Owing to the differences in China's regional development level, ecological resources situation, etc, so the eco-compensation practical work also has certain regional difference. Eco-compensation's compensation types, benefit bodies (who compensate, compensate to whom), compensation standard (how much should be compensated), compensation form, compensation way and channel are the keys issues for eco-compensation research and practice work. There are great provincial differences in eco-compensation's practice situation in China. 1) In the aspect of eco-compensation types, involving synthesizing eco-compensation, forest eco-compensation, wetland eco-compensation, garbage disposal eco-compensation, watershed eco-compensation and other types, great provincial differences also exist. 2) In the aspect of eco-compensation standard, Beijing, Guangdong and other wealthy provinces had relative high eco-compensation standard, while Xinjiang, Tibet, Gansu, Guizhou and other poor provinces had relative low standard. 3) In the aspect of eco-compensation way and channel, transfer payment from the exchequer was mainly adopted, compensation fee, resource value fee and resource tax, were applied more or less in some provinces. 4) In the aspect of eco-compensation form, central government's transfer payment from the exchequer and provincial government's compensation for eco-protector, are the two main ways. 5) In the aspect of benefit bodies,"central government-local government, local government-peasant household"are the main bodies, which existed in every province, and the bodies of"enterprise-local government, enterprisepeasant household"are the supplement. The provincial differences of eco-compensation in China were closely related to national policy, eco-environment situation, eco-resource endowment and geographical distribution, eco-environmental protection enthusiasm, social and economic development level, public's understanding on eco-resource value, regional geographical environment and etc. With regard to the provincial difference of eco-compensation in China, we should not only realize the objectivity of its subsistent, but also take steps to control and concert.
Wetlands are one of the most important ecological systems on earth. Their unique ecosystem function has been sometimes called"the earth's filtration system". Coastal wetland is an important type of wetland, which is not only a rare ecosystem but is also often found in areas disturbed by human activities. Landscape changes have become the most significant feature of this fragile zone. Landscape process model has already become an important means for the further development on the research of landscape changes, and its importance is recognized increasingly. Costal wetland is kind of a highly complicit landscape system, with dynamic changes. The muddy coastal wetland in Yancheng is one of the most typically primitive coastal wetland for its significant strategic position in global biodiversity protection. Over the years, under the influence of the nature and human socio-economic development, the wetland landscape structure and function changed dramatically. In this case, constructing a landscape process model could be used to explain spatiotemporal dynamic change process of the wetland landscape on mechanism. The article divides the core area of Yancheng National Nature Reserve into two patterns: the human-managed one and the natural one. According to the landscape material and wild's ecological monitoring data of 2000, 2006 and 2011, the costal wetland landscape process has been constructed, and the outcome is as follows: 1) Substituting space for time, combined with grey relational analysis, it concludes that the key factor that influences costal wetland landscape change is the soil salinity and moisture. 2) Using artificial neural networks can achieve the space distribution of the soil salinity and moisture, meanwhile, through layer overlay and hierarchical statistical method, it figures out the scope of threshold value and change rules of the soil salinity and moisture. 3) Constructing costal wetland landscape process based on the key ecological process with the GIS-Matlab-CA technology and inspects its overall precision, Kappa coefficient and consistency, it turns out that the concordance rate of spatial location finally determines the accuracy of the whole landscape simulation. 4) Use the founded model to predict the outcome of 2012-2020 and 2025; it forecasts that the tendency of reed swamp, spartina marsh expansion and salsa swamp decrease in Yancheng costal wetland will become much more obvious.
Using Haihe River Basin as the study area, based on the annual rainfall and water surface evaporation data of 1956-2005, digital elevation model and the remote sensing data of land use (1970, 1980, 2000) and sand content of soil, we delineate the hydrologic type regions (HTR) of the Haihe River Basin adopting GIS and multivariate statistical analyses, with the unit basin as division unit. We analyzed the average characteristic value of underlying surface conditions and climate factor in HTRs, the spatial distribution and hydrological characteristics of each region. Then the impacts of land use change and unit basin scale on hydrologic regions were discussed. Through the delineation of HTRs for Haihe River Basin based on different land use conditions, it turned out that, during 1970-1980, HTRs changed a lot that because land use varied greatly, the land use of Haihe River Basin mainly transferred from urban area and grassland to farmland, which caused HTRs transferred from HTR2 to HTR7 and HTR6 to HTR2; during 1980-2000, the land use of Haihe River Basin rarely changed, therefore HTRs varied a little. The result of hydrologic type regions varies with land use change, and land use change will directly or indirectly influence the spatial distribution of hydrologic type regions, and the more obvious the land use change, the greater the variation of hydrologic type regions. Through the delineation of HTRs for Haihe River Basin based on different unit basin scales, we found that unit basin scale plays some part in the spatial distribution discreteness of HTRs. The distribution of hydrologic regions is more discontinuous for small scale unit basins, whereas, the distribution is more continuous for large scale unit basins. Overall the delineation result is relatively stable when the change of unit basin with an average area less than 150 km2, although the distribution of hydrologic type region does change, yet when a greater change of unit basin average area happens and the area variation reaches more than 250 km2, the delineation result will change greatly.
The scaling effect on spatial variability of the soil organic carbon (SOC) of cropland in different geomorphic units were studied in Zhuanglang County on the Loess Hilly Region by using a geostatistics method combined with Geographic Inform System (GIS)，the scales included county scale, complete geomorphic unit and town scale. The results showed that: 1) Soil organic carbon content was low in different scales on the study area. The order of mean and the variation coefficient of organic carbon content in complete geomorphic unit and town scale was different. 2) As the research scale changed, the impact of natural factors on the variance of SOC did not significantly change in high mountain region, whereas it changed obviously in hilly and gully region where the influence of random factors increased with the decrease of the study area. The rates of nugget to sill were 0.08 and 0.41 respectively in complete geomorphic unit and town scale of hilly region, whereas in the high mountain region they were 0.16 and 0.10 respectively. For example, the smaller the area, the interpolation information about organic carbon content was more abundant. 3) The elevation and soil type were the main influencing factors of SOC spatial variation on the county scale. In gully region, all the factors were not significant between the complete geomorphic units and the town scale. In the hilly region, the main factors were the altitude and the soil type on the complete geomorphic unit scale, but on town scale it was the slope gradient of field surface. In the high mountain region, the main controlling factor was soil type on the geomorphic unit scale, but the town scale was the soil erosion degree.
Northeast China is so cold in winter that it is defined severe cool region based on the regulations of"Thermal Design Rules for Civil Building (GB50176-93)". With the highest heating intensity and the longest heating days in China，the energy requirement for heating in Northeast China is the strongest. The amount of energy for heating depends on the air temperature. Analysis of change characteristics of climatic conditions of heating in Northeast China is urgent, because the climate change affects the energy usage. According to the regulation of "Code for Design of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (GB50019-2003)", a 5-day running mean method is used to determine the start and end date for heating. The degree day method is used to calculate the heating intensity, with the indoor base temperature of 18℃ as a standard according to"Energy Conservation Design Standard for New Heating Residential Buildings (JCJ26-95)". Changing rate of energy consuming for heating is calculated too. Based on the data of daily average temperature of 88 weather stations in Northeast China from 1957 to 2011 and statistics methods of trend coefficient, increasing/decreasing ratio, Mann-Kendall abrupt analysis and a linear regression, this article analyzes change characteristics of the air temperature during the heating period, the heating days and the heating intensity from 1957 to 2011 in Northeast China. Conclusions are as follows. The mean value of average temperature during heating period from 1957 to 2011 is -8.2℃. The average temperature during heating period increases obviously in Northeast China, with the ratio reaching 0.17℃/10 a and its abrupt year is 1982-1983. The mean value of heating days from 1957 to 2011 is 186 d. The heating days decrease obviously in Northeast China, with the ratio reaching -2 d/10 a and its abrupt point is the year of 1990. The mean value of heating intensity from 1957 to 2011 is 4959℃·d. The heating intensity decreases obviously in Northeast China, with the changing ratio of energy consuming for heating reaching -17.7%/10 a and its abrupt year is the mid 1980s. Based on the method of a linear regression, the heating intensity could fall 210℃·d and the changing ratio of energy for heating could decrease by 4.4% when the average temperature during the heating period increases by 1℃. In addition, a forecast model is built by using the circulation index.
Stakeholders of scenic spot are composed of different industries and sectors, these organizations or groups with their individual goals and interests constitute a complex network of interests together. The balance of interests between them is the fundamental guarantee of the sustainable development of scenic area.
This paper attempts to build up an evaluation system of the sustainable development of suburban scenic area, which can evaluate subsystems development level/the overall coordination and the comprehensive development index through the principal component analysis and standard deviation method, based on the index system. Then it is utilized in analyzing the suburban scenic area of Hubei Province.
The results show that the evaluation system could help us understand the suburban scenic area about the status of sustainable development and the development level of stakeholders subsystem, put forward development suggestions, and have some guiding significance to scenic area of our country in planning, management system and policy making.
In order to correctly reflect differential, dynamic and integral characteristics of water resource values, the concept of coupling values of water resources was defined based on the green accounting of natural capital, and the index system of comprehensive assessment on coupling values of water resources was firstly established. Then the variable fussy optimization model combined with entropy weight theory and analytic hierarchy process was introduced to calculate the coupling values of water resources. On the basis of the above-mentioned issues, the unified model of green water price in a watershed was presented. This model could realize various unifications on urban area and rural area, agriculture and industry and business and service industry, the same water department in a watershed, macroscopic and microscopic tax fees, value and price of water resources, which would provide a theoretical basis for the unified management of water resources in a watershed for reference. Taking nine prefecture-level cities in lower Liaohe River Plain as the examples, the coupling values of water resources were estimated by using multi-objective optimization and decision-making methods. All coefficients on natural values, additive values, economic values, social (public benefit) values, ecological values and environmental values of regional water resources were calculated using variable fussy optimization model and the results were respectively 0.1591, 0.0458, 0.1500, 0.0677, 0.2196 and 0.3578. The standard water price was determined based on macro tax burden and water resource consumption per unit Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the study area, the macro tax burden was 0.1258, water consumption per 10 thousand yuan GDP was 72.71 m3, and the standard water price was 17.30 yuan per m3. Furthermore, the unified standards of green water price in the districts of lower Liaohe River Basin were obtained on the basis of the above results. The green water prices were respectively 3.54 yuan per m3 for domestic water of urban-rural residents, 6.14 yuan per m3 for water in agriculture and industry and business and service industry, 4.72 yuan per m3 for administrative water, 7.34 yuan per m3 for landscaping water, 12.33 yuan per m3 for special industry water. Considering these current situations as objective bearing capacity of China's families of rural residents at present, development level of the productive force in agriculture, agricultural non-profit and fundamentality, the water price was temporarily 132 yuan per person annually for domestic water of rural residents, and 0.79 yuan per m3 for farmland irrigation water. The case study showed that this model of green water prices could incarnate the regional water resources endowment and the water resources demand in socio-economic development and ecological environment. Therefore, it would be beneficial to execute green water price policies in promoting the consciousness of economizing water of the units and individuals, enhancing the utilization efficiency of water resources, advancing harmonious development of water resources and economy, society, ecology and environment.
Cultivated land suitability evaluation of the plateau is an important prerequisite to promote the planning of regional agricultural development and the construction of food security system. This paper takes cultivated land of 18 counties in the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nyangqu River and Lhasa River (YNL) region of Tibet as the object of evaluation. The fuzzy weight of evidence model is introduced to screen out nine factors included in the four aspects of topography, climate, soil and water conditions as evidence layers, calculate the fuzzy weight of evidence of factor layer, and finally synthesize parameters of all factor layers to calculate posterior probability weight and revise it to format a distribution map of cultivated land suitability. The study shows that: 1) 80.83% of the known suitable points are above moderately suitable level in the grading figure of modified posterior probability, reflecting a high coherency, which indicates that the fuzzy weight of evidence connecting with modified posterior probability can evaluate the suitability of cultivated land scientifically and effectively. 2) Fuzzy weight of evidence model, which is both data-driven and knowledge-driven, can give full play to the prior knowledge and the role of objective laws. It can also increase the intervention of knowledge by the membership function, effectively using the experience of experts, which, to some extent, avoids arbitrariness in selecting indicators and determining the weight in the knowledgedriven method and overcomes the weakness of purely data-driven method. 3) Highly suitable, moderately suitable, generally suitable and unsuitable culti-vated land in the study area cover 213200 hm2 of cultivated land, accounting for 32.03%, 31.94%, 27.19% and 8.84% respectively, which corresponds to the spatial distribution. This can optimize the scale and layout of cultivated land and also can be used in the practice of cultivated area on the plateau to promote the rational utilization and management of cultivated land.
