自然资源学报, 2023, 38(8): 1955-1967 doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20230803

产业发展与乡村振兴

基于超循环理论的乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径解构

孙九霞,1,2,3, 王淑佳,4

1.中山大学旅游休闲与社会发展研究中心,广州 510275

2.中山大学大湾区人文共同体重点实验室,广州 510275

3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),珠海 519080

4.宁波大学宁波大学昂热大学联合学院,宁波 315211

Path deconstruction of promoting common prosperity through rural revitalization based on the hypercycle theory

SUN Jiu-xia,1,2,3, WANG Shu-jia,4

1. Center for Tourism, Leisure and Social Development, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

2. Key Laboratory of Greater Bay Area Humanities Community, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, Guangdong, China

4. Joint Institute of Ningbo University and University of Angers, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China

通讯作者: 王淑佳(1986-),女,河北张家口人,博士,副教授,研究方向为旅游地理与乡村可持续发展。E-mail: wangsjtr@163.com

收稿日期: 2022-09-13   修回日期: 2023-04-14  

基金资助: 国家社会科学基金项目(21AH016)

Received: 2022-09-13   Revised: 2023-04-14  

作者简介 About authors

孙九霞(1969-),女,山东潍坊人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游与地方发展、旅游人类学。E-mail: sunjx@mail.sysu.edu.cn

摘要

以乡村振兴推动共同富裕是具有中国特色的跨时代伟大实践,但“摸着石头过河”也意味着推动路径道阻且长,需要对其进行科学解构并厘清相关议题的理论体系。超循环理论有助于解构乡村振兴推动共同富裕的复杂路径。在反应过程方面,乡村资源与城乡关系是乡村振兴推动城乡共同富裕路径的起点,稳定复制与创新发展是路径的核心过程,路径反应的终点则指向中国特色的共同富裕。在循环层次方面,以乡村振兴推动共同富裕的路径可以解构为由低阶到高阶的乡村内部反应循环、乡村整体催化循环和城乡体系超循环三个阶段,分别指向夯实乡村功能、培育乡村内生发展能力和推动城乡共同富裕的不同目标,对应不同的实践发展阶段与理论研究议题。

关键词: 乡村振兴; 共同富裕; 推动路径; 超循环理论; 理论解构

Abstract

Promoting common prosperity through rural revitalization is a great practice in China. However, it also means that the path of promoting common prosperity faces enormous difficulties, which requires scientific deconstruction of the path and clarification of the theoretical system of relevant issues. Based on the hypercycle theory, this study deconstructs the complex path of promoting common prosperity through rural revitalization. In terms of the reaction process, rural resources inside the countryside and the relationship between urban and rural areas are the starting point of the path of promoting common prosperity through rural revitalization, stable replication and innovative development are the core process of the path, and the endpoint of the path reaction is the material and spiritual common prosperity with Chinese characteristics both in the countryside and city. In terms of the circulation hierarchy, the path of promoting common prosperity through rural revitalization can be deconstructed into three stages: rural internal reaction circulation, rural overall catalytic circulation, and urban-rural system super circulation, which respectively point to different goals of consolidating rural functions, cultivating rural endogenous development capacity and promoting common prosperity between urban and rural areas, corresponding to different stages of practical discovery and theoretical research topics.

Keywords: rural revitalization; common prosperity; development path; the hypercycle theory; theory deconstruction

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本文引用格式

孙九霞, 王淑佳. 基于超循环理论的乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径解构[J]. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(8): 1955-1967 doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20230803

SUN Jiu-xia, WANG Shu-jia. Path deconstruction of promoting common prosperity through rural revitalization based on the hypercycle theory[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2023, 38(8): 1955-1967 doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20230803

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求和中国式现代化的重要特征,而中国共同富裕的最大短板在农村[1]。农村问题不仅涉及农业、农村、农民本身,也涉及城乡一体化与城乡融合发展问题[2]。2021年中央一号文件正式吹响全面推进中国特色社会主义乡村振兴道路的号角,以乡村振兴战略推动三农发展与缩小城乡差距成为当前中国社会的重中之重和共同富裕的着力点。“摸着石头过河”也意味着以乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径必然面临重重难题。在乡村基底层面,大片乡村地区和乡村人口刚刚脱离绝对贫困,发展基础仍然十分薄弱,从相对贫困走向共同富裕仍有漫长道路。在国际环境层面,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情、国际局势对全球经济社会所造成的深远影响以及当前全球经济下行进一步加剧中国乡村发展的多维困境。在顶层设计层面,作为由上而下的举国战略,以乡村振兴推动共同富裕发展路径需要建立科学、高效、明晰的路径框架,强化顶层设计以精准指明发展方向和少走弯路。在基层执行层面,既需要明确、清晰的阶段性与分层路径和方向,避免出现政策理解与执行偏差,又需要保证乡村基层人员的主动性与创新性。因此,以乡村振兴推动共同富裕任重道远。

早在脱贫攻坚阶段,对于农村脱贫与共同富裕二者关系的精彩阐述[3]就已涌现,并在现阶段延伸至对乡村振兴与共同富裕二者关系的探讨。农业现代化不足以实现城乡共同富裕,乡村振兴则是乡村多方面发展,不仅是迈向共同富裕的客观要求和必然选择[4],也是中国实现共同富裕的前提基础、潜力所在和关键步骤,更是实现共同富裕过程中最为艰巨的任务[5]。乡村振兴推进共同富裕路径研究,既来自于二者理论本质的内在联系,也来自于中国乡村发展实践的迫切需要。故亟需在全球城乡发展理论和中国城乡发展经验的基础上,解构乡村振兴推动共同富裕的复杂路径,厘清其基本逻辑与关键问题,以有效指导中国不同地区、不同类型乡村在不同发展阶段的振兴实践。

超循环理论来自生物物理科学,已演变为自组织理论中的一个重要流派[6]。其对社会系统发展也具有一定借鉴意义,可用于国家或地区宏观经济发展路径的框架设计和战略规划[7]。中国农村发展与社会转型面临的结构性问题密切相关[2],故乡村发展和振兴问题不能仅局限于乡村地域,而应置于城乡系统中审视其复杂关系。本文基于超循环理论,从反应过程和循环层次两方面解构乡村振兴推动共同富裕的路径,建构理解乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的理论框架,以期推动相关理论讨论和乡村振兴实践。

1 文献综述

1.1 以乡村振兴推动共同富裕的路径研究

乡村振兴地理学聚焦根治“乡村病”的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径[8]。学界从乡村人才、治理、产业、文化、环境等不同视角探讨乡村振兴与脱贫攻坚战略的衔接[9],总结了中国乡村转型、振兴的现代农业规模化、企业规模化和卫星城镇发展模式[10],划分了土地整治集聚、特色产业发展、产业平台集散和社区功能集约四种路径[11]。同时,已有研究指出传统生产主义的、线性的、数量型的乡村发展模式导致乡村诸多问题日益凸显,有必要转向后生产主义的乡村多功能转型路径研究[12],强调乡村振兴路径需要体现乡村发展的综合性、复杂性和区域性[13]。随着乡村振兴地理学日益形成体系[14],研究进一步强调以乡村地域系统为对象“揭示规律—制定规划—形成范式”[15],提出“三主三分”乡村振兴规划方法[16]。未来乡村振兴研究需要由聚焦单一面向转向关注乡村整体、由振兴路径深入发展机理,进一步厘清乡村振兴路径的深层逻辑,以提高乡村振兴路径研究的对话性、系统性和延续性。

随着乡村演化,乡村地域的健康发展不仅愈加有赖于乡村地域内“人—地—业”互馈机制[17]和战略之间共生效应[18],更高度依赖城乡地域“经济—社会—空间”的协调耦合[19]。城市成为工业化以来人类地理空间的核心,乡村被视为城市附属和边缘空间。全球形成城市偏向、城乡互动及乡村偏向三类城乡发展观,并经历城乡关联、城乡二元结构、城乡互动协调三个发展阶段[12]。中国历经建国初期以城为中心的城乡二元关系、改革开放以来城乡二元对立关系,正在努力加快城乡融合步伐。党的“十九大”提出“实施乡村振兴战略”,明确现代中国乡村从“城市主义”农村发展模式转向注重城乡融合的新农村建设优先发展[20],推动农村建设运动从“如何发展”“更快发展”转向“如何更好发展”。与之相伴,近年来中国城乡政策从城乡协调、城乡统筹、城乡一体化到当前的城乡融合发展[21],乡村重新走上与城市平等、互补的位置。“城乡中国”成为理解转型中国结构形态的重要范式[22]。乡村振兴是城乡空间动态均衡演化和城乡互动关系改善[23]的过程与结果,从双向破解乡村发展困境。因此,乡村振兴与共同富裕路径研究不能脱离对城乡关系的探讨。

1.2 超循环理论

德国科学家、诺贝尔奖获得者艾根,通过对生物学中多样性和统一性关系的思考,于1970年提出超循环理论。超循环理论作为自组织理论中的一个重要流派[6],被视为当代科学在探索系统复杂性上的重大进展[24]。艾根等[25]认为,生物大分子存在转化反应循环、催化反应循环、超循环的由低级到高级的循环组织。在普通转化反应循环中,酶(催化剂)的催化作用等价于中间物的循环复原(图1a[24]。催化反应循环则是一种较高水平的组织,所生成的中间物至少有一个是后继某步反应的催化剂,从而整体等价于一个自催化剂,指令自身复制,成为一种自复制单元(图1b[25]。超循环是自催化系统等级结构中更高的层次,以二级或二级以上的非线性自催化为基础,使一组功能上耦合的自复制单元通过循环联接而整合起来并一起进化的系统,形成由循环组成的循环非线性反应网络(图1c[25]

图1

图1   生物大分子的三重循环反应

Fig. 1   Triple cyclic reactions of biomacromolecules


超循环中的每个复制单元既能指导自身复制,又能催化下一个中间物产生[24],从而既能保证通过循环连接起来的所有物种稳定、受控地共存,也允许所有成员相干地生长[25]。在超循环自组织过程中,随机事件的随机效应通过反馈到起点形成某种放大作用,从而将有意义的突变体并入超循环中[24]。“表现型”优势即对突变体直接有利的变异立刻得到稳定化;而“基因型”优势则有利于后继产物,从而间接有利于出现突变的复制单元,为使竞争结果固定下来而需要空间隔离[25]。经过因果多重循环、自我复制和选择,功能不断完善、信息不断积累,从而完成向高度有序的宏观组织进化[25]。分子自组织进化过程既要产生、保持和积累信息,又要能选择、复制和进化,只有采取超循环组织形式[25]。因此,超循环组织是一个远离平衡的开放系统,既竞争又协同、既隔离又整合,从而发展了达尔文原理[25]

作为自然领域的自组织原理,超循环理论侧重从生物信息学角度解释生物细胞在大分子尺度的复制与演化问题,但社会与自然在运行机理和哲学思维层面也往往具有某种共性,故艾根等[25]指出超循环理论也具有社会科学意义。钱学森也认为超循环理论为系统科学的建立提供了丰富的思想资料[24]。超循环理论提供了充分利用系统演化过程中的物质、能量和信息流以促进事物之间高效相互作用与耦合的方法[26]。一些学者使用超循环理论解释中国经济系统的超循环结构[27]、欠发达国家的经济发展[7]、绿色经济模式的演进[28]、资源型企业的发展机理[29]、城市超循环体系的建构[30]等,验证了超循环理论在社会系统中的有效性。

2 乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的反应过程解构

乡村是社会的基本“细胞”单元,以乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径是乡村“社会细胞”在城乡系统中所发生的复杂反应过程。因此,超循环理论有助于理解乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的反应过程(图2)。

图2

图2   乡村振兴推动共同富裕的路径

Fig. 2   The path of rural revitalization to promote common prosperity


2.1 路径起点——乡村资源与城乡关系

乡村系统的资源基础决定了乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径反应中乡村内部可投入的起始反应物。乡村本底资源不仅是振兴路径反应发生的基本条件和制约因素,也是乡村需要走上及主动选择差异化振兴路径的激励因素[31]。中国乡村在空间格局、资源禀赋、产业经济和社会文化等方面呈现高度的多样性。在中国东部与西部、经济发达地区与贫弱群体和边远地区之间,文化、资源、发展程度、核心城市发展水平等方面的显著差异决定了不同地区乡村倾斜扶持与发展策略的不同[32]。同一地域内,基于村庄特色、村民生存、发展建设、城村联系、村庄功能等不同维度,乡村可被划分为集聚提升、城郊融合、特色保护、搬迁撤并等不同类型及采取不同振兴路径[33,34]。因此,乡村资源是乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的反应起点,既需要在理论研究中高度重视乡村的多样性、深化对乡村本身基础的分析与细化乡村分类框架,也需要在发展实践中发挥乡村因地制宜的能动性。

乡村隶属的城乡系统及城乡关系决定了乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径反应中乡村外部可投入的起始反应物。在观念要素方面,城市作为工业化以来人类地理空间的核心,塑造了社会对于发展、富裕等概念的基本认知,城乡关系基本理念主导了乡村发展模式。在很长一段时间,乡村现代化被等同于乡村城市化,全球乡村都试图复刻城市发展目标、经验和理论以推动乡村发展。在城市主义观念主导下,乡村的独特优势、深刻内涵和多样性被忽视,乡村资源和乡村人口不断加速流向城市。乡村振兴路径需要聚焦城乡观念与关系的变迁。在制度要素方面,乡村往往被视为城市附属建制单元,居于中心城市的各级上级政府主导了乡村发展政策与正式制度的投入。例如中国建国初期的优先发展工业、农业大力支持工业策略,推动中国以城为中心的城乡二元关系的逐渐形成;而当前乡村振兴战略则重新把乡村放置于与城市同等地位。在物质和人力要素层面,乡村与其中心城市的关系奠定了不同类型资源和人口在城乡之间的流动方式与流动趋势,决定了乡村振兴发展中所能争取到的外部资源投入。而在文化要素层面,全球化、信息化进程加速城市文化向乡村的传播速度与渗透范围,其影响日益深刻。因此,乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径研究需要由生产主义转向后生产主义[12],在城乡关系框架下审视由城到乡的外部反应物投入,把握城市与乡村、政府与市场、发展与保护、当前与长远、试点与推广之间的复杂关系[35]

2.2 路径过程——稳定复制与创新发展

乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径首先是乡村自组织系统的自我稳定复制与再生。近几十年来,中国乡村整体面临衰败困境,乡村原有功能在现代化、全球化和工业化冲击下不断弱化或难以为继,乡村脆弱性不断加剧[36]、人口不断外流,乡村传统文化和乡土情结不断被瓦解[37]。就中国乡村所面临的时代背景和现实挑战而言,如何推动乡村经由长期历史积淀而形成的独特乡土系统及其原有功能的稳定复制以实现乡村的存续成为乡村振兴发展的基本要务。为解决全球最大规模的区域性整体贫困,中国脱贫攻坚实践中城对乡的输血式帮扶重要且必要。但就乡村长远发展而言,依赖外部系统的扶持不可持续,乡村必然需要通过自学习、自适应、自协调将乡村脱贫所依赖的产业和功能转型模式尽快纳入乡村自成长能力体系中。塑造乡村自组织系统的自我持续能力,巩固既有脱贫攻坚成果,是当前乡村振兴发展的第一要务。在分子生物学领域,细胞和机体功能的稳定性来自于由信息(核酸)编码出高度有序的功能(蛋白质)[24],以及超循环体系内所有循环及产物之间的反馈、调节作用。与之对应,在乡村自组织系统的自我复制过程中,既需要高度重视、深入挖掘、不断修正乡村传统的深层发展逻辑与运行规律,也需要从聚焦发展要素间的因果关系转向厘清、建构乡村自组织系统内多重要素之间的关系网络及反应互馈机制,从循环关系入手看待乡村系统整体的稳定与发展。

乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径需要乡村自组织系统的自我优化与创新发展。超循环理论整合了既有系统的稳定性、遗传信息与突变型之间的发展关系,对于理解社会系统中的创新发展与演化具有显著意义。相较传统社会中乡村发展的相对独立性和乡村变迁的缓慢节奏,当前多变的乡村外部环境决定了乡村需要不断变革以融入其所在的城乡体系中。1949年以来,中国乡村建设已经历三次变革[38],形成土地整治促增产、农业结构调整促增收、产业结构调整促致富和公共服务设施建设促均等四个阶段[11]。当前中国乡村正处于“工业化中后期、信息化快速发展期、城镇化中期、农业现代化全面推进期”[39]。乡村需要发展自组织的创新能力,以探寻符合自身实际、保留自身乡土基因的独特发展路径,在稳定中不断迭代以应对外部世界的快速变化。而对于更大尺度的城乡区域而言,乡村自组织的创新发展也可以有效避免临近乡村之间同一化发展所导致的恶性竞争与单一化发展所导致的高脆弱性,通过一定的容错环境推动区域内乡村在统一性与多样性之间的平衡。乡村的自我优化创新可能来自于被动应对和主动把握偶然契机的路径突变,如网红旅游、艺术家进驻等;但更可能来自于乡村精英引领的主动创新尝试。高素质精英人才的创新能力、乡村政策与社会环境的支持、政绩考核的弹性等是影响乡村自组织创新发展的重要因素。

2.3 路径终点——中国特色的共同富裕

以乡村振兴推动共同富裕是乡村演化发展到特殊转型阶段时解决所面临突出问题的必然路径和迈向更高层次的战略选择[40]。明确何谓中国特色的共同富裕,有助于指明乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的发展方向和终极目标。马克思和恩格斯[41,42]揭示生产资料私有制产生的资源分配不均决定了资本主义制度只能实现少数人富裕。因此,消灭私有制、建立按劳分配的公有制是共同富裕的实现基础。随着生产力发展和生活水平提升,中国共产党和中国民众对富裕内涵的认知逐渐从物质财富水平,到纳入经济发展和生活水平,再到1985年将生活水平进一步明确为物质和文化(精神)两个层面[43]。而中国社会近30年发展中出现的“伊斯特林悖论”[44]则更强化了对物质富裕能否带来同等主观幸福感提升的关注。在这一过程中,中国共产党延续共产主义一脉相承的“共同富裕”思想,通过丰富的本土实践经验发展了适应时代的共同富裕理念。中国特色的共同富裕,既不同于中国历史上平均主义者的均富思想,更与资本主义的贫富差距悬殊与两极分化相对立[45]。新时期中国的共同富裕是全体人民共同富裕,是人民群众物质生活和精神生活都富裕,不是少数人的富裕,也不是整齐划一的平均主义,要分阶段促进共同富裕[46]。因此,乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的终点,不仅仅是乡村人口的物质富裕,而应是乡村和城市人口的物质与精神共同富裕。

3 乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的循环层次解构

超循环理论将系统自组织的反应划分为由低级到高级的转化反应循环、催化反应循环和超循环。借鉴超循环理论,可将城乡系统中乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的循环层次解构为由低阶到高阶的乡村内部反应循环、乡村整体催化循环和城乡体系超循环。

3.1 乡村内部反应循环——夯实乡村功能

产业薄弱、基础设施和公共服务落后、生态环境保护压力大、治理体系不够完善、人才流失严重等诸多严峻问题仍是乡村地区广泛存在的桎梏。产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕是乡村振兴战略的总要求,对应乡村内部五条基本反应循环,其目标是夯实乡村基本功能、解决乡村的发展制约。乡村内部的反应循环依靠外部输入或强加的催化剂驱动运行和循环[47],不仅是乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的初级阶段,也是后续催化循环和超循环的基础组成部分。

(1)五条反应循环在外部催化剂的作用下实现增长。在乡村发展初始阶段,村民对美好生活的向往,与来自乡村地域外部的乡村发展政策、政府政绩考核、智力人力财力,作为催化剂促进乡村产业发展、生态治理、文化保护、治理制度、生活水平的某个反应循环。这一阶段的发展,主要是在外部多元催化因素影响下的“投入—产出—投入”的扩大再生产循环,乡村发展对外部具有高度依赖性,也即外部因素催化必不可少。

(2)五条反应循环相对独立运行,并未建立紧密耦合关系。经济主导的传统思想、提升农民生计的首要任务、经济发展的紧迫压力和乡村人物财力的有限性,促使产业反应循环被提上乡村发展首要位置。而单个反应循环在各自资源、权利和话语体系下运行,并由不同上级部门管理,进一步加剧五条反应循环的地位差异和相互分离。片面依托城市化和工业化的乡村发展路径则可能进一步加剧五条反应路径间的挤兑。

在研究层面,乡村内部的反应循环致力于厘清乡村各个面向发展或乡村功能完善的基本路径。如聚焦农民就业与增收[48]、农地地租与非农化增值[49]、乡村治理[50,51]、人居环境[52]、数字化[53]、宗教信仰[54]等都可纳入乡村内部反应循环路径的研究范畴。

3.2 乡村整体催化循环——培育内生发展

乡村振兴路径应注重经济、文化和生态环境之间的动态平衡与良性循环[12],故需要推动五条基本反应循环形成乡村整体的催化循环。通过基本反应循环之间的自催化作用,加速循环圈的运行效率,增强乡村系统内的耦合力,从而培育出乡村内生发展能力。具体而言,乡村整体的催化循环可以进一步分为三个层次:

(1)乡村振兴单个面向内不同路径间的催化循环。例如,单一产业既难以充分高效利用乡村资源和实现村民致富,也存在应对外界风险和扰动的高度脆弱性。通过不同产业间的互补与延伸,建立起产业链条间的催化循环,从而有效提高乡村资源的利用率和转化率。从传统桑基鱼塘,到现代特色农牧业、农牧产品深加工及旅游产业耦合,乡村产业间的关联效应日益显著。产业链条间的催化循环促使原有产业从单一线性的“投入—产出”扩大再生产模式,转向一二三产业的资源、产品、服务融合的催化循环网络,“产业+”的发展路径成为形成耦合循环催化关系的关键。

(2)乡村振兴不同面向之间的催化循环。新时代共同富裕的内涵超出单纯的物质丰富范畴,包括政治权利、经济、文化、社会和生态福利的全结构福祉。物质生活的全面提高和精神生活的协调发展共同构成社会中个体生活质量的重要标准和一个国家综合国力的重要组成。乡村整体催化循环一方面将精神富裕与物质富裕共同纳入循环体系,聚焦村民的教育机会、文化自信、政治参与、社会交往、心理状况等;另一方面高度关注和强化乡村振兴不同面向之间的互相催化与振兴。

(3)辐射乡村全域空间与全体人口的催化循环。乡村内部反应循环往往只能吸纳部分就业人口,直接带动部分人口从脱贫走向小康或辐射部分人口在单一方面受益。共同富裕强调同时评估发展水平和共享程度,即全体人民在共同劳动基础上共同享有社会发展成果,既要将差距控制在合理范围内,也需认识合理差距是必然且客观的存在。乡村整体的催化循环通过创造多元就业机会、改善人居环境、提升社会福利等方式普惠更多村民,实现发展成果在乡村内的再分配,从而缩小同一乡村内部不同个体之间的贫富差距。

乡村整体催化循环的目的是建立乡村内部多元循环网络,发展乡村相对独立的内生发展能力,培育乡村发展体系内部的互相支撑与系统整体的稳定性。在这一阶段,乡村振兴反应路径的主要催化要素不再高度依赖于外界输入,而转向良性循环建立的自催化。政府角色也从反应循环中包办的推动者转向循环过程中的引导者、指导者和支持者角色。乡村经济系统转向“多元经济”,社会形态转向熟人逻辑与契约精神的混合,空间形态转向三生空间有机融合的多元有序组团转变[55]。诸如乡村居业协同[56]、乡村弹性[57]、乡村恢复力[58]等都可以纳入乡村整体催化循环路径的研究范畴。

3.3 城乡体系超循环——推动共同富裕

中国社会结构正在从一种传统型结构向现代型结构转型[59]。现代乡村并不能就地解决其所有问题、实现自给自足的传统模式。城乡基础设施与公共服务同质融合是乡村发展的外部动力,城乡互补融合是乡村发展的内在动力[60],且城乡融合和乡村振兴的过程是城乡空间动态均衡的过程[61]。故以乡村振兴推动共同富裕的高阶路径则是建立城乡体系的超循环,通过更为复杂的超循环结构推动城乡居民的共同富裕。

(1)从资源单向输出到双向合作博弈。一方面,城市与乡村是不可分割的有机融合体,互为病因与解药[21]。虽然城市是区域多重关系网络的重要节点、中枢和动力核心[30],但城乡超循环体系中的城市与乡村不是“资源虹吸”和“输血—被输血”的不平等关系,而是城市与乡村、城市居民与乡村居民的双向平等合作。另一方面,超循环体系中城乡之间也在进行博弈,从而实现城乡空间的动态均衡。因此,城乡体系超循环不是乡村与核心城市间的单向度依附或资源输送,而是形成人口、资本、资源、文化、制度、社会关系、生活方式等多向度循环。

(2)从局部性介入到整体性嵌套。城乡超循环体系中,乡村不是以某个产业局部性介入整个城乡发展进程中,而是以上一阶段乡村整体的催化循环为单元嵌套到城乡大循环体系中。要素在城乡间的配置活跃促进城乡分工与融合增强,乡村迈向业态、产业、功能多样化[22]。乡村不再是单一土地、农产品或人力资源提供者,而是具有一定独立性的亚体系。在乡村发展和城乡互动中需要关注乡村作为嵌套单元的层次关联与内部关联,尊重乡村的独立性、自主性和复杂性。

(3)从有界线性关联到开放非线性网络。城乡超循环路径并不是建立在特定单个乡村与核心城市之间的有界线性关联,而是在区域内外所有城市与乡村之间建立的开放非线性网络。整个循环体系是动态开放而非固定封闭的。一方面,超循环体系建立起多个乡村、多个城市在多个面向的复杂网络,其因果关系多样化和正、负反馈多元化。另一方面,乡村之间也建立起合作、竞争的动态关系。乡村既可以复制临近乡村的优势经验以建立多村联动与规模化稳定发展,通过协同作用放大城乡超循环体系的非线性作用,也可以通过系统内优胜劣汰竞争而推动整个城乡系统由无序向有序跃迁。

(4)从单个乡村脆弱性到城乡超循环体系的自稳定与自进化。城乡超循环体系具有更高的运行效率与自稳定性。超循环不仅可以通过自催化提高循环圈内的运行效率,也可以通过交叉催化增强不同循环圈之间的耦合力,从而获得系统整体放大的整合功能[47]。超循环组织能够稳定地、相干地、自我优化地进化[6]。当外界环境发生变化、系统内原有平衡被打破时,城乡超循环系统通过自我调节、与外界进行物质和能量交换达到新平衡[62]。乡村通过空间隔离、良性竞争与差异化发展而探索乡村自组织的创新路径,从而实现乡村多样性发展和与城市多元化稳定,促进城乡共同进化。

(5)从局部阻碍因素到复合胁迫机制。乡村内部反应循环的运行不畅或终止,来自于局部阻碍因素的影响。而城乡体系超循环需要关注不同子循环间的复合胁迫机制。城乡超循环体系中不同反应循环的底物、催化剂和产物之间存在多重关联,A循环反应的产物可能是B循环反应的催化剂,但也可能是C循环反应的抑制剂。例如传统土地财政模式及农村建设用地权能缺失在保障农民基本生存和农业发展的同时,也导致中国资本三次循环均局限在城市,无法实现资本从城市向小城镇和农村扩散[63],故乡村发展问题不能局限于乡村空间,而应置于超循环视角审视。因此,需要厘清城乡多种循环反应的因果关系链和复合胁迫机制。

在高流动性、现代化的城乡发展中,乡村和城市超循环体系的联系越紧密、越多样化,城乡整体系统越稳健、资源投入产出利用率越高,系统对抗外界干扰的能力也越强。大都市与乡村空间功能分异[64]、乡村绅士化[65]、人口流动[66]与城乡两栖[67]等研究话题可以纳入城乡体系超循环的研究范畴。

4 结论与讨论

以乡村振兴推动共同富裕是具有中国特色的跨时代伟大实践,但“摸着石头过河”也意味着推动路径面临巨大难题。中国乡村发展的复杂性、长期性和内在规律性,要求学界必须在当前涌现的丰富乡村实践基础上,抓紧进行科学经验总结与理论抽提,厘清科学解构乡村振兴推动共同富裕复杂路径及其多元议题的理论体系。由自然的自组织原理发展而来的超循环理论也具有社会科学意义,本文基于超循环理论解构乡村振兴推动共同富裕的复杂路径。在反应过程方面,乡村资源与城乡关系是乡村振兴推动城乡共同富裕路径的起点,稳定复制与创新发展是路径的核心过程,路径反应的终点则指向中国特色的共同富裕。在循环层次方面,以乡村振兴推动共同富裕的路径可以解构为由低阶到高阶的乡村内部反应循环、乡村整体催化循环和城乡体系超循环三个阶段,分别指向夯实乡村功能、培育乡村内生发展能力和推动城乡共同富裕的不同目标,对应不同的实践发展阶段与理论研究话题。

本文使用超循环理论解构乡村振兴推动共同富裕的复杂路径,在理论层面试图探索其基本逻辑,在实践层面试图厘清其发展阶段性与多向度关联性。作为对乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径宏大议题的初步探讨,本文仍是不成熟的,未能涵盖所有相关议题和解析所有复杂关系。但本文初衷是抛砖引玉,希望通过乡村领域相关学者对本文的批评与讨论,促进乡村振兴推动共同富裕路径的科学理论发展与理论框架建构。

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Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

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In recent years, the urban-rural gap is increasing with the rapid urbanization and industrialization. Due to the urban plundering of rural talents, land and industry, “rural diseases” are becoming increasingly prominent. Thus, rural revitalization aiming at reducing the urban-rural gap is an important strategy to promote urban-rural integration. This article measures the rural development degree of Jinghai District using raster-based analysis of economy, population, resources-environment and location. The study divides Jinghai District into four rural development types and finds rural revitalization poles by multidimensional spatial aggregation analysis. The results show that the spatial differences of economy, population and location in Jinghai District are significantly higher than those of resources-environment: the economy presents the integration zone centered on Daqiu Town, Tuanbo Town and Dafengdui Town; the population is presented as multiple cores; the location in the central region is higher than that of other regions with decreasing towards the east and west; the spatial distribution of resources-environment is relatively consistent. According to the rural development degree, Jinghai District is divided into four zones: the business development zone (11.7%) is mainly concentrated in the central region with high level of all elements; the industrial development zone (20.2%) is mainly distributed in the east with high level of economy and resources-environment, and medium level of population and location; the facility agricultural development zone (45.1%) is in the southwest with medium level of all elements; and the traditional agricultural development zone (22.9%) is located in the south with low level of all elements. According to the characteristics and rural problems of the four zones, the study explores rural revitalization ways based on system, industry, talent and technology. In terms of system, this article suggests to establish land management institutions and agricultural product market management associations; in terms of industry, this article proposes to upgrade the industry and build new industrial parks in remote regions; in terms of technology, the study suggests to use network technology to lead rural development; in terms of talent, this paper proposes to train talents of management, organization and production. Lastly, the study puts forward three rural revitalization modes for different zones combining system, industry, technology and talent. The modern agriculture scale development mode will solve the rural problems of low production efficiency and weakening of agricultural production labor (Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ) by introducing advanced technology and increasing industrial chain; the enterprise scale development mode will solve small and scattered businesses and environmental pollution in villages (Ⅱ, Ⅲ) through gathering scattered industries and cultivating technical talents; and the satellite town (central community) development mode will provide public services for remote villages (Ⅳ, Ⅵ) by enhancing the radiation of facilities and transforming industries. It is of great inspiration to realize rural revitalization and speed up urban-rural integration.

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探究乡村转型发展规律对于系统认识乡村发展阶段、研判乡村发展趋势、明确乡村可持续路径、促进乡村转型与振兴具有重要意义。首先基于马斯洛需求层次理论、产业结构演变理论、区域空间结构理论等演绎乡村转型发展阶段,然后结合典型乡村发展历程分析进行实证检验,进而探讨对于新时期乡村可持续发展的启示。研究结果:① 乡村转型发展在理论上可分为4个阶段,一是生产力均匀分布下以实现温饱需求为目标的土地整治促增产阶段,二是城乡联系增强下以改善生活水平为目标的农业结构调整促增收阶段,三是区域联系增强下以提升生活质量为目标的产业结构调整促致富阶段,四是城乡互动融合下以城乡等值为目标的公服设施建设促均等阶段。② 典型发达乡村的发展历程在一定程度上印证了乡村转型发展阶段特征。③ 因资源基础、区位条件、市场规模、发展主动性等因素的差异,乡村实际发展过程可能存在阶段的跃迁或并行的现象。根据发展过程中不同主体发挥作用的变化,每个阶段又可细分为初始阶段、过渡阶段和成熟阶段。④ 基于乡村转型发展规律分析,城乡融合背景下不同类型地区乡村可持续发展路径可分为土地整治集聚路径、特色产业发展路径、产业平台集散路径和社区功能集约路径等4类。

[CAO Z, LI Y R, CHEN Y F.

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Exploring the evolution rules of rural transformation is significant for systematically understanding stages of rural development, judging trends of rural development, determining paths of rural sustainable development and promoting rural vitalization. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, industrial structure evolution theory, and regional spatial structure theory, this paper deduced the evolutionary stages of rural transformation. The evolutionary stages were verified by analysis of the development process of typical villages. Further, this paper explored the implication for rural sustainable development in the new era. The results showed that: (1) Evolutionary process of rural transformation included four stages. The first was the cropland-engineering stage, aiming at realizing the need for food and clothing under the uniform distribution of productivity. The second was the agricultural structure adjustment stage, aiming at increasing income under the intensifying urban-rural relationship status. The third was the industrial restructuring, aiming at improving the quality of life under the strengthening of regional linkages. The fourth was the stage of promoting the equalization of public service facilities with the goal of urban-rural equivalence under the urban-rural integration. (2) The development course of typical developed villages confirmed the evolution rules of rural transformation to some extent. (3) In practice, the evolutionary process of rural development presented skip or parallel phenomena because of regional differentiation of resources, location, market size, and willingness. According to the changes of the roles of different groups in development course, each stage could be subdivided into initial stage, transition stage, and maturation stage. (4) Based on the analysis of evolutionary rules of rural transformation, the paths of rural sustainable development in different types of region included land consolidation and agglomeration path, specialty industrial development path, industrial platform for collection and distribution path, and community function intensification path in the context of urban-rural integration.

张英男, 龙花楼, 马历, .

城乡关系研究进展及其对乡村振兴的启示

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随着乡村振兴战略的实施,我国已经进入城乡关系变革及乡村发展快速转型的关键时期。科学认知国内外城乡关系理论发展和演变规律对实施乡村振兴战略、缩小城乡差距、调整城乡结构和优化城乡格局具有重要意义。本文在系统梳理国外城乡关系理论及我国乡村发展与城乡关系演进的阶段性特征的基础上,从经济、社会、生态及文化的视角阐述了我国乡村发展与城乡关系研究的相关进展,并在此基础上探讨了未来重点的研究领域和方向。乡村发展思维应由生产主义导向转向后生产主义,关注乡村多元价值,深化基于乡村多功能转型理论的乡村振兴机制、区域路径与模式研究;在科技迅速发展,新事物新因素大量涌现的新时代,应关注特色小镇、田园综合体、民宿及乡村电子商务等新兴乡村转型发展形态的形成机制;同时,基于不同地域类型的乡村振兴的机制与模式研究也应得到重视,结合国际乡村地理学前沿,深入开展发达地区乡村的混杂性研究。广泛的城乡空间重构进程对乡村地区产生剧烈的影响与挑战,对于乡村振兴视角下城乡空间重构的动力机制与模式的研究仍需持续关注;根据我国的特殊国情,创新适合我国基本国情与发展实际的乡村振兴理论与实现路径,推动城乡融合发展。

[ZHANG Y N, LONG H L, MA L, et al.

Research progress of urban-rural relations and its implications for rural revitalization

Geographical Research, 2019, 38(3): 578-594.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180880      [本文引用: 4]

With the implementation of rural vitalization strategy, China has stepped into a critical period with the dramatic changes of urban-rural relations and the accelerating transformation development of rural territorial system. Scientifically understanding the research progress of urban-rural relation theory and evolution rule is of great significance for boosting rural vitalization, narrowing urban-rural disparity, adjusting urban-rural structure and optimizing urban-rural patterns. This paper elaborates the research progress of urban-rural relations and rural development in China from the dimensions of economy, society, ecology and culture based on the review of foreign urban-rural relations and the characteristics of domestic rural development, as well as the evolution of urban-rural relation. Furthermore, prospect of research focus or key fields in the future were given. Firstly, transforming the development idea from productivism oriented to post-productivism oriented and attaching importance to the multiple values of rural areas should be emphasized. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out intensive studies about the mechanism, regional path selection and development mode of rural vitalization based on the theory of rural multiple function transition. Understanding the relationship of different functions is essential for dealing with rural decline and realizing the comprehensive vitalization. Meanwhile, we should focus on the mechanism and format of rural vitalization based on different territorial types. Against the context of rural-urban integrated development, we should promote the supply-side reform and activate the forces of socio-economic growth in underdeveloped areas. As for the developed rural areas, the “hybridity” should be emphasized and further studies should be conducted. In some rural areas, the phenomenon of the hybridity of development agents, the combination of production space and living space, the mixture of rurality and modernism have emerged. Accordingly, more emphasis should be placed on the heterogeneity and diversity in the process of rural restructuring. Secondly, with the emergence of new factors or new technologies, we should focus on the new morphology of rural development, such as characteristic towns, rural complex and “Taobao village”. In recent years, China's rural areas have undergone intensive restructuring motivated by e-commerce, which has triggered a new wave of rural rejuvenation. But how e-commerce affects rural development and the characteristics of this process are still unclear, and this is important for understanding the urban-rural relations under the context of informatization. Thirdly, the mechanism and format of urban-rural spatial restructuring should be emphasized. From the perspective of urban-rural interaction, the theory of urban-rural network may be practical and meaningful for optimizing the spatial distribution of infrastructure construction and industrial development. Lastly, creating or improving the theory and improving the path of rural vitalization according to the national conditions are meaningful for realizing the strategy.

杨忍, 文琦, 王成, .

新时代中国乡村振兴: 探索与思考: 乡村地理青年学者笔谈

自然资源学报, 2019, 34(4): 890-910.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190417      [本文引用: 1]

乡村振兴是新时期国家重大战略,是一项系统工程。中国地域广阔,资源禀赋和经济发展区域差异显著,乡村振兴路径需要体现乡村发展的综合性、复杂性和区域性。来自乡村地理学领域的16位青年学者,以笔谈方式,对中国乡村振兴的科学路径开展了深入讨论。核心观点如下:(1)乡村振兴需要遵循时空分异规律,重点关注乡村发展的时空传承与现实需求之间的衔接,建立彰显地域特色和具有可操行性的理论和技术体系,分类、有序地推进乡村的人居环境、产业体系、生态环境和治理模式等转型。(2)力求城乡融合和联动,构建城乡复合多中心网络体系,创新采用“乡村群”空间组织模式,以乡村内生力、城镇辐射力与规划约束力共同驱动乡村振兴。(3)在中国“大国小农”的基本国情下,农业承载着食品安全、社会稳定和生态产品等多重功能,需要构建农业“全价值链”的发展路径,促进一二三产业深度融合,助力乡村产业兴旺。(4)在能源富集区,在保障国家能源安全需求前提下,需从根本上解决农村发展不平衡不充分问题;在西南地区,依托山区特色生态、人文资源打造山区现代农业产业体系、重塑乡村旅游新品牌、构筑山水田园乡村家园;在东北地区,乡村振兴应与“东北振兴”战略协同推进,有序分类推进;在长三角地区,应在全面认知乡村工业化到乡村城镇化,再到乡村特色化,到乡村的社会、文化和生态建设的阶段演化特征基础上,寻求差异化的乡村振兴路径;在西北地区,应在生态保护的前提下有效提升乡村“自主脱贫”的能力,实现从“输血”扶贫向“造血”扶贫转变;在京津冀地区,需以城乡基本公共服务均等化为目标,推动城乡融合与乡村振兴;在资源型地区,乡村振兴核心将以一二三产业融合的高效农业体系替代以资源开采为核心的产业体系;在传统农区,优化耕地利用转型同农村劳动力结构变化的耦合格局是实现乡村振兴的关键;在经济发达地区,具有“混杂性”特征的乡村,需激活农村土地资源的资产和资本属性,推进空间有序整合与活化,寻求多主体共同参与和缔造的现代乡村治理模式。

[YANG R, WEN Q, WANG C, et al.

Discussions and thoughts of the path to China's rural revitalization in the New Era: Notes of the young rural geography scholars

Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(4): 890-910.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190417      [本文引用: 1]

The rural revitalization, as a national strategy in the new era, puts forward the requirements and goals of the thriving industry, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance and prosperity. China is a country with a vast territory, marked by regional differences in resource and economic development levels. What's more, rural areas are complex, diverse, and have many problems. Rural revitalization is a systematic project with comprehensive, complex and regional characteristics. Sixteen young scholars in the field of rural geography across the country have conducted in-depth discussions and reflections on the scientific path of rural revitalization in China. The core points are as follows: (1) In accordance with the law of time-space distribution, we should fully understand the connection between the historical basis of rural development and the practical needs, establish a theoretical and technical system that highlights regional characteristics and has operability, and promote the transformation of rural residential environment, industrial system and governance mode in a classified and orderly manner. (2) Rural revitalization strives for the integration between urban and rural areas to build a compound multi-center network system, which breaks through the village and town systems of traditional linear "central place", and innovate the spatial organization mode of "village cluster". Rural endogenous force, urban radiation force and planning binding force jointly drive rural revitalization. (3) The agriculture has multiple functions such as food safety, social stability, and ecological products. Its development needs to create the whole value chain of agriculture to promote the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. (4) In energy-rich areas, we should fundamentally solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate rural development under the premise of ensuring the national energy security demand. In Southwest China, we should take advantage of ecology and human resources to build a modern agricultural industry system, remodel the brand of rural tourism, and build landscape rural homes. In Northeast China, rural revitalization must proceed in an orderly and classified way in the process of synergistic promotion of the "northeast revitalization" strategy. In the Yangtze River Delta region, it is necessary to cognize the evolutionary stages from rural industrialization to rural urbanization, and then to rural characteristics with more and more emphasis on the social, cultural and ecological construction of rural areas, seeking a scientific path of rural revitalization. In Northwest China, we propose to effectively improve the ability of "independent poverty alleviation" in rural areas under the premise of ecological protection, and realize the transformation from "transfusing blood" to "producing blood". In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, oriented by equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas, we will promote the development of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. In resource-oriented areas, rural industries will replace the industrial system formed around resource exploitation with an efficient agricultural system integrating primary, secondary and tertiary industries. In traditional agricultural areas, it is necessary to optimize the coupling pattern between farmland use transformation and rural labor structure change, which is an important means to achieve rural revitalization. In economically developed areas, villages with "mixed" characteristics need to activate the assets and capital attributes of rural land resources, promote the integration and activation of spatial order, and comprehensively explore the modern rural governance mode with the participation of multiple subjects.

刘彦随.

新时代乡村振兴地理学研究

地理研究, 2019, 38(3): 461-466.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190133      [本文引用: 1]

城乡融合与乡村可持续发展,既是中国现代化建设的重要战略主题,也是地理学乡村系统研究的主要前沿课题。面对快速城镇化进程中城乡分隔、人地分离和日趋严峻的乡村病问题,加快推进城乡融合与乡村振兴上升为国家战略。本文简要分析了新时代乡村振兴的经济社会背景及其重要意义,指出深度探究人地系统耦合、城乡发展融合、村镇功能契合重大理论与科学途径,成为现代地理学面向国家战略、服务乡村振兴的重要责任。重点介绍了乡村振兴战略提出一周年来国内相关研究进展及本专辑论文的主要内容与特点。最后,着眼于发挥地理学优势和特色,阐释了新时代乡村振兴科学研究的前沿问题及科技需求,提出了进一步深化中国乡村科学与乡村振兴地理学研究的初步思考和建议。

[LIU Y S.

Research on the geography of rural revitalization in the New Era

Geographical Research, 2019, 38(3): 461-466.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190133      [本文引用: 1]

Urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development are not only the important strategic themes of China's modernization, but also the main frontier topics of rural regional system research in geography. Facing the problems of urban-rural segregation, human-land segregation and increasingly severe rural diseases in the process of rapid urbanization in China, urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are accelerated to be the national strategies. This research briefly analyses the economic and social background of rural revitalization and its significance in the new era. It is pointed out that the important responsibility of modern geography to face the national strategy and serve the rural revitalization is to deeply explore the major theories and scientific approaches of the coupling of man-land system, the integration of urban-rural development and the fit of the functions of villages-towns, while this paper focuses on the domestic research progress of rural revitalization strategy since it has been proposed for one year and the main contents and characteristics of this special issue. Finally, focusing on giving full play to the advantages and characteristics of geography, this paper expounds the theoretical frontiers and scientific and technological needs of the scientific research on rural revitalization in the new era. The ten frontier issues mainly include the differentiation and integration mechanism of urban and rural regional system; the transformation mechanism and scientific approach of rural regional system; the interaction principle and planning governance of agriculture, farmers and rural areas; the mutual feedback mechanism of rural natural-social-technical system; the coupling process and scenario simulation of rural man-land system; the suitability and carrying capacity of rural spatial reconstruction; and rural transformation developing endogenous power and synergy mechanism; new subjectivity and farmers' organization of rural revitalization; efficiency and transmission mechanism of scientific and technological innovation of rural revitalization; disaster and risk control mechanism of rural regional system. And we put forward some preliminary thoughts and suggestions for deepening the research of rural science and geography on rural revitalization in China.

李裕瑞, 曹智, 龙花楼.

发展乡村科学, 助力乡村振兴: 第二届乡村振兴与乡村科学论坛综述

地理学报, 2019, 74(7): 1482-1486.

[本文引用: 1]

2019年4月27日,第二届乡村振兴与乡村科学论坛在南京成功举行,来自全国20多个省份的近400名专家学者相聚南京师范大学,共话乡村振兴战略与乡村科学发展。本次论坛共有8个特邀专家主题报告,14个议题报告,并设置了自由讨论环节。论坛报告及专家发言观点纷呈、讨论热烈。本文从乡村科学与乡村振兴、城乡融合与乡村振兴、精准扶贫与乡村振兴、深化改革与乡村振兴、乡村重构与乡村振兴、村域发展与乡村振兴等6个方面对主要观点进行梳理,以期对新时代乡村科学的快速发展与乡村振兴的有序推进有所裨益。

[LI Y R, CAO Z, LONG H L.

Developing rural science and promoting rural vitalization: An overview of the second forum on rural vitalization and rural science

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(7): 1482-1486.]

[本文引用: 1]

On April 27, 2019, the 2nd Forum on Rural Vitalization and Rural Science was successfully held in Nanjing Normal University. Nearly 400 scholars from more than 20 provinces gathered to discuss the strategy of Rural Vitalization and the development of rural science. This forum has 8 invited thematic lectures, 14 topic reports and two free discussions. This paper summarized the main viewpoints from six aspects: rural science and rural vitalization, urban-rural integration and rural vitalization, targeted poverty alleviation and rural vitalization, deepening reform and rural vitalization, rural restructuring and rural vitalization, village development and rural vitalization, in order to benefit the rapid development of rural science and the orderly promotion of Rural Vitalization in the new era.

刘彦随.

中国乡村振兴规划的基础理论与方法论

地理学报, 2020, 75(6): 1120-1133.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006002      [本文引用: 1]

农业农村现代化是实施乡村振兴战略的总目标,科学编制乡村振兴规划事关国家乡村振兴战略的推进及实施成效。《全国乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022)》提出以来,如何建立符合中国乡村发展基本特点与规律的乡村振兴规划基础理论,研制县域乡村振兴规划方法与方案,成为当前学术研究及政府决策的重要课题和重点任务。基于乡村地域多体系统理论,构建了乡村振兴规划理论模式,提出了“三主三分”乡村振兴规划方法。“三主三分”的基本原理是依据特定区域乡村地域系统结构与格局,进行地域系统主体功能分区、主导类型分类、主要用途分级,确立乡村振兴规划空间体系及其优化调整方案。该体系运用于宁夏回族自治区盐池县乡村振兴总体规划,制定了坚持生态优先、因地制宜、产业支撑、城乡融合的乡村振兴规划原则,提出应重点发展乡村专业合作组织和村镇混合制经济,加快建设以滩羊、黄花、小杂粮产业化为特色、生态文化旅游智慧化为亮点的优势产业体系;在空间上突出中心城镇地位,形成以县城和3个重点镇为中心、“三产”融合发展的村镇有机体、居业协同体。本研究是对创建中国乡村振兴规划体系的有益尝试,可为全国县级乡村振兴规划与乡村发展决策提供参考依据。

[LIU Y S.

The basic theory and methodology of rural revitalization planning in China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(6): 1120-1133.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202006002      [本文引用: 1]

Agricultural and rural modernization is the general goal of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The scientific formulation of the rural revitalization planning is related to the implementation effect of the national rural revitalization strategy. How to establish the basic theory of rural revitalization and develop the methods of rural revitalization planning have become important tasks of academic research and government decision-making. This paper constructed the theoretical model and method system of rural revitalization planning, tried to carry out the main function-oriented zoning, dominant type classification and principal purpose classification of rural regional system, and established the spatial system of rural revitalization planning and its optimal adjustment scheme. This system was applied to the overall rural revitalization planning in Yanchi County of Ningxia. By establishing the principle of rural revitalization planning that sticks to ecological priority, adaptation to local condition, industrial support and urban-rural integration, it put forward that the priority should be given to the development of rural professional cooperation organizations and the mixed economy of villages and towns, and the acceleration of the construction of advantageous industrial system characterized by the industrialization of tan-sheep, day lily, and minor cereals, and highlighted by the wisdom of eco-cultural tourism. Moreover, it was encouraged to give prominence to the position of the central town in space, and form the village organism and housing industry coordination body with the county seat and three key towns as the center of integrated industry development. The typical case study of Yanchi County has shown that the main contents and technical points of rural revitalization planning were embodied in the following four aspects: (1) determining the overall orientation of rural revitalization planning, and clarifying the phased development mode, key areas; (2) developing the county area based on the main function-oriented zoning, leading type classification and main purpose classification system, and exploring the territorial pattern and differentiation rules; (3) establishing the county development mode and industrial system, formulating coordination schemes of different main function-oriented zones, and revealing the spatial configuration and structural relationship of different dominant types; (4) exploring the local association and hierarchical system of each dominant type in its scale and level. The main task of implementing the rural revitalization planning is to promote the formation of a new pattern of urban-rural development with factors gathering, reasonable structure and orderly space in accordance with the objective requirements of "industrial prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization, effective governance and prosperous life". China is facing great differences in rural development and many problems in transformation. Regional disparities and urban-rural differences determine the complexity, diversity and differences of rural governance and rural revitalization planning. China's rural transformation-urban and rural integration-rural revitalization-high quality development will become the major development logic and new normal in the future. The research on rural revitalization planning in the new era should focus on the overall situation of regional coordination and urban-rural integration, and solve the practical problems of "rural disease", so as to serve the national rural revitalization planning and scientific decision-making.

李鑫, 马晓冬, 胡嫚莉.

乡村地域系统人—地—业要素互馈机制研究

地理研究, 2022, 41(7): 1981-1994.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210628      [本文引用: 1]

乡村振兴需要系统化的理论支持,人-地-业要素是乡村地域系统的核心,探索乡村地域系统结构及其人-地-业要素互馈如何塑造乡村发展动力不仅有现实迫切性,更有重要学术意义。论文运用逻辑分析法对乡村地域系统人-地-业要素互馈机制进行考察。结果表明:乡村地域系统可分为本底要素、直接要素与间接要素三大子系统,本底要素是乡村发展的“基础台”,直接要素是乡村发展主体,而间接要素是乡村发展的“调节器”;人-地-业互馈的科学内涵是通过相互作用来优化要素数量组合与空间匹配而塑造乡村发展动力,驱动乡村地域系统向优化状态迁移;人-地-业要素互馈机制框架中三者存在相互作用路径,是一个联动互馈环,有动态性、传播性与关联性特征;人-地-业要素互馈理论框架可为农业农村现代化、村庄规划、全域土地综合整治等乡村振兴工作提供理论支持;人-地-业要素互馈耦合调控实际上是塑造乡村发展动力的过程,应根据互馈路径在综合权衡基础上确定互馈调控强度与方向。

[LI X, MA X D, HU M L.

The mutual feedback mechanism of human-land-industry factors of the rural regional system

Geographical Research, 2022, 41(7): 1981-1994.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210628      [本文引用: 1]

Nowadays the rural revitalization work in China needs a systematical theory to support its implementation, however few studies have addressed the rural development mechanism. As human-land-industry factors are the core of rural regional system (RRS), the exploration of the structure of RRS and how the mutual feedbacks among human-land-industry factors shapes the development impetus of RRS is not only urgently needed in reality, but also of great significance to academic research. Thus, this paper studies the mutual feedbacks among human-land-industry factors of RRS by logic analysis approach, to investigate how these feedbacks promote rural development. The results indicate that the RRS can be divided into three subsystems, namely, the background element, direct element and indirect element subsystem, of which background element subsystem is ‘the basic platform’, which is decisive for RRS development, including the location, hydrology, soil, climate and other resources and environmental conditions of providing physical basis. The direct element subsystem is the main body of rural development, including the human, capital, land and other production factors. The indirect element subsystem is the ‘regulator’ for RRS development, including the institution and policy, culture and customs and other social capital. The scientific connotation of the mutual feedbacks among human-land-industry elements is to optimize the quantitative combination and spatial matching of factors through interactions among human-land-industry elements, to create the internal driving force of rural development, and to drive RRS to the optimal status. According to the theoretical framework of Factor-Structure-Function, the development force of RRS comes from the structure optimization on the one hand, and from the improvement of factor level like population quality and land use efficiency on the other hand. The interactive paths among human-land-industry factors of RRS is a linkage mutual feedback loop, characterized mainly by dynamics, propagation and relevance. The theoretical framework of human-land-industry factors in this research can provide theoretical supports for actual works of agricultural and rural modernization, village planning and comprehensive land consolidation. The coupling regulation of human-land-industry elements of RRS is essentially a process of creating the endogenous development dynamics for RRS, therefore, the strength, direction and contents of coupling regulation measures should be determined based on the comprehensive trade-offs, according to the proposed framework.

叶超, 于洁.

迈向城乡融合: 新型城镇化与乡村振兴结合研究的关键与趋势

地理科学, 2020, 40(4): 528-534.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.04.004      [本文引用: 1]

新型城镇化和乡村振兴两大国家战略有机结合并进行城乡共治是实现城乡融合的关键。通过分析新型城镇化和乡村振兴研究文献,认为新型城镇化与乡村振兴战略结合应聚焦两大战略的共生效应,科学评价城乡耦合程度,明确城乡融合的时空格局,提炼两大战略的耦合机制。要实现城乡融合,需要深入探究新型城镇化和乡村振兴战略的结合点和时空差异,以问题为导向进行学科交叉,从空间、经济、社会3方面入手,厘清城乡在行政管理、土地、户籍和社会保障制度间的关系,倡导多维制度联动改革,从国家、省域、城市、县域、乡镇到社区,通过多尺度整合,重构城乡融合的理论,激发以社区为核心的基层治理活力,进而创新中国城乡共治的模式。

[YE C, YU J.

Towards rural-urban integration: Key issues and trends on linking new-type urbanization to rural revitalization

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(4): 528-534.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.04.004      [本文引用: 1]

It is the key to achieving the aim of rural-urban integration that combine the two national strategies of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization, and carry out collaborative governance of urban and rural areas. By analyzing the progresses of the studies on the new-type urbanization and rural revitalization, it is pointed out that the coupling of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization strategy should clarify the symbiosis effect of two strategies, and scientifically evaluate the coupling degree of urban and rural areas, then discover the spatio-temporal pattern of rural-urban integration. In order to realize rural-urban integration, it is necessary to explore the combination and spatio-temporal differences of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization strategies. According to conducting interdisciplinary methods to study the relations among the urban and rural administrative management system, the land system, the household registration system as well as the social security system, this article advocates multidimensional system reform from three perspectives of space, economy and society. Reconstructing the theory of rural-urban integration will be based on a whole analysis from the national, provincial, city to community scales. Community-centered governance is significant for rural-urban integration.

屠爽爽, 郑瑜晗, 龙花楼, .

乡村发展与重构格局特征及振兴路径: 以广西为例

地理学报, 2020, 75(2): 365-381.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202002011      [本文引用: 1]

乡村重构是实施推进乡村振兴战略的重要手段,系统开展典型地区乡村发展与重构的格局特征及问题识别研究,是新阶段面向乡村振兴战略需求科学施策的基础。以广西为案例地,基于熵值法支持下的TOPSIS模型,分时段综合评价全区乡村发展水平和乡村重构强度的格局特征,识别乡村发展与重构的问题区域,探讨实现乡村振兴的调控路径。结果表明:研究期内广西乡村发展水平快速提升,乡村地域正在由相对均质走向异质发展态势;各研究时段经济、社会、空间重构强度均值逐渐增大,经济重构愈发加快,空间重构后来居上但仍相对滞后;经济—社会—空间重构耦合度和协调度均值逐渐提升,但当前协调水平仍然不高。基于上述研究,识别出乡村发展与重构存在若干问题的7类计37个县域,问题区域的形成折射着地理环境影响的痕迹,是社会经济要素变化背景下地形地貌、区位条件、资源条件、经济基础、行为主体、区域政策多种因素综合作用的结果。乡村地域的健康发展有赖于经济—社会—空间的协调耦合,乡村振兴的实现既需要从宏观层面统筹谋划乡村重构的区域路径,还需要针对问题区域及其关键领域研制促进乡村社会经济发展和空间优化的调控措施。

[TU S S, ZHENG Y H, LONG H L, et al.

Spatio-temporal pattern of rural development and restructuring and regional path of rural vitalization in Guangxi, China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(2): 365-381.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202002011      [本文引用: 1]

Rural restructuring is an important means of implementing and pushing forward the strategy of rural vitalization. Systematic research on the characteristics and problems of rural development and restructuring in typical areas is the basis of developing scientific policies facing the strategic needs of rural vitalization in the new era. Taking Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as a case, based on the TOPSIS model supported by entropy method, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal pattern of rural development level and restructuring intensity, identifies the problem regions of rural development and restructuring, and explores the regional path of rural vitalization. The results show that, during the research period, the level of rural development in Guangxi has been rapidly improved, and the development of rural territory is moving from relative homogeneity towards heterogeneity. The average intensity of economic, social and spatial restructuring increases gradually in each research period, and economic restructuring is accelerating, while spatial restructuring is still lagging behind. The average coupling and coordination degree of economic, social and spatial restructuring has gradually improved, but the current level of coordination is still not high. Based on the above research, 37 counties in 7 categories are identified with problems in rural development and restructuring. The formation of problem regions reflects the impact of geographical environment, and is the result of the interaction of various factors such as terrain conditions, location conditions, natural resources, economic foundation, population quality and regional policies under the background of changes in socio-economic elements. The sustainable development in rural areas depends on the economic-social-spatial coordination, and the implementation of rural vitalization strategy in Guangxi requires not only the overall planning of the regional path of rural restructuring from the macro level, but also the regulatory measures to promote rural socio-economic development and spatial restructuring for problem regions.

叶敬忠.

乡村振兴战略: 历史沿循、总体布局与路径省思

华南师范大学学报: 社会科学版, 2018, (2): 64-69, 191.

[本文引用: 1]

[YE J Z.

Rural vitalization: History, overall layout and reflections on paths

Journal of South China Normal University: Social Science Edition, 2018, (2): 64-69, 191.]

[本文引用: 1]

方创琳.

城乡融合发展机理与演进规律的理论解析

地理学报, 2022, 77(4): 759-776.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204001      [本文引用: 2]

城市与乡村始终是一个不可分割的有机融合体,高质量的新型城镇化过程就是城乡融合发展与乡村振兴过程。“城市病”因乡村病而生,“乡村病”也因城市病而生,“城市病”与“乡村病”同病相连,互为病因,复合叠加形成“城乡病”,根治“城市病”必须通过乡村振兴,根治“乡村病”也必须通过新型城镇化。本文在对国内外城乡融合发展研究综述的基础上,从理论层面分析了城乡病理病根及对立格局,解析了城乡融合发展的主控要素、驱动机制、城乡融合发展的规律性和持续性,构建城乡融合发展测度试验系统,提出了城乡多融合发展的三角模式,验证了中国城乡融合发展正处在城镇化后期城多乡少的高度融合阶段,未来将迈入城镇化终期城多乡少的深度融合阶段。从政策层面分析了中华人民共和国成立以来国家有关城乡发展政策的演进路径,总体经历了从城乡二元发展、城乡协调发展、城乡统筹发展、到城乡一体化发展、再到城乡融合发展的政策演进过程,这些政策对推动新型城镇化和乡村振兴发挥了重要指导作用。从路径层面建议合并召开中央城乡工作会议,合并编制《国家城乡融合发展规划》,实施城乡深度融合发展战略,把新型城镇化与乡村振兴同时作为解决城乡病、提升城乡发展质量的两种不同手段,创新城乡融合发展理论与方法,构建评估体系定量评判城乡融合发展程度,建设美丽城市和美丽乡村。推动新型城镇化与乡村振兴向高度同步化、深度融合化和共荣化方向发展,同步提升城市发展质量和乡村发展质量,同步实现城市现代化和乡村现代化。

[FANG C L.

Theoretical analysis on the mechanism and evolution law of urban-rural integration development

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(4): 759-776.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204001      [本文引用: 2]

Urban and rural areas are always an inseparable organic integration, and the high-quality new urbanization is the process of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. "urban disease" and "rural disease" are connected with each other, and are the causes of each other, which are known as "urban and rural diseases". The radical cure of "urban disease" and "rural disease" requires rural revitalization and new urbanization. Based on the review of the research on urban-rural integration development at home and abroad, this study analyzes the pathological roots and opposition pattern of urban and rural areas from the theoretical level, explores the main controlling factors, driving mechanism, sustainability and four-stage regularity of urban-rural integration development, constructs the measurement test system of urban-rural integration development, and puts forward the triangular model of urban-rural multi-integration development. It is known that the urban-rural integration development in China is in the high integration stage of more towns and less villages in the late urbanization, and will enter the deep integration stage of more towns and less villages, namely the final stage of urbanization. This study explores the policy evolution path of urban-rural integration development in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China has generally experienced the policy evolution process from urban-rural coordinated development to the integration of urban-rural development and then to urban-rural integration development, and played an important guiding role in promoting new urbanization and rural revitalization. From the path level, it is suggested that the Central Urban and Rural Work Conference should be jointly convened, the National Urban-Rural Integration Development Plan should be jointly compiled, and the strategy of deep integration of urban-rural development should be implemented. The new urbanization and rural revitalization should be used as two different means to solve urban and rural diseases and improve the quality of urban and rural development. The theory and method of urban-rural integration development should be innovated, and the evaluation system should be constructed to quantitatively evaluate the depth of urban-rural integration development and build beautiful cities and beautiful villages. We should promote the development of new urbanization and rural revitalization in the direction of high synchronization, deep integration and co-prosperity, as well as improve the quality of urban and rural development and realize urban and rural modernization in a comprehensive way.

刘守英, 王一鸽.

从乡土中国到城乡中国: 中国转型的乡村变迁视角

管理世界, 2018, 34(10): 128-146, 232.

[本文引用: 2]

[LIU S Y, WANG Y M.

From native rural China to urban-rural China: The rural transition perspective of China transformation

Journal of Management World, 2018, 34(10): 128-146, 232.]

[本文引用: 2]

戈大专, 陆玉麒, 孙攀.

论乡村空间治理与乡村振兴战略

地理学报, 2022, 77(4): 777-794.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204002      [本文引用: 1]

新时期乡村振兴挑战与空间利用问题密不可分,基于空间治理建构乡村振兴的理论体系和实践路径具有现实意义。本文基于“诉求→效应→路径→策略”解构方案,探讨了基于空间治理的乡村振兴可行性和内在逻辑体系。结果表明:① 乡村价值重构是确保乡村振兴目标实现的关键环节,乡村空间管控和发展权利配置可从乡村空间治理寻找突破口;乡村空间治理从物质空间治理、空间组织治理、空间权属治理入手,重构物质空间结构功能,重组空间组织关系,重塑空间价值分配体系;② 空间治理振兴乡村的效应从城乡互动关系优化、乡村内生动力激发、基层组织能力强化等层面加以呈现。③ 乡村空间治理推动城乡融合发展、激活乡村内生发展、保障组织机制,是落实乡村振兴的有效路径。④ “上下结合型”乡村空间治理有利于落实空间开发权利的合理配置;多元主体参与空间治理的渠道、能力与效应,推动空间发展目标落地和公平权益体系建设;“权利共享型”空间治理可在城乡共享、主体共享和区域共享中落实乡村振兴目标。研究结论可为完善乡村空间治理科学体系和落实乡村振兴战略提供参考。

[GE D Z, LU Y Q, SUN P.

The logic of rural spatial governance and revitalization

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(4): 777-794.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204002      [本文引用: 1]

The rural vitalization in the new era and space development and utilization are closely related. It is meaningful to construct a theoretical system and practical path of rural vitalization based on rural spatial governance. Based on the deconstruction framework of "demand→effect→path→strategy", this paper discusses the internal logic relationship between rural vitalization and spatial governance. The results show the following: (1) The reconstruction of rural value is the key to ensure the realization of rural vitalization; rural spatial governance can be a good way to realize the rights allocation and effective control of rural space; rural spatial governance includes material spatial governance, organization spatial governance, and ownership spatial governance; through spatial governance, the structure and function of physical space can be reconstructed, the organization relationship can be reorganized, and the value distribution can be reshaped. (2) The effect of spatial governance on rural vitalization is presented from the optimization of the urban-rural interaction, as well as the stimulation and strengthening of rural endogenous power, and the capabilities of grassroots organizations. (3) Rural spatial governance is an effective path to implement rural vitalization by promoting the urban-rural integration development, activating rural endogenous development, and ensuring the organizations mechanism. (4) The rural spatial governance system combines "top-down" and "bottom-up" forms to implement rational allocation of spatial development power. The channels, capabilities, and effects of multiple subjects participating in spatial governance will promote the realization of space development and the establishment of a system with equitable rights and interests. The "right-sharing" spatial governance can implement the rural revitalization strategy in urban-rural sharing, subject and regional sharing. In summary, the research will provide references for improving the scientific system of rural spatial governance and implementing the rural revitalization strategy.

姜璐, 王德胜. 系统科学新论. 北京: 华夏出版社, 1990.

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M 艾根, P 舒斯特尔. 超循环论. 曾国屏, 沈小峰译. 上海: 上海译文出版社, 1990.

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[EIGEN M, SCHUSTER P. The Hypercycle. Translated by ZENG G P, SHEN X F. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1990.]

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[WU T. Research on Self-organization Methodology. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2001: 86-108.]

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胡晓波.

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系统辩证学学报, 1996, 4(2): 47-51.

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[HU X B.

On the hypercycle structure of economic system

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张智光.

绿色经济模式的演进脉络与超循环经济趋势

中国人口·资源与环境, 2021, 31(1): 78-89.

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[ZHANG Z G.

Evolution paths of green economy modes and their trend of hypercycle economy

China Population, Resources and Environment, 2021, 31(1): 78-89.]

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张青.

基于自组织超循环的资源型企业群落与区域经济之间互动发展机理研究

管理学报, 2013, 10(2): 280-287.

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[ZHANG Q.

Evolution mechanism of enterprise development and its case study based on self-organizational and hyper-circulation

Chinese Journal of Management, 2013, 10(2): 280-287.]

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段汉明, 苏敏.

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现代城市研究, 2006, (2): 5-10.

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Urban super-circulation system under circular economy view

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乔伟峰, 戈大专, 高金龙, .

江苏省乡村地域功能与振兴路径选择研究

地理研究, 2019, 38(3): 522-534.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180919      [本文引用: 1]

乡村振兴战略背景下,探索乡村振兴的差异化路径成为研究热点。乡村地域功能具有空间的差异性,明晰乡村地域功能的空间格局对于准确定位乡村发展模式、实施差异化的乡村振兴路径具有重要意义。本文以江苏省为例,采用定量评价方法,构建了包含生产发展、生活保障和生态保育为核心的乡村地域多维功能评价指标体系,以县级尺度识别了乡村地域功能的空间格局和地域类型,在此基础上探索各类型区差异化的乡村振兴路径。结果表明:江苏省乡村生产发展功能尚需完善、空间集聚程度低;生活保障功能空间格局和社会经济发展的地带性规律基本一致,呈现由苏南向苏北渐进衰退的趋势;生态保育功能高值区的区县数量较少,大部分区县的生态保育功能还有待加强;乡村地域总体功能由苏南向苏北呈现先行发展区、优化升级区、转型提升区和滞后欠发达区四种地域类型。此外,根据乡村地域总体功能呈现的差异化地域类型分别提出了相应的乡村振兴路径。

[QIAO W F, GE D Z, GAO J L, et al.

Detecting the pathways towards rural vitalization from the perspective of territorial functions in Jiangsu province

Geographical Research, 2019, 38(3): 522-534.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020180919      [本文引用: 1]

Detecting a pathway towards rural vitalization has drawn considerable attentions from both governments and scholars in China within the context of rural restructuring. Given that territorial functions of rural areas varies cross the country, it is essential to clarify the spatial pattern of territorial functions for demystifying the model and pathway of rural development. Taking Jiangsu - one of the most developed provinces in eastern China - as an example, this paper proposes an indicator system for rural territorial function covering triple dimensions of economic development, life support, and ecological conservation. Thereafter, we conduct an empirical study at the county and district level followed by a discussion about potential pathways towards the vitalization of villages in different zones. The findings imply that: 1) the function of economic development in rural Jiangsu is not as good as expected, and the degree of spatial agglomeration is relatively low. Coincidently, the pattern of life support is consistent with that of economic development, which is regarded as a trend of gradual decline from south to north. Few districts or counties can be detected with high values of ecological conservation, which suggests an urgent demand for sustainable development in rural Jiangsu. 2) Taking the spatial heterogeneity of rural areas in respect of their overall functions into consideration, we further divide the province into four zones, namely primarily developed zone, optimized developing zone, transformation zone, and lagging underdeveloped zone. Finally, we put forward some suggestions for rural vitalization in the aforementioned functional zones, and argue that rural revitalization is a long-term project that cannot be done overnight.

贺雪峰.

关于实施乡村振兴战略的几个问题

南京农业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2018, 18(3): 19-26, 152.

[本文引用: 1]

[HE X F.

Some issues in rural thriving strategy implementation

Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University: Social Sciences Edition, 2018, 18(3): 19-26, 152.]

[本文引用: 1]

刘彦随, 周扬, 李玉恒.

中国乡村地域系统与乡村振兴战略

地理学报, 2019, 74(12): 2511-2528.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201912007      [本文引用: 1]

乡村地域系统是由人文、经济、资源与环境相互联系、相互作用下构成的、具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的乡村空间体系,是一个由城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体等组成的地域多体系统。以乡村地域系统为对象,服务支撑国家乡村振兴战略,为新时期地理学创新研究提供了新机遇和新挑战。乡村振兴地理学研究,亟需以问题为导向、战略为指向,以人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学为指导,致力于地表人地系统交互作用下乡村地域系统结构、转型过程、演变机理、分异格局、地域功能,以及乡村振兴途径与模式综合研究,科学把握乡村地域系统类型及其分异规律。本文以全国39164个乡镇为基本单元,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,诊断识别了制约中国乡村地域系统可持续发展的主导因子,划分了中国乡村地域系统类型,揭示了乡村地域系统分异格局,探明了不同类型区乡村振兴科学途径。结果表明:① 地理环境、村镇化水平、资源禀赋、人口流动程度和老龄化水平等是乡村地域系统分异的主导因子,反映了乡村发展自然本底特征以及外援动力、内生动力的大小。② 通过主导要素聚类和空间叠加分析,将中国乡村地域系统划分为12个一级区、43个二级区。一级区采用“地理区位+主导要素驱动力/约束力”的方法命名,二级区采用“地域范围+主导要素驱动力/约束力+乡村经济发展水平”命名。③ 不同类型区乡村振兴地域模式和路径不同,乡村振兴战略与规划的落地要因地制宜、分类施策。

[LIU Y S, ZHOU Y, LI Y H.

Rural regional system and rural revitalization strategy in China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(12): 2511-2528.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201912007      [本文引用: 1]

Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem.

李裕瑞, 卜长利, 曹智, .

面向乡村振兴战略的村庄分类方法与实证研究

自然资源学报, 2020, 35(2): 243-256.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200201      [本文引用: 1]

乡村振兴战略是新时期我国推进乡村发展的重要举措,村庄分类是促进乡村振兴战略规划在村级层面有效落地的先导工作,对于实现国家乡村振兴战略的阶段性目标具有重要意义。《国家乡村振兴战略规划(2018-2022年)》提出了集聚提升类、城郊融合类、特色保护类、搬迁撤并类等四种村庄类型,但并未明确具体的分类原则与方法。针对实践工作需要,本研究基于该四种村庄类型,进一步明确了其二级类,并提出了相应的分类原则与方法;建立了村庄分类模型(VCM),从村庄特色、村民生存、发展建设、城村联系、村庄功能等五个维度,提出了村庄分类的参考指标体系。选取宁夏回族自治区盐池县作为案例区,基于前述原则、方法与模型,对该县102个行政村进行分类。实证检验表明:本研究提出的原则和方法对于村庄分类具有实践指导价值。需要说明的是,鉴于村庄内外部条件的差异性和复杂性,具体工作时仍需结合实际情况进行部分参数、阈值的设定。

[LI Y R, BU C L, CAO Z, et al.

Village classification system for rural vitalization strategy: Method and empirical study

Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(2): 243-256.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200201      URL     [本文引用: 1]

郭晓鸣, 张克俊, 虞洪, .

实施乡村振兴战略的系统认识与道路选择

农村经济, 2018, (1): 11-20.

[本文引用: 1]

[GUO X M, ZHANG K J, YU H, et al.

Systematic understanding and road choice of implementing rural revitalization strategy

Rural Economy, 2018, (1): 11-20.]

[本文引用: 1]

杨忍, 潘瑜鑫.

中国县域乡村脆弱性空间特征与形成机制及对策

地理学报, 2021, 76(6): 1438-1454.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202106009      [本文引用: 1]

基于乡村脆弱性本质内涵,构建了中国县域乡村脆弱性综合测度的指标体系,对中国县域乡村脆弱性水平进行综合测度;通过遴选具有典型代表性的5条样带,深化分析中国乡村脆弱性的区域差异特征及其形成机制,并提出具有针对性的应对策略。结果表明:① 中国县域乡村脆弱性整体上处于较低脆弱度和中脆弱度阈值区间,并具明显的空间差异性,沿“博台线”呈南北分异的空间格局,东北部乡村脆弱性偏低,西南部乡村脆弱较高。② 外部性环境因素是诱发乡村脆弱性的先导因素,生态暴露、生态敏感和生态适应构成的乡村生态子系统是乡村脆弱性的根本性影响因素;经济暴露、经济敏感和经济适应构成的乡村经济子系统是乡村脆弱性的核心影响因素;社会暴露、社会敏感和社会适应组成的乡村社会子系统也是乡村脆弱性的重要影响因素。③ 以“地理区位、乡村脆弱性主导驱动因素和脆弱性程度”为依据,将中国县域乡村脆弱性划分为8个地域类型区。不同类型区域,遵循因地制宜原则,破除地区根植性和路径依赖,增强乡村地域系统扰动源的预测和监测,并对系统自身敏感性进行科学管制,提升乡村系统的适应能力,促进乡村可持续发展。

[YANG R, PAN Y X.

Spatial patterns, formation mechanism and coping strategies of rural vulnerability in China at the county level

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(6): 1438-1454.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202106009      [本文引用: 1]

Based on the essential connotation of rural vulnerability, this study constructs an indicator system for the comprehensive measurement of rural vulnerability in China at the county level. Through the selection of five typical representative transects, we will deepen the analysis of the regional differences in China's rural vulnerability and its formation mechanism and propose targeted coping strategies. The results show that: (1) The rural vulnerability of counties in China is generally within the threshold range of low and medium vulnerability characterized by obvious spatial differences. Along the "Bole-Taipei Line", there is a spatial pattern of north-south differentiation. Villages in southwestern China tends to have higher vulnerability than those in northeastern China. (2) External environmental factors are the leading factors that induce rural vulnerability. The rural ecological subsystem, composed of ecological exposure, ecological sensitivity, and ecological adaptation, is the fundamental influencing factor of rural vulnerability. The rural economic subsystem, which is composed of economic exposure, economic sensitivity, and economic adaptation, is the core influencing factor of rural vulnerability. The social subsystem, composed of social exposure, social sensitivity, and social adaptation, is also an important factor influencing rural vulnerability. (3) On the basis of "geographical location, the dominant driving factors of rural vulnerability and the degree of rural vulnerability", rural vulnerability in China at the county level can be identified into eight categories. According to the principle of adapting measures to local conditions, we should break down the regional embeddedness and path dependence. We should strengthen the prediction and monitoring of the sources of disturbance in the rural-area system and scientifically control the sensitivity of the system itself, then improve the adaptation of the rural system to ensure sustainable development of rural areas.

唐任伍.

新时代乡村振兴战略的实施路径及策略

人民论坛·学术前沿, 2018, (3): 26-33.

[本文引用: 1]

[TANG R W.

The path of rural revitalization strategy in the New Era

Frontiers, 2018, (3): 26-33.]

[本文引用: 1]

慕良泽, 赵勇.

乡村振兴的历史基础和现实策略

广西大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2019, 41(1): 121-126.

[本文引用: 1]

[MU L Z, ZHAO Y.

Historical foundation and realistic strategy of rural vitalization

Journal of Guangxi University: Philosophy and Social Science, 2019, 41(1): 121-126.]

[本文引用: 1]

钟钰.

实施乡村振兴战略的科学内涵与实现路径

新疆师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2018, 39(5): 71-76, 2.

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[ZHONG Y.

The scientific connotation and path of implementing the strategy of rural area revitalization

Journal of Xinjiang Normal University: Edition of Philosophy and Social Sciences, 2018, 39(5): 71-76, 2.]

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郭远智, 刘彦随.

中国乡村发展进程与乡村振兴路径

地理学报, 2021, 76(6): 1408-1421.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202106007      [本文引用: 1]

乡村发展是乡村地域系统循环累积与动态演化的结果,全面梳理乡村发展历史脉络与地域分异格局,对于科学推动新时代乡村振兴战略落实具有重要意义。基于人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学认知,本文解析了1978—2050年中国乡村发展演化进程,探讨了乡村转型发展与乡村振兴的内在逻辑,揭示了中国县域乡村振兴水平的空间格局,进而提出了新时代乡村振兴的关键问题及其路径对策。研究表明:① 中国1978—2050年的乡村发展可划分为解决温饱、小康建设和实现富裕三个主要阶段,是一个由低水平、基础型向高质量、创新型不断发展的过程;② 乡村振兴本质上是乡村转型发展的一个特殊阶段,是乡村发展演化到一定阶段后,为解决其面临的突出问题以向更高层次迈进的战略选择;③ 2017年中国57.3%的县域乡村振兴综合水平介于0.40~0.50之间,在空间上呈现出明显的东中西地域分异,并具有显著的聚集特征和正相关性;④ 新时代乡村振兴战略的落实重在科学识别乡村振兴的瞄准区域,综合研判乡村发展演化的趋势,系统诊断乡村地域类型的主导制约因素,全面认知城乡耦合互动的逻辑关系,进而采取针对性措施推进农业农村现代化。

[GUO Y Z, LIU Y S.

The process of rural development and paths for rural revitalization in China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(6): 1408-1421.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202106007      [本文引用: 1]

China is a large agricultural country, and issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers are closely related to national economic and social development. To achieve the "Two Centenary Goals", rural revitalization strategy has become the choice to resolve unbalanced urban-rural development and inadequate rural development in China. Rural development is a comprehensive process of cycle accumulation and dynamic evolution of rural regional system. Thus, it is of great significance to systematically analyze the process and regional pattern of rural development to scientifically promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in the new era. Based on the theory of human-earth areal system and human-earth system science, this study examines the process and features of rural development in China from 1978 to 2050, discusses the internal relationship between rural transformation and rural revitalization, reveals the spatial pattern of the level of county rural revitalization in 2017, and finally puts forward the key problems and countermeasures for rural revitalization in the new era. Results show that the evolution of China's rural development in the period of 1978-2050 can be divided into three stages, i.e. solving the problem of food and clothing (1978-2005), building a well-off society (2005-2020) and realizing prosperity (2020-2050). In general, it is a dynamic and continuous process from low-level and basic-type to high-quality and innovation-type. Rural revitalization is a special stage of rural transformation, and a strategic choice to solve the prominent problem in rural development when it has evolved to a certain stage, thus boosting rural development to a higher stage. In 2017, when rural revitalization strategy was initiated, the level of rural revitalization in 57.3% of the counties in China was between 0.40 and 0.50, and there was an obvious gradient differentiation from the east to the west, with significant clustering characteristics and positive correlation. Specifically, the counties featured by "high-high (H-H)" clustering were mainly distributed in the third step of the terrain and the middle of Sichuan Basin; while the counties featured by "low-low (L-L)" clustering were concentrated in western China except Sichuan Basin, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the north of Tianshan Mountains. Due to the regionalism, stage and the difference in constraints of rural development, the focuses of rural revitalization in the new era lie in scientifically identifying the targeting areas of rural revitalization, comprehensively judging the trends of rural development, and systematically diagnosing the dominant constraints of different types of rural areas, so as to take targeted measures to make up for the shortcomings of the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Besides, it is necessary to fully understand the interactions between urban and rural areas, thus promoting urban-rural integrated development.

卡尔·马克思, 弗里德里希·恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷). 北京: 人民出版社, 2012: 242-243.

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[MARX K, ENGELS F. Selected Works of Marx and Engels (Vol. 46). Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2003: 222.]

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杜志雄.

共同富裕思想索源及农民农村实现共同富裕的路径研究

经济纵横, 2022, (9): 21-29.

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[DU Z X.

The source of common prosperity thought and the path choice of farmers' rural realization of common prosperity

Economic Review Journal, 2022, (9): 21-29.]

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钟甫宁, 罗必良, 吴国宝, .

“加快推进乡村振兴、扎实推动共同富裕”主题笔谈

南京农业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2022, 22(3): 1-18.

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[ZHONG F N, LUO B L, WU G B, et al.

A conversation by writing on accelerating rural revitalization and solidly promoting common prosperity

Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University: Social Sciences Edition, 2022, 22(3): 1-18.]

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沈斐.

“美好生活”与“共同富裕”的新时代内涵: 基于西方民主社会主义经验教训的分析

毛泽东邓小平理论研究, 2018, (1): 28-35, 107.

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[SHEN F.

The connotations of "Beautiful Life" and "Common Wealth" in a new age: Experience and lessons from democratic socialism

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习近平.

扎实推动共同富裕

中国民政, 2021, (20): 4-6.

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[XI J P.

Solidly promote common prosperity

China Civil Affairs, 2021, (20): 4-6.]

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昌灏.

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工业技术经济, 2010, 29(5): 14-16.

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方方, 何仁伟, 李立娜.

京津冀地区乡村振兴地域模式研究: 基于乡村非农就业与农民增收的空间效应

地理研究, 2019, 38(3): 699-712.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020181151      [本文引用: 1]

探讨乡村非农就业与农民增收、农业农村发展之间的辩证关系,构建乡村振兴地域模式,对有序推进城镇化,实现农民生活富裕与乡村振兴具有重要意义。将京津冀地区划分为京津近郊区(I)、冀东北地区(II)、冀中平原区(III)、冀西太行山区(IV)、坝上地区(V)五类地域类型,采用2000—2016年京津冀县域面板数据,应用空间回归模型测算了京津冀地区乡村非农就业对农民增收的空间效应,提炼了京津冀地区乡村振兴地域模式。结果表明:① 京津冀地区及五类地域类型区乡村就业非农化率与农民收入持续增长,2000—2016年,京津冀地区农村居民人均纯收入由2486元增至11920元,乡村就业非农化率由38.9%增至57.5%,五类地域类型区乡村就业非农化率排序依次为:I>III>II>IV>V,农村居民人均纯收入排序依次为:I>II>III>IV>V;② 京津冀地区乡村就业非农化率每提高1个单位,农民收入增长9.215个单位,I、II、III、V区就业非农化对农民收入的弹性系数分别为29.986、-23.605、-10.388、9.951,IV区两者之间关系不显著;③ 依据不同地域类型乡村非农就业与农民增收的特征、机理与未来发展趋势,提炼了京津冀地区乡村振兴的四种地域模式,即就业平稳型+农工商主导、兼业型+现代农业主导、就业输出型+复合型特色农业主导、就业输出型+生态农旅主导。

[FANG F, HE R W, LI L N.

Research of the regional mode of rural revitalization in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: Based on the spatial effect between rural off-farm employment and farmers' income growth

Geographical Research, 2019, 38(3): 699-712.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020181151      [本文引用: 1]

Illustrating the dialectical relationship between rural off- farm employment, farmers' income growth and agricultural and rural development, and constructing regional modes of rural revitalization are of great significance for orderly promoting urbanization, and realizing the prosperity of farmers’ living and rural revitalization. This article first divides the counties of Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei Region into five types of region: Beijing and Tianjin suburban region (I), Northeast Hebei region (II), Central Hebei Plain region (III), Taihang Mountains region (IV) and Bashang region (V). Then it measures the spatial effect of rural off-farm employment on farmers' income growth by using panel data of the counties of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and Spatial Regression Model. Finally, this paper refines the regional modes of rural revitalization in the study region. The results show that: (1) from 2000 to 2016, the rural per capita net income increased from 2486 yuan to 11920 yuan, while the rate of rural off-farm employment rose from 38.9% to 57.5%; the order of the rate of rural off- farm employment in five types of region was I>III>II>IV>V, and the order of the rural per capita net income was I>II>III>IV>V; (2) the rural off-farm employment effectively promotes the farmers' income growth; the process of rural off-farm employment leads to the change of farmers' income structure showing a trend of shift from one to another: the stronger the role of off- farm employment income in farmers' income growth, the weaker the role of agricultural income in farmers' income growth; every unit increase of the rate of rural off-farm employment leads to 9.215 units increase of farmers’ income; the elasticity coefficients of the rate of rural off-farm employment to farmers’ income are 29.986, -23.605, -10.388, and 9.951 in I, II, III, and V region, respectively, and there is no significant relationship between them in IV region; (3) according to the characteristic, mechanism and future development trend of rural off-farm employment and farmers' income growth in different regional types, four regional modes of rural revitalization in this region are refined, namely, stable employment + agriculture - commerce- industry dominated type, concurrent operation + modern agriculture dominated type, employment export + compound featured agriculture dominated type, employment export + compound ecological agriculture - tourism dominated type. Finally, this article puts forward the guarantee mechanism of rural off-farm employment and talent cultivation and industrial integration in order to promote the positive interaction between rural off-farm employment and farmers' income growth.

郑雄飞.

地租的时空解构与权利再生产: 农村土地“非农化”增值收益分配机制探索

社会学研究, 2017, 32(4):70-93, 243-244.

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Space-time deconstruction and the reproduction of the rights to land rent: An exploration of non-agricultural value-added revenue distribution mechanisms of rural land

Sociological Studies, 2017, 32(4): 70-93, 243-244.]

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从主体到规则的转向: 中国传统农村的基层治理研究

社会学研究, 2014, 29(5): 73-97, 242.

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李裕瑞, 曹丽哲, 王鹏艳, .

论农村人居环境整治与乡村振兴

自然资源学报, 2022, 37(1): 96-109.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220107      [本文引用: 1]

21世纪以来,中国乡村社会经济发展与基础设施建设取得明显成效,但城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分的问题仍较突出。特别是与乡村生活密切相关的人居环境仍为乡村发展的短板。2018年初,国家出台了《农村人居环境整治三年行动方案》,以着力改善农村人居环境,建设美丽宜居乡村,助力乡村振兴战略。本文解析了农村人居环境及其整治的概念与内涵,阐释了农村人居环境整治与乡村振兴的相互作用机理,剖析了农村人居环境整治的运行模式,梳理了整治成效的评价方法与结果,并展望了农村人居环境整治研究的重点领域。农村人居环境科学在过去十余年取得了快速发展,在基本理论、演化机理、质量评价、调控策略等方面有明显进展。但是,当前研究对于实践的指导性和支撑性仍存在明显不足,地方具体整治工作仍存在一些认识上或实践上的误区。面向乡村振兴战略需求,新时期的农村人居环境整治在认识和实践方面要形成“八项共识”。在研究层面,应强化乡村地理学与工程技术科学、城乡规划学、管理学、社会学等的交叉与融合,着力形成集理论研究、技术研发、机制剖析、成效评估、模式优化等于一体的系统性研究体系,可更好地支撑农村人居环境整治,实现乡村地域功能显化和价值提升,进而有效助力乡村振兴。

[LI Y R, CAO L Z, WANG P Y, et al.

Rural living environment improvement and rural revitalization

Journal of Natural Resources, 2022, 37(1): 96-109.]

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精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构的过程与机制: 以十八洞村为例

地理学报, 2021, 76(10): 2568-2584.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202110016      [本文引用: 1]

精准扶贫方略作为“一揽子工程”,为贫困乡村带来了强烈的外部冲击,驱动贫困乡村的经济、社会和空间加速重构。在对精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构的内涵、特征及过程与机制进行理论解析的同时,以精准扶贫首倡地十八洞村的实践加以实证,发现:① 精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构是一个政府主导、多方参与,“自上而下”与“自下而上”有机结合的多维、全面、快速重构过程;② 在精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构过程中,行政势能、精英下沉、市场链接驱动,要素整合、动力激发、规划引导、能力培育、制度保障机制协同,推动贫困乡村由“低水平贫困均衡”走向“良性发展均衡”;③ 精准扶贫以来,十八洞村经历了经济系统从“二元经济”向“多元经济”转变;社会形态由纯粹的熟人社会向熟人逻辑与契约精神混合的半熟人社会转变;空间形态从生产、生活空间高度重合,但与生态空间隔离的两大传统农业区组团向生产、生活、生态空间有机融合的多元有序组团转变。十八洞村的实践为理解精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构的过程与机制提供了鲜活的样本,也是其“可复制可推广”经验最本质的体现。

[DING J J, WANG Z, YU F W, et al.

Targeted poverty alleviation drives the process and mechanism of rural reconstruction: A case study of Shibadong village

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(10): 2568-2584.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202110016      [本文引用: 1]

As a "package of projects", the targeted poverty alleviation strategy has accelerated economic, social and spatial reconstruction of rural areas. This paper aims to conduct a theoretical analysis of the connotation, characteristics, process, and mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation that drives poor rural reconstruction and provide empirical evidence of Shibadong Village, which is the first initiative of targeted poverty alleviation. It is found that targeted poverty alleviation is a process of multidimensional, comprehensive, and rapid reconstruction that is led by the government with multi-party participation in combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. The process of targeted poverty alleviation changes the poor rural areas from 'low-level poverty equilibrium' to 'healthy development equilibrium' through a combination of administrative power, sending elites to the village level, improving market accessibility, and coordination of factor integration, motivation, planning, training and institutional guarantee mechanisms. Since the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation, Shibadong Village has transformed from a dualistic economy to a pluralist economy, from a pure acquaintance society to a semi-acquaintance society with a mixture of acquaintance logic and contract spirit, and from a spatial form highly overlapped from the production and living spaces, yet separated from the ecological space to a diverse and orderly cluster of organic integration of production, living and ecological space. The practice of Shibadong Village provides a fresh sample for us to understand the process and mechanism of the restructuring of poverty-stricken villages, and it is also an essential embodiment of its "reproducible and extendable" experience.

蒋伟萱, 高金龙, 陈江龙, .

基于土地利用视角的乡村居业协同多尺度分析: 以徐州市为例

自然资源学报, 2020, 35(8): 2002-2013.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200818      [本文引用: 1]

“乡村振兴”战略是解决城乡发展不协调、乡村发展不充分问题的重要抓手。居业协同作为乡村人居融合发展的高级形态,其程度能够反映乡村振兴的质量与成效。采用土地利用数据从结构和利用两个维度探索淮海经济区中心城市徐州三个尺度下的居业协同格局,结果表明:(1)徐州市土地在供给方面表现出居业失衡,宅基地供给相对于经营性建设用地优势明显;但由于使用中宅基地的空废,二者利用状态表现得更协同。(2)不同空间尺度下,居业协同状态有所差异,其中乡镇尺度居业空间关系较为稳定,基本维持相对平衡,本文认为乡镇是土地资源配置、实施乡村振兴战略的最佳尺度。(3)后续研究中,居业用地适宜的比例及农用地对居业协同的影响都需要进一步探索。

[JIANG W X, GAO J L, CHEN J L, et al.

Multi-scalar analysis on rural housing-industry symbiosis through the lens of land use: A case study of Xuzhou

Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(8): 2002-2013.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200818      URL     [本文引用: 1]

李玉恒, 阎佳玉, 刘彦随.

基于乡村弹性的乡村振兴理论认知与路径研究

地理学报, 2019, 74(10): 2001-2010.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201910004      [本文引用: 1]

在人类社会发展转型过程中出现的乡村衰退问题已成为全球性趋势,亟需实施乡村振兴。科学、系统把握乡村地域系统的演化规律,深入揭示乡村系统与外界发展环境的交互作用模式,提升乡村自身抵御、适应外界环境变化的弹性,是实现乡村振兴与可持续发展的必由之路。本文从乡村弹性视角理论解析了乡村地域系统演化与乡村振兴。研究发现:① 乡村弹性包含乡村系统对外界扰动冲击的抵御能力、适应能力与实现全新发展的转型能力。② 乡村演化分异是乡村地域系统与外界发展主导因素交互作用的结果。在此过程中,乡村弹性决定着不同发展阶段乡村地域系统的演化方式和结果。③ 打造多功能乡村、实施乡村整治工程、培育乡村社会资本对构建弹性乡村起着重要的推动作用。文章强调应科学识别乡村地域系统,差异化制定培育与提升乡村弹性的实施方案,实现乡村系统功能、结构及运行达到均衡状态。

[LI Y H, YAN J Y, LIU Y S.

The cognition and path analysis of rural revitalization theory based on rural resilience

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(10): 2001-2010.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201910004      [本文引用: 1]

The rural decline which emerged in the process of human development and transformation has become a global trend, and rural revitalization is urgently needed. It is the only way to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development by scientifically and systematically grasping the development and evolution of rural regional systems, revealing the interaction mode of rural system and external development environment, as well as improving the rural resilience to resist and adapt to changes in the external environment. The article analyzes the development and evolution of rural regional systems and rural revitalization from the perspective of rural resilience. The study found that: (1) Rural resilience includes the resilience, adaptability and transformation ability of the rural system to the impact of external disturbances. (2) Rural development evolution differentiation is a comprehensive representation of the interaction between rural regional systems and the dominant factors of external development. In this process, the resilience of rural systems in different regions to resist external development disturbances has been improved or declined. (3) Creating multi-functional villages, implementing rural rectification projects, and cultivating rural social capital play an important role in promoting the construction of rural resilience. The article emphasizes that the rural regional system should be scientifically identified and differentiated implementation plans are formulated to cultivate and enhance rural resilience to achieve balanced function, structure and operation of rural system.

韩文维, 陈佳, 袁倩文, .

恢复力视角下秦岭贫困山区乡村振兴潜力研究

自然资源学报, 2021, 36(10): 2571-2584.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211009      [本文引用: 1]

恢复力概念为秦岭贫困山区乡村发展研究提供了新的视角,从恢复力视角研究乡村振兴潜力,对于提高贫困山区乡村内生发展动力、实现乡村有效振兴具有重要意义。以秦岭贫困山区商洛市为案例,在理论构建的基础上,建立贫困山区乡村恢复力评价体系测度恢复力指数,采用空间主成分分析法识别恢复力关键影响因素,据此提出三区县乡村振兴潜力类型分类。研究结果表明:(1)商洛市三个区县各镇办的恢复力指数呈集聚分布态势,恢复力整体上处于偏低水平状态。(2)环境因素、经济因素对乡村社区恢复力起到决定作用。(3)三区县乡村振兴潜力可分为四种类型:均衡发展潜力区、农业主导潜力区、农业旅游兼营潜力区和地理环境限制潜力区,根据其资源禀赋和现状发展条件提出针对性的乡村振兴策略。

[HAN W W, CHEN J, YUAN Q W, et al.

Rural revitalization potential and influencing factors in poor mountainous areas of Qinling Mountains from the perspective of resilience

Journal of Natural Resources, 2021, 36(10): 2571-2584.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211009      URL     [本文引用: 1]

郑杭生.

改革开放三十年: 社会发展理论和社会转型理论

中国社会科学, 2009, (2): 10-19, 204.

[本文引用: 1]

[ZHENG H S.

Thirty years of reform and opening up: Social development theory and social transformation theory

Social Sciences in China, 2009, (2): 10-19, 204.]

[本文引用: 1]

李鑫, 马晓冬, Khuong Manh-ha, .

城乡融合导向下乡村发展动力机制

自然资源学报, 2020, 35(8): 1926-1939.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200813      [本文引用: 1]

乡村振兴关键是要运用城乡互动关系的变化,加强城乡合作实现乡村发展,亟需对城乡融合导向下的乡村发展动力机制进行研究。运用概念性框架法与结构方程模型构建城乡融合导向下乡村发展的动力机制与路径,并以徐州市2018年120个乡镇为样本进行验证。结果表明:城乡同质融合是乡村发展的外部动力,城乡互补融合是乡村发展的内在动力;外部动力包括城乡基础设施融合与公共服务融合两方面,其间接作用于乡村发展的效应大小分别为0.1558与0.6836;内部动力包括乡村吸引力与要素集聚两方面,其直接作用于乡村发展的效应分别为0.702与0.3356;外部动力主要靠政府投资推进城乡基础设施融合与公共服务融合来实现,内部动力则要靠乡村规划来塑造。本文对地方政府在操作层面开展乡村振兴工作有重要参考价值。

[LI X, MA X D, KHUONG M, et al.

Dynamic mechanism of rural development oriented urban-rural integration

Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(8):1926-1939.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20200813      [本文引用: 1]

Nowadays, rural development that determines the progress of building the moderately prosperous society is the most concerned work of Chinese governments, and several national strategies and policies like rural revitalization and urban-rural integrated development were proposed to promote the rural development. The key of rural revitalization strategy implementation is to realize urban-rural cooperation by their mutual supports, and thus it is urgent to shed light on the dynamic mechanism of rural development oriented urban-rural integration. This paper first established a conceptual framework of dynamic mechanism of rural development oriented urban-rural integration, and then the structural equation model (SEM) including 5 latent variables and 16 observation variables was applied to validate this dynamic mechanism based on data of 120 towns in Xuzhou city of 2018. Lastly, corresponding policy implications for rural development in China were proposed. It was found that: urban-rural integration could be classified into urban-rural homogeneous integration and complementary integration, and the homogeneous integration implied that rural areas pursued the same conditions and treatments as cities, and the complementary integration referred that in the urban-rural competition, rural advantages should be created from the opposite perspective of urban areas, like leisure activities, ecological tourism and healthy development. Urban-rural homogeneous integration was the external driving force of rural development, while urban-rural complementary integration was the internal driving force. External driving force included two aspects of urban-rural infrastructure and public service integration, and they impacted rural development indirectly with corresponding effect of 0.1558 and 0.6836, respectively; internal driving force also included two aspects of rural attraction and rural factors conglomeration, and they impacted rural development directly with corresponding effect of 0.702 and 0.3356, respectively. The urban-rural infrastructure integration firstly improved conglomeration level of rural factors like capital, land and labor, and then promoted rural development; similarly, urban-rural public service integration firstly improved rural attraction, and then made countryside developed. In terms of policy implications, multidimensional rural development dynamics should be established from the views of urban-rural homogeneous integration and complementary integration, and external driving force should be mainly created by government investment, while internal driving force was created and shaped by rural planning. Governance boundaries among market, government and society (locality) with respect to the creation of rural development dynamics should be defined. Rural revitalization should follow the law of rural life cycle and delimit its geographic space according to different rural types. This study reveals rural development dynamics mechanism from a perspective of urban-rural integrated development, which has an importance guidance for governments to implement rural revitalization strategy at the operational level.

何仁伟.

城乡融合与乡村振兴: 理论探讨、机理阐释与实现路径

地理研究, 2018, 37(11): 2127-2140.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201811001      [本文引用: 1]

缩小城乡差距,促进城乡均衡发展,实现城乡居民生活质量等值,是乡村振兴和城乡融合发展的重要目标。通过基础理论的分析,探讨了城乡融合与乡村振兴科学内涵,剖析了城乡融合与乡村振兴的相互关系,构建了城乡空间均衡模型和定义城乡等值线,提出了中国城乡融合与乡村振兴实现途径及需要深入研究的方向。结果表明:① 城乡融合发展是基于空间布局优化和制度供给创新的经济、社会、环境全面融合发展,“乡村振兴五边形”和“人—地—钱—业”是乡村振兴的核心内涵;城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相互支撑,城乡融合和乡村振兴的过程是城乡空间动态均衡的过程。② 城乡发展的空间均衡模型可以较好地阐释促进城乡融合发展、实施乡村振兴的关键问题,通过城乡要素的重新优化配置和人口的流动,城乡人均综合发展效益逐渐趋于相等;城乡等值线可以进一步解释城乡发展空间均衡的动态过程与传导机理。③ 从政策制度构建、“点轴”渐进扩散、分区分类推进、典型发展模式提炼等方面探讨乡村振兴的科学路径,可以为中国乡村振兴战略实施提供理论参考。

[HE R W.

Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization: Theory, mechanism and implementation

Geographical Research, 2018, 37(11): 2127-2140.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201811001      [本文引用: 1]

Rural revitalization and urban-rural integration aim at narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, promoting balanced development and realizing the equivalent life quality between urban and rural residents. Spatial equilibrium and its quantitative expression provide a new perspective to explain the pattern, process and mechanism of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. Through the analysis of basic theory, this study discusses the scientific content and interaction between urban-rural integration and rural revitalization, sets up the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, defines the urban-rural development isolines, works out the way to implement the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China, and addresses the potential for further research. The results show that: (1) Theory of regional system of man-land relationship and theory of spatial structure are the important theoretical basis for urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. The urban-rural integrated development depends on the all-round development of economy, society and environment with optimized spatial layout and innovative system, and rural revitalization mainly refers to the "pentagon of rural revitalization" and "people-land-capital-industry"; Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization strategy support each other, and the process of urban rural integration and rural revitalization is a dynamic equilibrium process between urban and rural areas. (2) The key issues of implementing rural revitalization and urban-rural integration can be illustrated through the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, and the overall per capita benefits in rural areas gradually tend to be the same as that in cities by the re-optimization of urban-rural factors and population mobility; the dynamic process and mechanism of urban-rural integration spatial equilibrium is further interpreted via the urban-rural development isolines. (3) Exploring the implementation path of scientific rural revitalization strategy can achieve the goal of urban-rural integration and urban-rural spatial equilibrium development. The scientific path of rural revitalization is discussed from the perspectives of policy system construction, "pole-axis" spatial progressive diffusion, sub-area classification and typical development pattern, and it can provide theoretical reference for the strategy implementation of China's rural revitalization.

黄浩.

企业、市场和政府的超循环发展观

科学管理研究, 2005, 23(2): 8-11.

[本文引用: 1]

[HUANG H.

Hypercycle development outlook of enterprise, market and government

Scientific Management Research, 2005, 23(2): 8-11.]

[本文引用: 1]

龙启蒙, 傅鸿源, 廖艳.

城乡一体化的资本困境与突破路径: 基于西方马克思主义资本三循环理论的思考

中国农村经济, 2016, (9): 2-15.

[本文引用: 1]

[LONG Q M, FU H Y, LIAO Y.

Capital dilemma and breakthrough path of urban-rural integration: Thinking based on Western Marxist Theory of three cycles of capital

Chinese Rural Economy, 2016, (9): 2-15.]

[本文引用: 1]

谷晓坤, 陶思远, 卢方方, .

大都市郊野乡村多功能评价及其空间布局: 以上海89个郊野镇为例

自然资源学报, 2019, 34(11): 2281-2290.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20191103      [本文引用: 1]

客观评价大都市郊野乡村多功能及空间布局特征,是分类制订精细化乡村振兴策略的关键之一。通过构建大都市郊野乡村“生态环境—休闲文化—农业生产—经济发展—生活保障”多功能评价方法,使用多源空间数据、统计数据及调查数据,评价上海郊野89个镇的多功能值,提出镇域多功能发展类型及空间布局特征。结果表明:(1)上海市89个镇多功能发展存在显著差异。各项功能按照均值排序为生态环境(0.7674)>经济发展(0.6054)>农业生产(0.5882)>生活保障(0.5238)>休闲文化(0.2525);(2)生态环境高值区域主要分布在崇明岛、青浦西部和奉贤南部,农业生产高值区主要位于浦东南部、奉贤及金山、崇明南部和青浦,经济发展高值区主要位于中心城周边和新城周边区域的28个镇,生活保障低值区主要位于紧邻中心城与最偏远区域两类共29个镇,休闲文化高值区主要位于与中心城距离最偏远的松江、青浦、金山;(3)郊野镇多功能发展可划分为高均衡型、低均衡型和非均衡—混合发展型、非均衡—传统维持型和非均衡—城市化型共五种模式,仅浦江镇等10个镇为多功能高均衡发展模式,占11.24%。论文建立的评价方法及研究结论可为探索精细化都市郊野乡村振兴政策提供理论依据。

[GU X K, TAO S Y, LU F F, et al.

Multi-functional evaluation of metropolitan suburbs and its spatial difference: A case study of 89 towns in Shanghai

Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(11): 2281-2290.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20191103      URL     [本文引用: 1]

谭华云, 周国华.

基于行动者网络理论的乡村绅士化演化过程与机制解析: 以广西巴马盘阳河流域为例

地理学报, 2022, 77(4): 869-887.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204007      [本文引用: 1]

乡村绅士化是城乡要素双向流动背景下乡村转型与振兴的新型路径。基于对广西巴马盘阳河流域乡村绅士化现象的历时性田野调查,采用行动者网络理论解析乡村绅士化演化的过程、类型与机制。研究表明:在巴马盘阳河流域乡村人类行动者与非人类行动者、“草根”行动者与机构行动者共同缔结的行动者网络的转换过程中,伴随关键行动者从“候鸟人”先锋、屯社精英向地方政府、投资开发商的更替,乡村绅士化路径从“草根”绅士化向机构绅士化演替,乡村产业从接待“候鸟人”、发展旅游转向大健康产业融合发展,乡村绅士化类型从单一的舒适移民绅士化向舒适移民、旅游和地产共构的“一地多类”绅士化演化。关键行动者更替及其功能角色转换、绅士化路径变迁和主导产业更替与融合发展、宏观乡村发展制度与地域自然人文环境共同作用于乡村绅士化的阶段演替与类型共生。行动者网络理论与方法利于呈现乡村绅士化的阶段演替脉络与共生演化特征,并揭示乡村绅士演化的一般机制与地域机制。

[TAN H Y, ZHOU G H.

Evolution process and mechanism of rural gentrification based on actor-network theory: A case study of Panyang River Basin of Bama county, Guangxi

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(4): 869-887.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204007      [本文引用: 1]

Rural gentrification is a new path for rural transformation and revitalization under the background of two-way flow of urban and rural elements. This paper analyzes the evolution process, type and mechanism of rural gentrification based on actor-network theory (ANT) based on a diachronic field survey of rural gentrification in the Panyang River Basin of Bama County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The following results were obtained. (1) The evolution of rural gentrification is a dynamic actor-network jointly established by human and non-human actors, "grass-roots" actors and institutional actors. The evolution of rural gentrification has experienced a transition from initial to development stage, which has brought a series of changes. The key actors are replaced from the "amenity immigrants" pioneer and local elites to local governments and investment developers, while the OPP (obligatory passage point) has changed from "developing 'migratory bird' tourism and building a longevity village" to "developing comprehensive health industry and building a global longevity town". The path succession of rural gentrification changes from "grass-roots" gentrification to institutional gentrification with the replacement of key actors from "amenity immigrants" pioneers, and the rural gentrified industry has changed from receiving amenity migrants and developing tourism to the integrated development of comprehensive health industry. The gentrification type has evolved from "amenity immigration oriented" to "tourism oriented" and "real estate oriented", and finally formed a mixed rural gentrification pattern of "multiple types in one place". (2) Factors such as the replacement of key actors along with their roles and functions, the path succession of rural gentrification, the replacement and integrated development of leading industry, China's macro rural development system, as well as the regional natural and cultural environment, which jointly affect the stage succession and type symbiosis of rural gentrification. The replacement of key actors along with their roles and functions transformation dominates the stage succession of rural gentrification, while the path succession of rural gentrification as well as the replacement and integrated development of leading industry, which jointly promotes the evolution type of rural gentrification, is the general mechanism of rural gentrification evolution. At present, China's rural macro development strategy (Beautiful Countryside Construction, Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization) and basic institutional arrangements (rural land collective ownership, homestead system, and regional development dominated by the local government) as well as the regional natural and cultural environment (unique healthy geographical environment, and "migratory immigrants" healthy geographical dependence, combined with the actors' power balance under the comprehensive action comprised by "Bama complex", the Zhuang clan power and the rural nostalgia) shapes the symbiotic characteristics of evolution type, which is the regional mechanism of rural gentrification evolution. (3) Actor-network theory (ANT) is a conducive method to show the stage succession context and symbiotic characteristics of evolution type, and reveal the general mechanism and regional mechanism of rural gentrification evolution.

RYE J F.

Labour migrants and rural change: The "mobility transformation" of Hitra/Frøya, Norway, 2005-2015

Journal of Rural Studies, 2018, 64: 189-199.

DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.003      URL     [本文引用: 1]

王学基, 沈世伟.

乡村旅游地“城乡两栖”群体的跨地方适应

旅游学刊, 2021, 36(10): 5-7.

[本文引用: 1]

[WANG X J, SHEN S W.

Cross-local adaptation of "amphibian" groups in rural tourism destinations

Tourism Tribune, 2021, 36(10): 5-7.]

[本文引用: 1]

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