the core issue of three-dimensional management of sea areas. The purpose of this study is to deconstruct the main body of space use of sea use activities, excavate the spatio-temporal behavior rules and key influencing factors of sea use activities, analyze their space use characteristics at different implementation stages, reveal the formation mechanism of space conflict in the three-dimensional and layered use of sea space, and then propose a feasible coordination path to provide support for the three-dimensional management of sea space. Methods of inductive deduction and logical deduction were employed. The results show that: (1) The starting point of the three-dimensional stratified utilization of the sea area is the rational allocation of the vertical space, the mutual exclusion of the vertical space is the basic premise, and the spatial use characteristics of the sea use activities are the key influencing factors of the three-dimensional stratified utilization of the sea area. (2) The spatial conflict of the three-dimensional and stratified use of sea areas is the problem of overlapping of the spatial scope of different sea use activities under the framework of the principle of spatial exclusivity, and the reduction of the safety and feasibility of sea use activities caused by the pursuit of space efficiency. (3) The space conflict of the three-dimensional and layered utilization of the sea area arises from the construction or maintenance period of the sea use project, including space invasion, space deprivation and space restriction. (4) The mobility of space users, the standardization of sea area development and utilization activities, and the space scope of sea use activities are the key factors that affect the formation of space conflicts. In conclusion, to coordinate the space conflict of the three-dimensional and layered utilization of the sea area, we should strengthen the construction control during the construction and maintenance period, enhance the coordination of stakeholders, unify the three-dimensional sea area definition standard of the sea use activities, and optimize the marine space planning and use control.

The rapid development of intelligent technology not only provides new technical means for the monitoring and regulation of urban man-land system, but also has a systematic impact on the element structure, coupling relationship and dynamic evolution of urban man-land system. It is imperative to explore the theory of building a man-land system for smart cities. Based on the interpretation of the connotation of the smart city man-land system, this paper discusses the theoretical basis of the smart city man-land system from the aspects of flow space, technology-man-land coupling and resilience system, and then puts forward the conceptual model of the smart city man-land system. On the one hand, we should explore the spatial scale changes of the interactions among human activities, elemental flows, and geographic environments, and further investigate into the cross-scale collaboration, tele-coupling, and feedback between activity systems and geographic environment systems regulated by intelligent technologies. On the other hand, we should pay attention to temporal elasticity, flexibility and fragmentation of the interactive coupling between residents' activities and urban geographical environment caused by the wide application of intelligent technology. Then it is necessary to carry out the monitoring, management and dynamic optimization with the smart city man-land system. Facing the future, the research on man-land system of smart cities needs to focus on the spatio-temporal coupling process of elements, elemental composition and impact mechanism, modeling methods and evaluation, comprehensive regulation and optimization path, etc. Finally, from the aspects of human behavior patterns and activity changes brought about by smart technology, spatial intelligence, virtual reality correlation, etc., the research prospect of theoretical exploration, analysis method innovation and sustainable regulation of smart city man-land system is proposed. All in all, based on the coupling of people, technology and urban space, we build the theoretical framework of smart city man-land system adapted to China's national conditions in consideration of the trend of high penetration and integration of China's new infrastructure and smart city services in production, living and governmental management. This framework could support the innovation of urban geography theory and method and the practical needs of "smart brain", digital twin city construction.

Urban-rural integration development is a comprehensive process of reshaping the spatial system and functional value of urban-rural regional system. Comprehensive land consolidation can optimally coordinate the human-environment relationship, and effectively crack the main contradictions and problems of unbalanced urban-rural development and inadequate rural development. The paper analyzes the current realistic problems of the circulation of urban-rural development factors, the connection of urban-rural spatial structures and the integration of urban-rural functions, and explores the theoretical logic of comprehensive land consolidation to effectively promote balanced urban-rural factor allocation, urban-rural spatial structure adjustment and urban-rural functional value unification from the perspective of "human, land, industry and rights" factor synergy. The empirical analysis of Zhejiang province using the geo-detector model further reveals the mechanism by which comprehensive land consolidation effectively drives urban-rural integration development through the interaction of multiple factors. Based on this, the optimization path of consolidation oriented to urban-rural integration is explored from three dimensions: market allocation of land elements, spatial reshaping of modern industrial development, and value sharing of multi-subject participation. The study provides theoretical references for deepening the scientific cognition of new urban-rural relationship and human-environment system, promoting the practice of comprehensive land consolidation, and urban-rural integration decisions.

The Covid-19 lasting for years and the geopolitical and economic changes around the world have a significant impact on China's carbon neutral strategy and the protection of natural resources in the near term and future. How to combine the goals of realizing carbon neutrality and ensuring natural resource security, and put forward the security and realization strategy of natural resources from the perspective of the technical logic of carbon neutrality and the practical logic in the field of natural resources, has important practical significance and theoretical value for China. Starting from the important supporting role of natural resources in national economic and social development along with the analysis of the current practice of natural resource utilization and protection, this paper systematically reviewed some related problems of carbon neutrality and main paths to realize carbon neutrality in the field of natural resources. The author believes that the current understanding of carbon emissions has not only the uncertainty of quantitative indicators, but many other misunderstandings as well. Facing the multi-dimensions of development goals towards the years of 2030 and 2060, China needs to coordinate the rational utilization of various energy and natural resources. In order to achieve carbon neutrality in the field of natural resources, China should adhere to its own technical and practical logics, clarifying various boundaries between carbon neutrality actions, and strengthening the research on the basic theories and methods of natural resources, revealing the coupling mechanism between carbon peak and carbon neutrality (2060 goals) and energy and resources, studying and formulating the seceding path and other utilization strategies of fossil energy, enhancing applicable technologies to improve the efficiency of resource and energy utilization, exploring the potential and implementation path of carbon sink increase through forest and grass, wetland, land use and carbon sequestration, and developing the new model of systematic governance of mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, grass, sand, ice and natural resources, carrying out strategic research, simulation and early warning, dynamic assessment, method innovation and application demonstration of natural resource security oriented to the strategic goal of carbon neutrality. The author also proposes ten key strategic plans to be implemented immediately, including the action of dual control of fossil energy, the action of renewable energy exploration, the action of resource utilization and efficiency improvement, the action of increasing storage of key minerals, the action of farmland protection and restoration, the action of forest and grass expansion and conservation, the action of wetland restoration and protection, the action of land and sea coordination, the action of resource management intelligence, and the action of talent and technology innovation.

Supporting fundamental research is the responsibility and mission of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Natural resource management is an important research field of interdisciplinary integration and innovation in geographical sciences. This paper constructs a classification framework for research interests from the perceptive of logic and applicability, classifies relevant research interests in land sciences and natural resource management of geographical science of NSFC, analyzes the existing pattern of projects application and funding in this field, inspects the research hotspots, and proposes the development prospects of this field. Results show that: The application pattern in natural resource management since 2021 is dominated by the intersectional and human element-oriented studies, with over 55% of the intersectional category, 30% of the human element-oriented category, and around 15% of the natural element-oriented category, and from the perspective studied objects, around 73% is the land resource-oriented studies, around 14% of the ecological resource-oriented studies, and around 13% of the other natural resource-oriented studies; the funding pattern of projects is dominated by land resource studies, at more than 75%, while other natural resource funding is low in number and unstable in rate; agricultural land, construction land, and land use system are the main funding fields of land resources. To promote the healthy and sustainable development of the natural resource management research, it is necessary to innovate the research paradigm in this field, set an example of interdisciplinary integration research for geographical science, enhance its attributes of fundamental research, persist in the initial connotation of the code set, and prevent the polarization of the research pattern.

With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, China is facing many problems, such as the imbalance between urban and rural land structure, the disorder of territorial spatial development, and the regional difference. Especially, the confusion, conflict, and degradation of territorial space function are very serious, which has brought great pressure and challenges to the territorial spatial development, protection, and governance in the New Era. As an important part of the theoretical system and practical framework of structured territorial spatial planning, territorial space function referred to develop, control, and protect space according to a scheme confirmed by territorial spatial planning under the specific regional spatial scope and the human-environment interaction, with the purpose of satisfying human demands or enhancing human well-being, so as to provide utility of different products and services for human society directly or indirectly. The territorial space function was also an important scale to investigate the harmonious coexistence between human and nature. To establish the theory and reality demands of the current major strategic decisions, this paper pointed out that the regional function theory was the logical starting point of territorial space function, the theory of territorial system of human-earth interaction was the core of constructing the theory system of territorial space function, and the spatial integration was an important dimension in the evolution of the theoretical system of territorial space function. A theoretical cognitive model of territorial space function (snowflake model) was constructed from the aspects of strategic decision-making, major function, baseline control, use regulation, zoning governance and spatial coordination, in which the strategic decision-making was the policy guidance for the territorial space function, the major function was the overall plan for the spatial function pattern, the baseline control was the basic premise to realize the territorial space function, the use regulation was the institutional guarantee to strengthen the territorial space function, the zoning governance was an effective way to optimize the territorial space function, and the spatial coordination was the fundamental goal of regulating the territorial space function. Facing the needs of serving national important strategic decisions, optimizing territorial spatial development pattern and sustainable development, this paper discussed the basic problem domains of territorial space function research in the New Era, such as theoretical cognition, classification and identification, evolution mechanism and dynamic trade-off, by which a preliminary research framework of territorial space function was constructed.

Security is an important aspect for sustainable development of territorial space. It is also a crucial issue in planning, implementing, and supervision of territorial space. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, people, goods, energy, resources and other factors flow more frequently in different regions, between urban and rural areas, and within urban spaces. The coupling relationships between human activities and natural resources have become more and more unstable, which exacerbates the risk of human survival. It is urgent to establish the territory spatial security framework faced with the uncertainty of human activity and elemental flows. This paper explores the security of territorial space from the perspective of mobility. On the basis of the safety of activities in different spaces and the safety of resources and ecology, we should consider the coupling of elemental flows, human activities, and resources and environment, as well as potential risks. The relationships between mobility and territory spatial security can be characterized from three aspects: the coupling of space of flows and space of places, the coordination among resource supply-flow-demand and the reconfiguration of resource, and elemental flows and the resilience of the territory spatial system. Towards safety goals of ecology, water, food, economy, society, and other elements, it is crucial to explore the uncertain impacts of various elemental flows on the man-land system and the mobility risks under extreme conditions such as natural disasters and sudden public safety incidents. It is also important to lead the self-adaptation and benign feedback adjustment between human activities and natural environmental systems through optimizing resource allocation and territory spatial layout. Thus, we proposed a framework of territory spatial security. In territory spatial planning, it is necessary to carry out the coupling coordination analysis with elemental flows and territorial spatial development and protection, to establish new analysis methods of territory spatial structure combining spatial forms and flows, and to enhance the functional flexibility of different spaces to adapt to the uncertainty of elemental flows and activity agglomeration, as well as to construct territory spatial supporting systems that synergize supply and demand. This study is of great significance for improving the sustainable development of territorial space and ensuring the safety of human survival.

China has entered a critical period of building a modern and powerful socialist country. Meanwhile, the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, which poses severe challenges to Western China's modernization. Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Vision 2035, and decision-making of speeding up the formation of a new pattern of green and low-carbon economic development, and the Belt and Road Initiative have brought new opportunities for the national new areas in Western China. This paper makes a comprehensive assessment of the urban competitiveness of 88 prefecture-level cities in the western region from seven aspects, including national development strategy, economic level, social development, location conditions, natural resources and environment, scientific and technological innovation and reform and opening up. Besides, according to the national ecological functional zoning, six potential areas are selected, namely, Wuchangshi New Area, Hohhot New Area, Beibu Gulf New Area, Lhasa New Area, Xining New Area, and Yinshi New Area. This research put forward countermeasures and suggestions, including formulating preferential policies for the construction of national new districts in Western China, integrating superior strategic resources, and speeding up the formation of a new pattern of green and low-carbon economic system, so as to create a growth pole for regional development and to achieve the goal of modernization.

By studying the strategic background of the Yellow River Basin and the development plan of urban agglomerations in the basin, this paper constructs an index system for evaluating ecological protection and economic development that can be applied to a comparative study of urban agglomerations. Based on the index system, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics and driving mechanism of the coupling coordination between ecological protection and economic development of seven major urban agglomerations in the basin from 2007 to 2019 by using the coupling coordination degree model, spatial autocorrelation and geographic detectors. The results show that: (1) During the study period, the economic development level of the seven major urban agglomerations has been greatly improved, the progress of ecological protection construction is relatively slow, and the coupling degree between them rises in a fluctuating manner. (2) The eco-economic coordination degree of the urban agglomerations in the upper reaches is lower than that of the middle and lower reaches, and the overall coordination degree is improved to a higher level compared with that of the development mode which was significantly unbalanced in the past. (3) Urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin have experienced a transformation from economic development lag to ecological protection lag. (4) The coordination degree between ecological protection and economic development of each urban agglomeration has correlation effect. (5) The coupling mechanism is closely related to people's livelihood development and opening-up, technological innovation and industrial expansion, green development and agricultural construction, basic public service system and so on.

Tourism resources, the basic elements of tourism activities, determine the benefits of the development and utilization of tourism resources. The relationship between tourism resources and major national strategies has become increasingly close. Establishing a new viewpoint of tourism resources is a re-understanding and re-practice of regional development practices, which can put forward a new topic for tourism resources research. We sorted out and summarized the development context of tourism resources research under the traditional view of tourism resources. The results showed that: (1) The research contents of tourism resources are constantly enriched, and the research directions are becoming more and more diversified. Basic research actively makes great contributions to serve the national major strategies, as well as regional economic and social development. To a certain extent, the positive interaction between "theory guides practice" and "practice enriches theory" has been realized. (2) The new concept of tourism resources refers to the dynamic process of people integrating, configuring, reorganizing and optimizing tourism resources from different sources, levels, structures, and contents under the background of scientific and technological progress, changes in value concepts, increased tourism demand, and per capita income. It is regarded as an active response of people's cognition to the changes of tourism resource characteristics. The new outlook on tourism resources is a fundamental breakthrough to the traditional view of tourism resources, presenting new viewpoints on resource value, new resource utilization, new resource development, new resource benefits and new resource space. (3) This paper constructs a "five-dimensional integration" tourism resources research system from a new perspective of tourism resources, especially the value conversion of tourism resources, the sustainable use of tourism resources, the integrated development of tourism resources, the regional benefits of tourism resources, and the spatial reconstruction of tourism resources. It aims to strengthen the cross-regional aggregation, competition and integration of tourism resources, and to reveal the interaction mechanism of the development and utilization of cross-regional tourism resources. (4) There are some new problems and topics in the development and utilization of tourism resources in the new perspective of tourism resources. The integration of multiple disciplines and the introduction of new methods is an inevitable trend for comprehensive, dynamic, regional and systematic research on the development and utilization of tourism resources.

Grasslands in China are key natural resources and ecosystems, which provide very important ecological functions such as primary production, water reservoir and regulation, erosion and dust control, biodiversity conservation, as well as socio-economic values such as sustainable animal husbandry, pastoral livelihood, ethnic culture and tradition. Scientific protection, rational utilization and effective restoration are the fundamental basis for the sustainable grassland resources and ecosystem management. With the reformation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration derived from the re-arrangement of Chinese central government institution and organization in 2018, the position of grasslands in ecological civilization construction in China has been promoted. In the process of ecological civilization construction in the New Era, the regionalized management of grassland resources and ecosystems for high-quality development based on geographical variation and functional characteristics is an emerging issue to be solved. Grassland regionalization in the New Era should be oriented to national strategy of "Systematic Governing Life Community of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes, and Grasslands", and focused on new concepts of "Green Development" and "Construction of Beautiful China". In this study, methods including literature reviews, professional questionaries and experts consultation were applied to develop China's grassland regionalization system with the guiding ideology "Prioritized Ecological Protection, Coupled Green Development". Five rules include harmony with eco-geographic differentiation, prioritization of key functions, coordination with industry patterns, integration with historical tradition, and integrity of administrative units. The grasslands in China were divided into 5 first-level zones (macro-regions, including Inner Mongolia Plateau Grassland Zone, Northwestern China's Mountain-Basin Grassland Zone, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Grassland Zone, Northeastern and Northern China's Plain-Mountain-Hill Grassland Zone, Southern China's Mountain-Hill Grassland Zone), 47 second-level zones (sub-regions) and 2899 third-level zones (micro-regions). The regionalization was comprehensive, coordinative, and closely linked with the times. The ecological functions and potential industries for development in different zones were proposed so as to provide a sound basis for the grassland ecological civilization construction and holistic governing the mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands in China.