The protection and utilization of traditional villages is not only a major practical issue to realize China's rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization, but also a hot topic in the integration and cross-research of geography, sociology, planning, economics and other disciplines. In order to systematically explore the theoretical cognition, practical problems, system mechanism, practical experience and effective path of the protection and utilization of traditional villages in China, 11 experts in the research field of traditional villages were invited to conduct interviews. The interview mainly focuses on the classification of Chinese traditional villages from three perspectives: policy change and typical model, macro mechanism and core theme, theoretical cognition and practical path, and focuses on specific practices such as industrial integration, landscape protection, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and locality, based on the theoretical understanding of the macro system and mechanism for the protection and utilization of Chinese traditional villages. Advanced theoretical and practical issues such as industrial integration, landscape protection, organic renewal, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and locality were discussed in depth. According to the main views of the experts, the protection and utilization of China's traditional villages in the new era should focus on: (1) The main problems of protection and utilization of Chinese traditional villages facing the impact of rapid urbanization and modernization, the innovation of mechanism and system, and the realization path. In view of the conflict between modern civilization and agricultural civilization faced by traditional Chinese villages and the major strategic needs for national rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization, the combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" is adopted to build a diversified integration mechanism featuring multi-subject participation, organic integration of agriculture, culture and tourism, and overall coordination. By exploring the endogenous growth factors of traditional villages and the historical inheritance and cultural context of traditional villages, strengthening the leadership of rural grassroots party building, giving play to the role of villagers as the main body, reshaping the public cultural space system of traditional villages and all-round digital twin modeling, etc., we will create a living environment that is in line with modernization development and ecological civilization construction and jointly build a cultural map, to realize the transformation of traditional Chinese villages from "vegetable gardens" and "back gardens" to "spiritual homes". (2) Core themes and specific spatial practices of protection and utilization of traditional Chinese villages for rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization. Focus on the core themes of traditional village classification, industrial integration, organic renewal, landscape protection, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and local reconstruction, and strengthen the classification and classification of traditional villages based on the coupling of key factors such as "livelihood, water, food, energy and land"; focus on the significance, connotation and influence mechanism of the time dimension, space dimension and attribute dimension of traditional village industrial transformation; focus on the three tasks of "protection and development countermeasures, measures to improve people's livelihood, and strategies to activate utilization" to promote the organic renewal of traditional settlements; emphasis should be placed on the gene protection and inner spiritual value mining of traditional human settlement cultural landscape, the "living" protection and utilization of traditional living space and the "activation" of traditional cultural heritage; focus on the diversification of traditional village activities, "co-construction, co-governance and sharing" and the construction of beautiful villages; the importance of natural non-human elements and human beings as spatial order construction and place construction of traditional villages and their active practice are emphasized to promote the realization of multi-functionality and multi-value of traditional villages. Pay attention to the excavation of traditional cultural heritage and intensive and efficient material space, create a harmonious and comfortable social space and protect and inherit traditional culture space; focusing on rural elements such as "ecology, culture, subject, and industry", strengthening ecological background, inheriting and developing local culture, balancing capital advantages and local embeddedness among local and cross-local subjects, so as to realize local reconstruction and characteristic remodeling of traditional Chinese villages.

Under the strategy of accelerating the effort to build China into a country with a strong transport industry, local governments have actively carried out urban rail transit construction and promoted transit-oriented development (TOD) within the transit-serving areas, which has gradually generated significant social and economic effects. Indeed, urban China has issued a series of national or regional planning outlines and policies to promote the high-quality development of urban rail transit infrastructure and the associated land-use planning. Currently, to what extent urban rail transit can produce a land premium effect still remains controversial, which is significantly affected by contextual factors and research design. For the differentiation results of the premium effect in urban rail transit, a sample of 298 observations from 44 published journal articles was investigated by using a meta-analysis regression approach, and the influencing factors of differentiation results were discussed from two aspects: contextual factors and research design. The results of the meta-analysis regressions would be helpful to promote both economic development and social equity. The findings show that: (1) Urban rail transit can produce a certain land premium effect based on the transport mode substitution and land development evolution effects, but the rail transit premium effect presents significantly differentiated results based on different contextual factors and research design. (2) Contextual factors such as assessment objectives, rail transit maturity, and accessibility features are major factors influencing rail transit and land premium connections; different methodologies adopted will also influence rail transit premium evaluation results. Compared to the hedonic pricing model, the premium impact evaluated by the multi-period price change and local linear regression methods presents a higher result, while the difference-in-difference model has a lower result. (3) The premium effect of rail transit has dynamic complexity. Concerning the economic and social impact of urban rail transit, mechanisms such as land value capture can be constructed to promote the sustainability, equality, and accessibility of rail transit services.​

Urban-rural integrated development is an important way to coordinate the national strategies of new urbanization and rural revitalization. It is also crucial for Chinese-style modernization. To comprehensively tackle challenges facing the current urban-rural integration in China, explore the path of coordinated urban-rural governance, and clarify the strategies for urban-rural integrated development, experts from various fields were cordially invited to engage in in-depth discussions on pressing issues related to urban-rural iintegrated development. These issues include the trends and pathways of urban-rural integration in contemporary China, Innovation of institutions and mechanisms for urban-rural integration, implementation pathways for territorial spatial planning, emerging rural business models and rural transformation pathways, high-quality development pathways for urban-rural integration in different regions, and the path of promoting urban-rural integrated development through comprehensive land consolidation. These discussions aimed to advance theoretical research and practical planning of urban-rural integrated development in China. Attentions need to be paid in urban-rural integrated development in the New Era on: (1) The primary obstacles and innovative pathways in the institutions and mechanisms of urban-rural integrated development guided by comprehensive coordination and regional interconnectivity. Constructing an infrastructure and public service system that effectively connects and complements urban and rural areas, accelerating the coordinated development of urban and rural areas using counties as the carrier, and promoting the flexible governance of this population while concurrently achieving integrated governance of urban-rural natural and social system. Promoting cross-border governance, encouraging cooperation and assistance between eastern and western regions, and achieving regional-scale coordinated development between urban and rural areas. Underdeveloped regions in both Central and Western China should strengthen the linkage role of counties and small towns. This involves enhancing their attractiveness for the inflow of talent, technology, and capital, and driving the transformation of industrial structures towards digitization, intelligence, and low. In contrast, developed regions in the Eastern China should establish a spatial structure system with multiple focal points, network layout, and clear hierarchies. They should expand the breadth and precision of urban-rural factor mobility, and promote the transformation and upgrade of traditional infrastructure and public services, aiming for inclusive development. (2) Optimizing the allocation of resource elements driven by the "planning-utilization-consolidation" cycle in territorial spatial management to achieve shared urban-rural governance and rural reconstruction. Anchoring the spatial pattern of urban and rural development through territorial spatial planning, optimizing the urban-rural spatial layout during planning implementation. Ultimately, improving the spatial quality organic renewal and driving bidirectional flows of diverse elements between urban and rural regions. Place emphasis on rural functional provision, resource utilization orientation, and industrial development models, uncovering multifaceted rural functions including production, lifestyle, ecology, and landscapes. Exploring regionally adapted industrial integration models that enhance agricultural and rural development vitality through distinctive features and high efficiency gains. We also should enhance the leading role of comprehensive land consolidation policies, incentivize and support active private capital involvement, promote resource integration and value enhancement. Strengthening urban-rural industrial synergy and integrated development, and facilitating the orderly flow of urban-rural resource elements. (3) Enhanced awareness and innovative practices in targeted urban-rural governance and rural transformation supported by digital technology and intelligent platforms. Establishing an urban-rural data sharing platform helps bridge the "digital divide" in urban-rural integrated development and enables refined governance across urban and rural areas. Deeply apply the technologies like 5G, Internet of Things (IoT) to support the transformation and upgrade of conventional infrastructure. Expanding the coverage of digital devices in rural basic facilities, and utilizing digital technology to integrate cultural resources across urban and rural areas. Promoting the deep integration of the digital economy and the physical economy involves linking consumer markets through the internet and digital technology, establishing diverse channels for agricultural product distribution, and stimulating the transformation of consumption patterns and the enhancement of consumption capabilities for both urban and rural residents. Embedding digital technology into rural industry development and social governance processes to facilitate the intelligent transformation of agricultural production, digitalization of rural industry development, smartification of rural administrative affairs, and establishment of a digital grid for rural social governance. The aforementioned viewpoints can provide theoretical support and decision-making foundations for achieving the goal of urban-rural integrated development oriented towards Chinese-style modernization.

Urban-rural integration is a crucial avenue for the low-carbon transformation of national spaces, particularly in understanding its mechanisms for low-carbon land use within the context of regional integration. Employing the ESTDA framework and spatial econometric models, we quantified the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban-rural integration's impact on low-carbon land use in the Yangtze River Delta. This involved assessing the development level of urban-rural integration and the efficiency of low-carbon land use. Our analysis revealed the following findings: (1) Between 2005 and 2020, the Yangtze River Delta experienced a fluctuating upward trend in both urban-rural integration development level and low-carbon land-use efficiency, with notable regional disparities and a spreading pattern centered around the region's central cities. (2) A significant positive spatial correlation was observed between urban-rural integration and low-carbon land use efficiency, with an increasing spatial dependence. Local patterns remained stable, showing spatial clustering convergence for both high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) types. (3) In contrast to the evolution of low-carbon land use patterns, urban-rural spatial integration exhibited weak correlations, with local patterns and dynamic transitions displaying path-dependent and spatially locked features. (4) Urban-rural integration emerged as a key factor influencing low-carbon land use, with each 1% increase in its development level resulting in a 0.2% increase in local low-carbon land use efficiency. Among the control factors, the direct effects of technological inputs and the degree of opening up were positive, while the direct effects of financial and ecological pressures were negative. Fiscal stress, environmental regulation, public service facilities, and land marketization showed no significant spatial spillover effects. The results of our study provide references for formulating low-carbon and efficient land-use policies, promoting high-quality development through the integration of urban and rural areas.

Ecological product value realization is not only an important bridge for the transformation of the "Two Mountains", but also an effective tool for accelerating new urbanization and rural rejuvenation. It is important to clarify its practical logic to achieve the Chinese path to modernization and promote the construction of ecological civilization. Based on 87 typical cases in the field of natural resources, using the grounded theory method, this study analyzes the process of ecological product value realization according to the procedure of "Open coding-Axial coding-Selective coding". Finally, a general explanatory framework for it is constructed. The results show that the internal logic of the whole process of ecological product value realization is "Identifying the resource base-Synergizing multiple mechanisms-Producing comprehensive benefits". The identification of the resource base is to clarify the direction of development. The synergy of the preparation mechanism, implementation mechanism, and guarantee mechanism is the driving force to convert and enhance the value of ecological products. Ultimately, the organic unity of ecological co-governance, ecological co-prosperity, and ecological co-sharing is realized through the production of ecological benefits, economic benefits, and social benefits. The study is a useful attempt to explore the theory of ecological product value realization, which can provide a constructive reference for improving the mechanism and implementation path of regional ecological product value realization.

New quality productive forces are the core driver for building a modern tourism sector and also support the development of a strong tourism nation. In order to deeply understand the scientific connotation of new quality productive forces and clarify the theoretical logic and strategic path of new quality productive forces empowering the high-quality development of tourism industry, several experts on regional economic development, the digital economy, tourism management and geography were interviewed. The interviews were based on the logic of "problem orientation-innovative thinking-path mechanism", focusing on the background, opportunities and challenges, core meanings, drivers, and innovations empowering the high-quality development of tourism new quality productive forces. There were three main conclusions from this research. The first was the strategic opportunities and risks of promoting the high-quality development of tourism through new quality productive forces against a background of rapid and continuous technological change. New quality productive forces optimize resource allocation through scientific and technological innovation, and improve the production efficiency and growth quality of tourism. They also produce new tourism development models and forms of business, constantly generating momentum to drive high-quality economic and social improvements. Especially in rural tourism, the role of new quality productive forces is particularly significant. It promotes the gradual improvement of the rural tourism production network, enhances cooperation among rural tourism stakeholders, helps rural tourism participants evolve new production initiatives, and ultimately reinvigorates rural areas with increased prosperity. However, given globalization and rapid digitalization, innovation in tourism faces a series of challenges. In particular, the lack of systematic development of tourism software and hardware, risks of data security and privacy protection, resistance to change and innovation in traditional tourism, and the "growing pains" brought by the transformation to new technologies deserve attention. The development of new quality productive forces in future tourism must focus on technological innovation, find and prepare a quality tourism workforce, optimize and more closely integrate products and services with human talent, and significantly improve the total factor productivity of tourism. Second, the process of empowering the high-quality development of tourism must encompass technological innovation leading to industrial modernization. Innovation plays a leading role in new quality productive forces and is the core driver of the high-quality development of tourism. The new quality productive forces empowering this tourism development have several specific features. Technological innovation leads the modernization of the tourism sector and is a prerequisite for the high-quality development of tourism. Factor integration and supply-demand matching are the intrinsic requirements for the high-quality development of tourism. Other critical ingredients are digitization, greening and artificial intelligence. The significant improvement of total factor productivity must be the core goal for the high-quality development of tourism. Third, the guidance of national strategy is crucial to the progress and prospects for new quality productive forces empowering the high-quality development of tourism. New quality productive forces are receiving widespread emphasis since their inception and have become a core issue highly valued by the tourism sector in China. In the New Era, modern technology has become a key production factor in tourism. Additionally, the transformation and upgrading of tourism is dynamically advancing, growth is strengthening, and the ability of tourism to serve national economic and social-cultural strategies is becoming more noticeable. However, it should not be overlooked that high-quality tourism development is still faced with serious problems such as weak technological innovation capabilities, uneven regional development, inadequate circulation of factor resources, and insufficient human talent for tourism. To further enhance the beneficial impacts of new quality productive forces in stimulating the high-quality development of tourism, it is necessary to focus on deepening the reform of the system and operations in tourism, optimizing the creative allocation of tourism production factors, accelerating the development of a modern tourism sector, and improving the quality of professional tourism talent. These three recommendations will not only enhance the understanding and application of new quality productive forces to a certain extent, but also provide decision-making support for building China into a leading tourism nation in the world.

The mismatch between ecosystem service scale and human governance scale is one of the causes of ecosystem service degradation. Defining ecosystem service stakeholders is the first step to understand and solve this problem. This study introduces Bourdieu's practical theory perspective, proposes an analytical framework for the definition and identity change mechanism of ecosystem service stakeholders, and provides practical attempts and research ideas from the field of ecosystem services for the application and development of stakeholder theory. The research shows that stakeholders are important social attribute variables in the ecosystem service feedback mechanism, and exist in the hierarchical spatial structure, showing special attributes such as competitive dynamic balance and differential weight rank, and are benefit objects for achieving the goals of ecosystem service management. The evolution of stakeholder theory and the classification criteria of stakeholder types are helpful for the discussion of stakeholder definition of ecosystem services, but there are some differences in adaptation. The introduction of Bourdieu's practice theory, which embodies the unique research perspective of comprehensiveness, relationship, fuzziness, generation and reproduction, can provide an analytical framework composed of core concepts such as field, habitus and capital for the definition of ecosystem service stakeholders. It also provides a way to explain the mechanism of identity change. At the same time, in response to the development orientation and trend of the integration of regularist "value" and positivist "fact" of stakeholder theory, it expands its theoretical interpretation boundary and brings practical attempts in the field of ecosystem services. Based on this analysis framework, the paper proposes further research directions for institutional design from the political, economic, social and cultural fields, and tries to explore the establishment of an institutional system that starts from stakeholder definition to regulating the mismatch between ecosystem service scale and human governance scale.

The large-scale construction of national parks poses a huge challenge to the demand for ecological compensation funds. Financial compensation is not only a drop in the bucket, but also difficult to solve the rigid dilemma of insufficient and mismatched compensation. This study uses carbon trading as a tool to solve the ecological compensation problem in national parks, and outlines three channels: international, domestic, and third-party independent voluntary emission reduction mechanisms that develop ecological carbon sinks into voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reductions to benefit the carbon market. Among them, China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) is the main channel for realizing the ecological carbon sink value of national parks in the future. Then, the study analyzed three key issues: limited market supply, difficulty in effective trading, and unclear profit distribution models for national parks to obtain sufficient and precise ecological compensation through CCER market. In the design of ecological carbon sink compensation mechanism based on carbon trading, a screening mechanism is proposed to ensure the maximum profit potential of ecological carbon sink projects under the principle of balancing economic and social ecological benefits after the methodological barriers are cleared. An effective trading mechanism is established by offsetting ratios, offsetting in other regions, and government protection settings to promote transactions and effectively distinguish the boundary between government and market compensation. In order to avoid operational risks, a precise compensation mechanism is introduced by establishing a PPP model of third-party professional carbon sink development enterprises for ecological carbon sink project, and income distribution is based on the contributions of relevant carbon sink supply entities. Finally, the study provides relevant policy recommendations for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which is in charge of national parks, and Ministry of Ecology and Environment, which is in charge of carbon markets in China. The research results are expected to provide reference and inspiration for establishing market-oriented ecological compensation mechanisms in all nature reserves and other ecological spaces, including national parks.

Food security is the foundation of China. This paper uses the panel data of the national rural fixed observation points from 2017 to 2019, with the fixed effect model to analyze the impact of land transfer on the "non-grain" crop production. The study found that: (1) On the whole, land transfer did lead to the "non-grain" of agricultural land. (2) Land transfer has a differentiated impact on farmers with different farmland scales. Instead of promoting non-grain crops, land transferred to farm households with a farmland scale of less than 10 mu tend to promote grain crops; land transfer does not show significance on the crop production decisions of households with land operating scale between 10-20 mu; while land transferred to households with scale above 20 mu are more inclined to planting "non-grain" crops. Accordingly, this paper suggests that: (1) In order to save the cost of supervision and management, the government can focus on the supervision of medium-sized and above entities, so as to improve the efficiency of the supervision of "non-grain" of agricultural land. (2) For small-scale farmers, the government does not need to intervene too much at present, but should improve the land transfer market and reduce the transaction cost of land transfer subjects by solving the problems of opaque information, high information acquisition cost and high rent in land transfer.

Current research on tourism resource development predominantly focuses on the economic attributes of resources and their economic transformation effects on products or industries, with limited attention to the social attributes and social effects of these resources. This paper conducts a comparative study of three rural communities in the circum-Erhai Lake region of Yunnan province with varying degrees of tourism involvement. The study explores the community heterogenization effects of tourism resource development and the bidirectional driving mechanisms between tourism resource development and community heterogenization. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, distinct from other rural resource development models, tourism resource development leads to both vertical economic heterogenization and horizontal group heterogenization among homogeneous village communities. Secondly, there is a bidirectional driving mechanism between tourism resource development and community heterogenization. On the one hand, tourism resource development brings about the transformation of resource value, establishing a link between "natural resources" and "social resources," resulting in the attraction of material wealth and population groups. On the other hand, community heterogenization creates internal tension among resource users, fostering diversified and systematic resource utilization methods, thereby promoting the integration of resource types and the enlargement of resource categories. Under the dual influence of external market and internal community drivers, tourism resources are developed and redeveloped, exhibiting value amplification and category enlargement effects.

The signing and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) have provided crucial external opportunities for the high-quality development of China's agricultural products trade. This paper uses the social network analysis method to characterize the agricultural products trade network, and utilizes the extended gravity model to analyze the influencing factors in agricultural products trade within the RCEP region. The results show that: (1) The spatial cohesion of the global agricultural products trade network continues to increase, the connectivity is significantly improved, and the trade scale continues to expand, with a distinctive "center-periphery" structure. (2) RCEP member countries demonstrate a clear trend of diversified import patterns, coupled with steady growth in exports. The number of global agricultural products trade partners continues to rise, leading to a differentiation in trade status and gradually forming a single-core structure centered around China. (3) The improvement in the quality of economic institutions and the signing of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) contribute to enhancing the agricultural products trade environment, reducing trade costs, and promoting agricultural products trade. It is suggested that China should fully utilize the opportunity of RCEP implementation, exert its core influence within the RCEP region, promote the implementation of RECP high-quality rules, form a highly complementary agricultural products market within the region, and enhance the export competitiveness of agricultural products.

Stone desertification is one of the biggest ecological and environmental challenges in karst regions of southwestern China. To alleviate ecological degradation, improve regional poverty, and enhance human well-being in these karst regions, the Chinese government has implemented the Project of Rocky Desertification Control since the early 21st century. Evaluation of trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in this region is important for optimizing of ecological protection measures. Based on databases of CNKI, Google Scholar, Science Direct, etc, we collected and analyzed a total of 89 published papers about ecosystem service in karst regions of southwestern China. The results showed that: (1) In terms of the chronological distribution of the literature, the number of studies was small during the period of 2008-2018 and surged during the period of 2019-2023. In terms of the study area, the most of studies were conducted in Guizhou province, while a few studies in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. (2) Most of ecosystem services in these papers focused on supply, support, and regulation services, while cultural services was neglected and less selected. And the ecosystem service assessment mainly depended on models analysis. (3) Main methods, such as statistical analysis, cartographic overlay and scenario simulation were used to reveal the mechanism of trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem services. (4) The key driving factors of trade-offs/synergies between ecosystem services fall into three categories: natural conditions, socio-economic development, and ecological engineering. Wherein, natural conditions is the dominant factor. Finally, we summarized the shortcomings of the research on trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem services in karst region, and prospected the future research in three aspects: spatiotemporal evolution, driving mechanism and ecological management, which may provide a scientific reference for the enhancement, management and sustainable development of ecological services in the karst ecologically fragile areas, in southwest China.

This study aims to integrate phenology research theories, methods, and data into the fields of tourism and climate change. Using first flowering date and last flowering date of 18 species during 1973-1996 and 2003-2012 in two phenological observation sites (Beibei and Renshou) from China Phenological Observation Network, and over 800 data records of the date on blossom viewing festival during 1987-2014 from authoritative newspapers in the study area, the impact of climate change on blossom viewing tourism and human adaptive behavior was assessed by methods of time series analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1) Climate change generally has positive impacts on blossom viewing activities in Sichuan and Chongqing, China. It extended the blossom viewing season length for 50% (9 species) of plants, and shortened it for 27.8% (5 species) of plants. Among the preferred viewing species in China, climate change was found to benefit the blossom viewing and tourism activities of camellia and mountain peach, but had a detrimental effect on purple magnolia. (2) Air temperature emerged as the primary factor influencing the blossom viewing season length. An increase of 1 ℃ in air temperature one month prior to the flowering date extended the blossom viewing season length by 5.99-7.57 days or shortened it by 1.99 days. Similarly, 1 ℃ increase in air temperature three months before the flowering date extended the blossom viewing season length by 4.41-11.71 days or shortened it by 2.26-4.99 days. (3) 50% of the organizers of blossom viewing activities were unaware of the impact of climate change and had not implemented appropriate strategies to adapt to it. Additionally, 50% of the festival dates were adjusted based on changes in air temperature. The study recommends adopting a scientific approach that adjusts the dates of blossom viewing festivals according to phenological dynamics. The study's findings offer a scientific foundation for directing the public and tourists in engaging in blossom viewing tourism. Additionally, they contribute to the scientific planning of plant landscapes in tourist destinations. This holds considerable theoretical importance and practical value, enhancing the climate change impact assessment and adaptation research framework. It also broadens the scope of tourism science research, establishes a novel discipline development direction, and furnishes a theoretical foundation for the tourism industry to address climate change.

Studying the impact of bidirectional investment on resource mismatch is of great significance for optimizing China's resource allocation and promoting high-quality economic development. Based on the panel data of 31 provincial-level regions in China from 2003 to 2021, a panel regression model, a mediating effects model and an SDM model are constructed to analyse the impact of foreign investment, outward investment and bidirectional investment synergy on capital misallocation and labour misallocation respectively, based on measuring the capital and labour misallocation indices for each province each year. The results show that: (1) Foreign investment exacerbates capital misallocation but improves labour misallocation, that outward investment improves both capital and labour misallocation, bidirectional investment synergy does not improve resource mismatch significantly, and that the results remain robust considering endogeneity issues and replacement indicators and samples. (2) Bidirectional investment can affect capital and labour misallocation through the effects of technological progress, industrial upgrading and rising labour costs. (3) There are differences in the impact of bidirectional investment on capital and labour misallocation between the eastern, central and western regions and between under-resourced and over-resourced regions. (4) Bidirectional investment has a spatial spillover effect on labour misallocation, and the indirect effect is more significant than the direct effect. Based on the results, policy inspirations are put forward to persistently attract foreign investment and encourage enterprises to "go global", formulate differentiated development strategies for bidirectional investment, and bring into play the spatial spillover effects of bidirectional investment on resource allocation.

Rural tourism destination is the key area to promote urban-rural integration and achieve common prosperity. Accurately grasping the multidimensional characteristics of county urban-rural integration development and systematically analyzing its mechanism of promoting the common prosperity of rural tourism destinations, is conducive to enriching the theoretical system of urban-rural common prosperity in the New Era. Therefore, based on symbiosis theory, this paper constructs a theoretical framework to examine the influence mechanism of urban-rural integration development on the common prosperity of rural tourism destinations. This theoretical framework is composed of the chain causality of "symbiotic unit-symbiotic environment-symbiotic result-symbiotic effect-symbiotic purpose". Based on this framework, this paper makes an empirical analysis of 60 typical rural tourism counties in the Yangtze River Delta region. The results show that: (1) Although rural tourism can continuously deepen the symbiotic relationship between urban and rural areas and enhance the common prosperity level of rural tourism destinations, it is characterized by unbalanced development and forms a "core-edge" spatial development layout. (2) The county urban-rural integration development can linearly promote the common prosperity of rural tourism destinations. And through the cultivation of tourism talents, the expansion of tourism market, the integration of space and landscape, and the allocation of tourism resources, new symbiotic energy is formed to enhance the promotion effect. Among them, because the countryside is in the period of material wealth accumulation, the tourism market expansion mechanism to improve residents' income level has the highest mediating promotion effect. (3) In urban-rural symbiotic units of different city sizes, the symbiotic environment of population, land and industry is differentiated and integrated to promote the common prosperity. Compared with small and medium-sized cities, the promotion effect of big cities is higher. On the one hand, big cities take industry as the core symbiotic environment, and activate the tourism market and cultivate tourism talents under the advantage of population size. On the other hand, small and medium-sized cities take population as the core symbiotic environment, and the utilization efficiency of rural tourism resources is effectively improved after population return. Therefore, large, medium and small cities can realize the common prosperity of rural tourism destinations. In brief, county urban-rural integration development has become a practical starting point to promote common prosperity. Based on the development scenario of rural tourism, this paper provides forward-looking thinking for major national practical problems.

On the basis of sorting out the basic logic and internal correlation of realizing the value of ecological products of wetland resources, the key elements and core mechanisms of realizing this value are put forward. Combing domestic and international practices et al, the typical realization modes of ecological products of wetland resources are classified into 4 categories and 11 sub-categories. Wetland protection compensation modes include wetland ecological compensation, wetland transfer payment, wetland damage compensation and wetland credit trading. Wetland industry development modes include material product transaction, wetland industry management and wetland franchise. Wetland rights and interests trading modes include transfer of wetland rights and interests, and wetland carbon sink transaction. Wetland equity financing modes include wetland equity finance and wetland equity investment and financing. Wetland resource ecological products are rich in form, and they are characterized by long value realization cycle and large capital demand. Therefore, this study proposes to establish the multi-factor supply mechanism so as to ensure the supply of wetland resource elements, develop the multi-agent participation mechanism to encourage the portfolio operation of wetland resources, and enhance the multi-business integration mechanism to promote the value cycle of wetland resources.

This study creates an evaluation index system for the degree of urban water scarcity based on the results of previous research and uses principal component analysis (PCA) to assess the level of water scarcity in 32 major cities in China from 2011 to 2020. The types and distribution characteristics of water scarcity are identified, along with the dominant physical meaning of the principal components, using the group-based multi-trajectory modeling (GBMTM) method. In addition, the types of scarcity and the potential risks of managing water resources during the process of urban expansion are discussed. The results showed that: (1) Significant regional variability exists in the water resource deficit, as demonstrated by the fact that it worsens gradually from the southeast to the northwest and is constrained by resource endowment. There, most cities with water scarcity are distributed in Northern China. (2) Resource-engineering coupling-constrained water scarcity is prevalent in major cities of Northwest China, resource-constrained and management-constrained water scarcity is prevalent in most parts of North and Northeast China; engineering-constrained and water-quality-constrained water scarcity is prevalent in many cities of Southern China. (3) The complexity of the urban water scarcity problem increases with the severity of the water deficit. Also, the motivating factors change over time. For instance, the intertwined impact of urban growth and GDP growth frequently results in the conversion of urban water scarcity types or the dominant position and can even cause the risk of urban water scarcity to materialize. (4) The likelihood of management-constrained water scarcity increases with the increase of city size and GDP. Also, the pace at which management-constrained water scarcity contributes to urban development is proportionate. The study also discovered that the GBMTM model can accurately distinguish separate clusters from various development trajectories. It can be utilized as a crucial tool for tracking the evolution of dynamic data in hydrology and water resources fields.

Traditional restoration practice focused on the site-based success, with less concern about spatial strategy of site-selection restoration at landscape scale. However, site-based restoration may achieve extra ecological benefits if they spatially form an eco-network with existing protected area where their ecosystem functioning can be co-beneficial each other. We therefore developed a novel site-selection spatial strategy to optimize restoration and conservation pattern with maximized co-benefits of ecosystem services (ES) for the coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta. We firstly identified the potential restorable sites and target salt marsh based on their hydro-geomorphological regimes using Gaussian model, and captured the hotspots of three major types of ES (i.e., habitat, carbon sequestration, water purification) spatial explicitly by InVEST across the river delta after restoration. Then, the method of Systematic Conservation Planning was used to determine the integrated conservation-restoration pattern and optimal conservation-restoration ratio under the gradient of each conservation-restoration ratio. This involved weighing the economic costs of ecological functions, protecting existing wetlands, and restoring potential wetlands, as well as the representativeness, complementarity, and connectivity of multiple typical ecosystem services under the potential pattern. Finally, the study suggests conservation-restoration tactics within the framework of each scale's optimum pattern. The study suggests conservation-restoration procedures based on the ideal distribution of each proportion. The result indicates that maintaining 50% of ES hotspots after restoration would be the cost-efficient target setting to maximize the regional ES with minimized cost, and thus the prioritized sites for restoration were filtered out by excluding existing protected area from those selected ES hotspots at this target level (50%) across the delta. The integrated conservation-restoration pattern of coastal wetlands that this study proposes to build and optimize enriches the technical system of ecological restoration of land space, and the priority areas for conservation and restoration as well as related regulatory measures can support scientific decision-making for optimizing the current conservation pattern of coastal wetlands.