自然资源学报, 2023, 38(5): 1164-1177 doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20230504

“新时期遗产地保护传承的理论与实践创新”专栏

传统村落文化景观基因生产的过程与机制——以皇都村为例

杨立国,1,2, 胡雅丽1, 吴旭峰1, 胡佳1

1.衡阳师范学院地理与旅游学院,衡阳 421002

2.古村古镇文化遗产数字化传承湖南省协同创新中心,衡阳 421002

Cultural landscape gene production process and mechanism of Dong traditional village: A case study of Huangdu village

YANG Li-guo,1,2, HU Ya-li1, WU Xu-feng1, HU Jia1

1. College of Geography and Tourism, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China

2. Cooperative Innovation Center for Digitalization of Cultural Heritage in Ancient Villages and Towns, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China

收稿日期: 2022-09-5   修回日期: 2023-03-2  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(41871133)
湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20201159)
湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20211252)

Received: 2022-09-5   Revised: 2023-03-2  

作者简介 About authors

杨立国(1980- ),男,湖南常德人,博士,教授,主要从事聚落文化地理研究。E-mail: yangliguo88@126.com

摘要

传统村落是中国传统文化传承和保护的重要场域,文化景观基因作为地方文脉延续和区域特色呈现的核心载体,在社会经济发展和文化更新过程中不断得到生产。以皇都村侗族大歌为例,采取参与式观察和深度访谈的质性研究方法,通过构建“景观基因—空间生产”的分析框架开展传统村落文化景观基因生产的过程与机制研究。研究发现:(1)皇都村侗族大歌的生产可分为原型生成、结构重组和意义修复三个阶段,文化景观基因呈现出从遵循原真价值认知到满足旅游消费转型,最后顺应文化身份认同的变化过程。(2)文化景观基因生产呈现出“外壳—中介—内核”的结构机制,政府和市场在时空尺度的资本循环作为外壳推动空间表征,精英群体在日常生活中的权力行为作为中介支撑表征空间,本地村民作为村落主体承载着生产的内核实现文化原真实践的表达。(3)资本在生产中通过资源资本化、资本空间化和空间资本化,实现其三重循环;权力在精英群体作用下,通过话语表征、技能规训和身份认同完成行为逻辑的建构;村民主体通过内生行动的实践表达,从最初代际传承下的简单参与到旅游消费下的抵制抗议,最终在遗产保护号召下发挥协作作用。

关键词: 传统村落; 文化景观基因; 侗族大歌; 空间生产; 过程与机制

Abstract

Traditional villages are an important field for the inheritance and protection of Chinese traditional culture. As the core carrier for the continuation of local cultural lineage and the presentation of regional characteristics, cultural landscape genes are continuously produced in the process of socio-economic development and cultural renewal. Taking the Dong minority chorus of Huangdu village as an example, this paper adopts the qualitative research method of participatory observation and in-depth interview, and constructs an analytical framework of "landscape gene-space production" to study the process and mechanism of traditional village cultural landscape gene production. The research shows that: (1) The production of the Dong minority chorus in Huangdu village can be divided into three stages: "prototype generation", "structural reorganization" and "meaning restoration". The cultural landscape gene shows a process of change from following the perception of original values to fulfilling the transformation of tourism consumption and finally conforming to cultural identity. (2) The production of cultural landscape gene presents the structural mechanism of "shell-intermediary-core", the capital circulation of government and market in time and space scales promotes representations of space as the shell, the power behavior of elite groups in daily life supports representational spaces as an intermediary, and local villagers, as the main body of the village, carry the core of production to realize the expression of cultural authentic practice. (3) Capital goes through resource capitalization, capital spatialization and space capitalization in production to realize its triple cycle; power under the influence of elite groups, completes the construction of behavior logic through discourse representation, skill discipline and identity; villagers focus more on the practical expression of endogenous actions, from simple participation under intergenerational inheritance to resistance and protest under tourism consumption, and finally play a cooperative role under the call for heritage conservation.

Keywords: traditional villages; cultural landscape gene; Dong minority chorus; space production; process and mechanism

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本文引用格式

杨立国, 胡雅丽, 吴旭峰, 胡佳. 传统村落文化景观基因生产的过程与机制——以皇都村为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(5): 1164-1177 doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20230504

YANG Li-guo, HU Ya-li, WU Xu-feng, HU Jia. Cultural landscape gene production process and mechanism of Dong traditional village: A case study of Huangdu village[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2023, 38(5): 1164-1177 doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20230504

随着乡村旅游的发展和国家权力、城市资本的下乡,传统村落在乡村振兴政策的助推下逐渐成为“旅游发展”与“遗产保护”的双重场域[1],向人们展示着丰富的空间形态[2]、传统建筑[3]、宗教信仰[4]、街巷肌理[5]等文化景观基因。同时在全球化、工业化、城市化背景下,传统村落出现了物质空间资本化、生活空间碎片化、社会空间分异化等现象和问题,乡村景观要素经历着剧烈的变化[6],尤其是代表了地方特色和文化特质的景观因子,被多方主体建构成旅游商品进入消费市场[7],在时空扩散和主体博弈的过程中,与不同尺度中的地方和人互动协商[8],促使其时间、空间、内涵、形式、功能和意义在流动中得到生产,即传统村落文化景观基因生产。“文化景观基因生产”是研究中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展的新视角,不仅立足于文旅融合背景下本地文化景观基因的保护,更考虑全局性、长远性和可持续发展的文化传承实现,还要兼顾不同地区文化景观基因的地域特色及差异[9]。而以往的传统文化景观基因研究,或聚焦于村落景观数字化保护[10]、旅游开发[11]和遗产保护[12]等现实问题,或聚焦于居民感知[13]、地方认同[14]和乡愁体验[15]等利益主体感知评价,较少有研究将两者结合起来,对“基因”和“空间”之间存在的生产关系进行探讨,致使中国传统村落的地方性、流动性文化特色受到忽视[6]

面对中国乡村振兴战略实施过程中优秀传统文化如何传承,本文从空间生产的视角切入,选取湖南皇都村的侗族大歌为典型案例进行分析,探索文化景观基因生产的过程和内在逻辑机制,通过构建“景观基因—空间生产”的分析框架,揭示地方与全球、生产与消费、传统与现代背景下,族群主体参与文化景观基因生产的内在联系,并回答以下问题:在生产过程中,文化景观基因在时空尺度、内涵形式和功能意义发生了哪些变化?诱发文化景观基因进行生产的动力是什么?不同主体究竟是如何作用于文化景观基因生产的?研究以期丰富文化景观基因的理论建构,为乡村文化振兴提供新视角,也为传统村落文化景观的生产和传承提供案例参考。

1 理论基础与分析框架

1.1 文化景观基因和空间生产理论

基因是生物学中控制遗传信息的基本单位,在基因传递信息的过程中,它既能精确地复制自身并稳定地实现遗传,又能产生突变或变异的新型基因取代原有基因[16]。受基因遗传特性的启发,学者们开始了文化传承基本要素变化特性的探索[17]。中国学者刘沛林[18]创造性地提出文化景观基因的概念,认为文化景观基因是文化景观“遗传”的基本单位,决定某种文化景观的形成、发展、消亡,蕴含着地域发展过程中的自然环境[6]、空间布局[12]和文化意象[19]等诸多价值信息。学者多将文化景观基因作为研究切入点,分析传统村落[10]、文化旅游地[11]、民族村寨[20]等地的文化特征,识别出区域内民居建筑[21]、街巷肌理[22]、饮食习俗[23]等要素的文化特质,揭示文化景观基因的形态结构[16]、布局图式[24]、符号表达[25]等规律。这些研究各有侧重,多将文化景观基因视作区域环境中固定的、静态的文化载体,单纯地从其功能属性上揭示历时性的村落空间变迁[26],以此来探寻乡村的经济、空间和社会价值[27]。但从动态性、活态性的视角上去解读文化景观基因生产与发展的研究较少。鉴于此,本文将文化景观基因视作一个动态的空间场域,分析空间中不同主体的权力关系对其社会功能与文化意义上的作用,从而剖析出文化景观基因从“封闭的”变为“流动的”再转至为“社会的”[28]内在逻辑,为景观基因的理论实践提供新的着力点和探讨方式。

文化地理学通常将空间视为文化的载体,研究文化要素的空间特征和空间规律,认为空间的生产归结于关注文化要素本身的生产。在学术界“空间转向”思潮的影响下,列斐伏尔[29]最早提出“空间三元论”的观点,将空间表征(构想空间)、表征空间(生活空间)与空间实践(感知空间)作为空间生产的三个重要层面,认为空间是形成文化的必要情境,空间中的变化蕴藏着社会中各种关系的变化[30]。后续以大卫·哈维[31]、卡斯特尔[32]为代表的新马克思主义学派传播和发展了列斐伏尔的观点,在宏观层面上关注资本、制度和城市之间的关系,提出“资本三重循环”的逻辑。以福柯、索亚和德塞图为代表的后现代主义学派聚焦于微观层面上权力关系的分析,围绕现代空间中的权力—知识与身体和主体性的关系展开研究[33,34]。空间生产理论在国内主要应用于哲学[35]、社会学[36]、地理学[37]等学科,其中在地理学领域中,主要涉及城市[38]、旅游地[39]、历史街区[40]等研究区域,多关注实体空间[41]、旅游活动空间[42]、日常生活空间[43]等物质空间,对传统村落文化空间的关注相对薄弱,较少涉及文化景观基因本身的生产及生产机制的剖解。事实上,通过空间生产理论能有效解读村落文化景观基因的生产,呈现出行动主体的集体作用和不同行动主体间的差异,展现以空间为基调的社会关系过程[44]

从国内外文化景观基因研究文献可以看出,相关研究主题越来越丰富,理论也趋向多样化。这些研究试图从不同的视角对文化景观基因进行解读,比较全面地诠释了文化景观基因在物质空间、文化空间、社会空间等单一维度下的生产,但是对文化景观基因生产的综合认识仍较为单薄,较少有文献会同时关注文化景观基因生产的三个维度,所以将空间生产理论引入村落文化景观基因的微观尺度研究,从多学科、多视野的角度阐述文化景观基因在多元主体互动协商下动态的、变化的生产过程,能推动空间生产理论在实践层面上的可持续发展。

1.2 分析框架

文化景观基因的生产包括物质空间、文化空间、社会空间的生产,是内生主体与外来主体共同作用下的空间实践与村落景观再生产。空间生产中的三元辩证逻辑能系统动态、客观地展现主体间的互动博弈,便于呈现文化景观基因生产中各要素的变化。因此,研究根据皇都村侗族大歌的实际情况,将空间生产理论体系中的空间生产三元组放置在文化景观基因的时间、空间、内涵、形式、功能和意义等要素层面上进一步分析(图1)。具体而言:(1)空间表征作用于文化景观基因的物质时空要素,源于资本的介入加速了文化景观基因在空间扩张和时间重组上的呈现;(2)表征空间作用于文化景观基因的文化空间层面,源于权力主体对村民知识技能的规训,操纵文化景观基因内涵和形式的新表达;(3)空间实践作用于文化景观基因的功能和意义要素,源于场域中内生发展的村民实践行动的阶段变化,导致文化景观基因的功能和意义发生变迁。基于此,研究构建了“景观基因—空间生产”的分析框架,展现传统村落文化开发和传承的过程中,文化景观基因受到资本、权力和社会行动的一系列作用,并试图通过“基因”与“空间”之间的互动,剖析文化景观基因生产的过程及机制。

图1

图1   理论分析框架

Fig. 1   The framework of theory


2 研究方法与数据来源

2.1 研究区概况

皇都村隶属湖南省通道侗族自治县坪坦乡,距县城11.5 km,是通道侗族自治县“百里侗文化长廊”的核心区域,具有鲜明的南侗文化特色(图2)。全村由头寨、尾寨、盘寨、新寨4个村寨合并组成,共有29个村民小组,总人口约3100余人。该村于1995年正式成立并开发旅游,2014年被列入第三批中国传统村落名单,2016年获批国家4A级旅游景区,2019年入选湖南省首批十大特色文旅小镇(侗歌文旅小镇),属于侗族文化旅游知名度较高的目的地。

图2

图2   皇都村的地理位置

Fig. 2   Geographical location of Huangdu village


2.2 皇都村文化景观基因的识别和选取

皇都村位于湖南、广西、贵州三省区交界的山区,相对闭塞的环境创造出了本民族特有的文化景观基因,侗族的建筑、山水、民俗、民风保存完整。首先,将传统村落文化景观进行解构,具体可解构为物质文化景观和非物质文化景观两大类以及公共建筑、传统民居、参考环境、文化习俗、宗族信仰和节庆活动等六维度。然后,分别对这6个维度从“心理、生态、美学、环境、文化、时序”等6个影响要素进行分析,得到鼓楼、吊脚楼、杉树溪田、侗族大歌、祭萨仪式和大戊梁等6个文化景观因子,最后,运用三个“唯一性”和“总体优势性”原则进行判断,识别出鼓楼(因模仿杉树和阳鸟形状而建,符合(内在和外在)唯一性原则)和侗族大歌(虽少数民族多唱山歌,但侗族大歌是无指挥形式合唱,符合总体优势性原则)两个文化景观基因。但是,在侗族传统村落发展过程中,由于受文保政策的影响,鼓楼空间生产的6个维度变化不大,仅在时间和意义上变化较明显,而侗族大歌则受文旅发展的影响,其空间生产的6个维度(时间、空间、内涵、形式、功能和意义)均产生了较大变化,故而选择侗族大歌作为本文研究的对象(图3)。具体来说,侗族大歌属于独特完整的多声部支声复调音乐体系[45],在侗族传统村落的传统社会中一直起着维系社会关系、沟通婚恋嫁娶、丰富精神生活的作用,且侗族只有语言没有文字,侗族大歌成为族群文化传承的重要载体,并与物质建筑、山水景观、宗教仪式等融合展现侗族文化内涵。在现代文化的冲击影响下,皇都村在1995年组织成立艺术团,开始向外来群体进行侗族大歌展演,2010年引入旅游公司开发侗族大歌并打造专业化的舞台展演,2013年侗族大歌入选湖南省非物质文化遗产代表性项目,2019年皇都村凭借侗族大歌被评为“湖南省首批十大特色文旅小镇”。因此,选取侗族大歌作为该村的文化景观基因进行研究,有一定的典型性与代表性。

图3

图3   皇都村文化景观基因的识别和选取

Fig. 3   Identification and selection of cultural landscape genes in Huangdu village


2.3 研究方法

研究采用质性研究方法,包括参与式观察法和半结构化访谈法,自2021年1月至2022年7月,共计前往案例地进行了5次平均为期5天的田野调查。参与式观察主要关注皇都村侗族大歌有关的景观、符号及表演,包括记录演出者的日常训练情况和特殊节庆的展演状况,还以游客的身份进行文化体验。此外,对政府、旅游公司、表演人员、村民及游客等典型代表进行深度访谈,对政府和旅游公司的访谈关注皇都村文化的遗存现状和侗族大歌的传承情况,对表演人员和村民的访谈关注侗族大歌生产过程中空间、时间、形式、内涵等方面的演变,对游客的访谈关注他们观看侗族大歌展演后的文化体验情况。调研累计访谈32人次(表1),访谈时长从30分钟到100分钟不等,最终整理访谈录音7.3万字,收集歌词5本。

表1   访谈对象基本信息

Table 1  Basic information of the interviewees

编号性别年龄/岁身份编号性别年龄/岁身份
M0148政府人员F1750侗歌传承人
M0256政府人员M1886侗戏传承人
F0342政府人员M1960普通村民
F0438政府人员M2030普通村民
M0545政府人员M2149普通村民
F0638旅游公司负责人M2242普通村民
F0735旅游公司成员F2362普通村民
F0826旅游公司成员F2450普通村民
F0930旅游公司成员F2568普通村民
M1032旅游公司成员F2655普通村民
M1152艺术团团长M2727游客
M1243演员M2862游客
M1330演员M2935游客
F1428演员F3055游客
F1538演员F3150游客
F1632演员F3219游客

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3 传统村落文化景观基因生产的过程

随着社会各要素的流动加剧,文化景观基因也不再封闭稳定,起先封闭环境下生成的携带遗传信息的基因,会在信息传递过程中部分要素发生变化、重组与修复,最终实现文化景观基因的生产。聚焦案例来看,皇都村侗族大歌表演队于1995年正式成立,开始为国内外游客呈现侗族大歌的表演。此后,政府加大景区开发和基础设施建设,并在2010年引进旅游公司作为市场资本加入开发,促使侗族大歌进入旅游消费的快速发展时期。2016年后,乡村振兴、文旅小镇建设和文化遗产保护的推进,政府吸纳大量精英参与侗族大歌的生产,促进了文化景观基因的修复。因此,通过调研和收集皇都村侗族大歌的历年发展情况,将其生产过程划分为三个阶段:(1)原型生成阶段(1995年以前),(2)结构重组阶段(1995—2015年),(3)意义修复阶段(2016年至今)(表2)。

表2   侗族大歌生产的阶段

Table 2  Production stage of Dong minority chorus

阶段生产主体生产路径生产目的主要特征
原型生成寨老、歌师、鬼师、村民自下而上促进族群的日常交流,实现民族精神构建侗族大歌的原真价值认知
结构重组地方政府、旅游公司自上而下利用侗族大歌发展旅游业,增加经济收益侗族大歌的旅游消费转型
意义修复政府、旅游公司、文化精英上下结合保护和传承村落文化,促进其可持续发展侗族大歌的文化身份认同

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3.1 原型生成:侗族大歌的原真价值认知(1995年以前)

皇都村四面被山环绕,传统时期社会环境对外相对闭塞,形成了自给自足的小农经济生产模式,村民们世代稳居在皇都村内,因而形成了一个相对团结、单一的共同体,为侗族大歌的原型生成孕育了良好的内外部环境,支撑着侗族精神和价值认知的构建。(1)空间表征:空间表征代表着权力主体在空间中的构想,最显著的标志是他们对空间和时间的掌控。村民在寨老的组织下会在农闲时节和侗族节日期间齐聚鼓楼,通过歌师的引领演唱传统的侗族大歌,以满足农业需求的同时利用空闲时间开展娱乐活动(“那个时候没有什么娱乐活动,我们就经常唱歌打发时间”,M21)。(2)表征空间:表征空间联系着村落生活环境,依托精英群体在文本内涵和组织形式等方面凸显出民族意志。作为一个以农业生产为主的民族,侗民喜欢在歌词中融入他们对自然界的膜拜和喜爱,传递族群内部对群山流水、鸟语虫鸣等物质世界的向往[46](“蝉儿唱歌高又高,我学金蝉把歌吟”,F17)。更重要的是,他们自出生起就有学唱侗族大歌的习惯,会以寨子或族姓为单位,按血缘、亲缘关系为依据来组建男女歌班。(3)空间实践:空间实践承载着空间表征与表征空间的互动,村民力量的交互实践为文化景观基因赋予了功能和意义。传统时期的侗族大歌往往承担着娱乐身心、维系人际关系的功能,村民们会在“祭萨”仪式上通过鬼师引导共颂踩堂歌,传递族群对萨母的崇拜和信仰,体现侗族大歌在宗族功能上发挥的作用。此时,皇都村侗族大歌以鼓楼为空间之宇、顺农时为时间之矢,强调血缘关系、自然和谐的理念,形成具有娱乐和宗族属性的语言载体符号,承载着族群对侗族文化景观基因的原真价值认知(图4)。

图4

图4   侗族大歌文化景观基因生产过程

Fig. 4   The production process of Dong minority chorus cultural landscape gene


3.2 结构重组:侗族大歌的旅游消费转型(1995—2015年)

1978年后,皇都村开始探索农业之外的发展,少数民族的特色文化吸引了部分学者前来探访。侗族大歌作为侗族核心文化景观基因受到重视,尤其是1995年皇都村迅速卷入旅游开发浪潮后,政府资本投入130万元开发侗族大歌表演并修建了室内演出场;2010年通道皇都民俗旅游开发有限公司作为市场资本介入,侗族大歌在资本力量下逐渐成为当地旅游发展的核心吸引物,吸引大量外地游客前来旅游观光并欣赏侗族大歌。(1)空间表征:演出场地不再局限于鼓楼,而是转向寨门、室内表演场等场所(“来村里旅游的人变多了,鼓楼放不下那么多人,我们就慢慢开始换场子了”,M11),时间也不再顺应农时而定,每天都会有专业的演员为游客表演节目。(2)表征空间:歌师开始在侗族大歌的歌词文本中加入日常生产生活见闻,以迎合游客对于侗族大歌景观基因的想象,组织形式上传统的血缘歌班组织转变为依附地缘关系组建的艺术团,演员们依据地方政府和旅游公司的安排,专业化地承担着侗族大歌的舞台化展演(“疫情前,每天下午4点都有一场演出,来皇都的游客都会来看我们的表演”,M12)。(3)空间实践:旅游作为现代性和国家意志在地方的体现,促使侗族大歌在保有宗族功能的基础上还拥有了经济功能,村民通过表演侗族大歌获取收益,游客对侗族大歌进行消费满足文化体验,侗族大歌从语言载体符号转型为经济价值符号,促进了其旅游消费转型的实现(图4)。

3.3 意义修复:侗族大歌的文化身份认同(2016年至今)

进入侗族大歌生产的新发展阶段,现代化不断侵入皇都村,原本依靠血缘关系、宗族权威所维系的社会共同体变成了由利益关系、契约精神所形成的社会联结。2017年皇都村闹出“门票风波”,村民与资本市场之间的矛盾异常突出,“利益逻辑”严重影响到皇都村正常的生产生活,迫使政府发挥行政职能进行整改。(1)空间表征:在空间上,政府联合旅游公司修建亲水平台,营造室内外表演场还原侗族大歌原真性的生产情景,时间上结合“黄金周”等节点安排侗族大歌表演。(2)表征空间:在红色文化的引领下,传承人在歌词文本中加入了对民族团结和现代社会思想的歌颂(“苗侗汉水一家人”“共根藤来共根秧”,M18),在满足现代化需求上有效融入传统文化内涵,展演环节会根据表演节目的需要,扩宽人员选择的渠道,尤其是大戊梁歌会,周边学校的学生和附近村寨的村民都会加入侗族大歌的演唱,丰富了演唱人员的组织结构,打破了血缘、地缘关系的局限(“只要是愿意参加表演的都欢迎,没有什么限制”,F06)。(3)空间实践:在乡村振兴和文化遗产保护的要求下,文化景观基因的文化功能在不断进行重构和修复,体现在侗族大歌的内涵挖掘、价值活化、情感认同等方面(“邀请了很多专家帮我们把传统文化更好地挖出来、推出去,好让外地人愿意传、当地人愿意承”,M01)。同时,村落内部有效协调多方主体的利益关系,满足了村落发展的原生力量——村民在社会生活上的经济需求。至此,村落现代性危机得到缓解,文化景观基因的意义得到修复,成为皇都村村民实现情感寄托的载体、文化身份认同的情感符号(图4)。

4 传统村落文化景观基因生产的动力机制

通过对皇都村侗族大歌的分析,可以发现文化景观基因的生产并非是静止的、固定不变的结果,而是经历了一系列的动态演变。尤其是随着现代性力量的不断深入,传统村落因其自身的避世性和文化资源的丰足性成为资本青睐的理想场所,各参与主体依据自己拥有的社会资源,展开了他们对村落文化景观基因的想象,实施了一系列的价值争夺、协同合作和身份博弈的互动实践。基于对传统村落文化景观基因生产过程的分析,本文拟从资本循环、权力行为和原真实践等角度揭示文化景观基因的动力机制(图5)。

图5

图5   文化景观基因生产的动力机制

Fig. 5   The dynamic mechanism of cultural landscape gene production


4.1 文化景观基因生产的外壳:时空尺度的资本循环

空间表征作为文化景观基因生产的外壳,代表着强势主体在空间构想中的资本逻辑。(1)景观基因的资源资本化。侗族大歌传统时期的生产是在传统农业生产主导下进行的,村民用少量的集体资本投入文化景观基因生产,目标在于实现社会性价值,凝聚民族的团结稳定。在资本第一重循环过程中,寨老作为封建社会中村长的存在,组织村民在民族代表性建筑物鼓楼唱歌,并结合农耕时令挑选演唱时间,有效利用了原始的地理时空环境开发民族文化,最终凝结出皇都村最重要的文化景观基因——侗族大歌,以至于后来侗族大歌能够作为文化资本交付使用权给地方政府,实现文化景观基因的资源资本化转变。(2)景观基因的资本空间化。伴随着政府和市场资本的入驻,传统村落受到现代文化冲击,资本在逐利和过度积累作用下转向新的流通形式,开始投向物质基础设施建设[47],即资本的第二重循环,景观基因从资源资本化转向资本空间化。强势主体将自己关于“皇都村侗族大歌”的构想投放在空间的物质维度上,改变了侗族大歌原有的功能和意义,导致其在空间和时间上出现错位,村民的利益、情感诉求得不到满足,强弱主体间激发起尖锐的冲突,出现乡村公共性消解、人居环境恶化的现象,文化景观基因面临着破碎化的风险。(3)景观基因的空间资本化。旅游化语境下地方与空间的矛盾,迫使资本转向第三重循环加强时空修复,以建设合理与可持续的旅游空间,实现空间资本化[47]。政府逐渐重视对原真性场所的还原,并加大了对文化创意空间、社区生活空间的资金投入,社会也向劳动力培训倾注资金,村民们开始乐意将工作时间服务于旅游地,空间中的“物”与地方中的“人”的隔阂得到了有效修复,“资本”与“人本”的关系在资本循环的语境下趋向平衡,新的空间秩序正在形成。

4.2 文化景观基因生产的中介:日常生活的精英权力

表征空间作为文化景观基因生产的中介,凸显着精英群体在日常生活中的权力逻辑。(1)本土精英群的话语表征。在资本循环的过程中,涌现出熟练掌握文化景观基因资源的本土精英群体,他们结合乡村环境和文化生产资料生产地方性知识,对接自上而下的政府治理体系或者下沉到地方民众日常生活实践[48]。最早文化景观基因生产就掌握在歌师和鬼师手中,他们根据寨老的授意,在年节、嫁娶、祭祀等日常生活环节中发挥重要作用,引导村民在不同场合演唱不同类型的侗族大歌,通过控制村民组织形式和演唱的文本内容,成为文化景观基因传承中的监督者,实现了权力结构的生产。(2)社会精英群的技能规训。1995年皇都艺术团的成立,大批的青年演员取代歌师成为了当地的技术精英,他们通过精心设计的肢体动作向游客展示侗族大歌的内容,过分注重身体和动作的规训,导致文化原真性有所流失。政府引进政治精英利用政治制度规训村民活动,严格限制了村民的活动行为和空间使用。旅游公司迫切引入经济精英,凭借资金实力获得长期使用土地的权利,将侗族大歌包装成可供游客消费的旅游产品。社会精英群运用自身的各类技能规训着个体行为,主宰着村民的日常生活实践[49]。(3)文化精英群的身份表达。皇都村入选第三批中国传统村落名录后,政府力量大量引进文化精英群进入村落,派遣治理精英定期监管文化景观基因保护情况,邀请学术精英对村落进行治理规划,吸纳文化传承人和众多社区精英进入制度体系内,开始解决在资本逐利下,文化景观基因被当作商品导致侗族大歌被同质化的问题。受权力对日常生活的控制,文化景观基因的生产有越来越多的精英群体参与进来,让文化景观基因在多元、异质的环境中得以生产。

4.3 文化景观基因生产的内核:原真表达的村民实践

空间实践作为文化景观基因生产的内核,承载着村落的主体——村民在空间表征与表征空间中的互动实践。(1)代际传承下的村民参与。文化景观基因在最初的原型生成阶段,其生产就是村民内部精神生活的结果,是村民在日常行为中的“形”与生活文化中的“魂”的有机融合。所以,村民作为文化组建者积极参与文化景观基因的生产,在固定的时间和地点进行演练,各司其职地完成各自部分,将信仰崇拜和休闲娱乐整合为民族共识,展现了传统文化的地方性意义,拓展和强化了文化景观基因的价值,是传统时期生存审美化、和谐化与栖居诗意化的综合体现。(2)旅游消费下的村民抗议。旅游开发打破了原有的平衡,新的空间主体进入原本只属于本地村民的空间,政府和旅游公司收购村民农用地打造展演空间,游客因消费旅游景观挤占村民生活空间,文化景观基因被打造为旅游产品后对村民来说变得陌生,原本的社区空间变为充斥着物欲的消费空间,正常的生活秩序受外界干扰严重。村民开始抗拒甚至是抵制主流操纵者的安排和游客的到来,他们不允许游客在鼓楼拍照,拒绝旅游公司将他们的祭祀仪式开发成旅游产品。内生村民与外来主体的矛盾逐渐凸显,文化景观基因的原真性逐渐流失。(3)遗产保护下的村民协作。随着文化景观基因的破坏与村落旅游的同质化,皇都村的社会力量与资本、权力进行反思,村民被政府吸纳到村落的管理和监督中,他们用自身掌握的地方性知识对文化景观基因进行原真性与现代性的协调修复。村民自发运用“身体芭蕾”将人文风俗与旅游资源进行有机融合[50],向游客展现文化景观基因蕴含的民族情感,并利用互联网为游客打造类型多样、业态丰富、有遗产属性的文化景观基因,村民逐渐增加了对文化景观基因的情感认同。

5 结论与讨论

5.1 结论

从空间生产的理论视角,解析传统村落文化景观基因生产的过程和机制,得到以下结论:(1)传统村落文化景观基因的生产过程具有阶段性,可分为原型生成、结构重组和意义修复三个阶段,皇都村侗族大歌的生产三阶段为原型生成(1995年以前)、结构重组(1995—2015年)和意义修复(2016年至今)。(2)传统村落文化景观基因生产机制具有结构性,呈现出“外壳—中介—内核”的结构,政府和市场在时空尺度的资本循环作为外壳推动生产,精英群体在日常生活中的权力行为作为中介支撑生产,本地村民作为村落主体承载着生产的内核实现文化原真实践的表达。总之,传统村落文化景观基因的生产镶嵌在村落发展过程中,并呈现历时性变化,即文化景观基因的生产并非是静止的、固定不变的结果,而是经历了多元主体作用下的一系列动态演变。

5.2 讨论

在传统村落的场域中,文化景观基因已经成为地方发展的重要资源,对建设社会主义文化强国、弘扬中华优秀传统文化、培育文化自信之根具有深远意义。皇都村侗族大歌文化景观基因生产的过程是中国传统村落现代化发展过程的一个缩影,也是中国乡村文化现代化转型发展的必然历程,传统村落文化景观基因生产的阶段性有助于我们系统理解传统村落系统演化的规律,针对不同发展阶段的传统村落制定不同的文化振兴政策;传统村落文化景观基因生产的结构机制有助于认识传统村落发展过程中文化遗产保护传承与旅游发展的矛盾冲突与融合,适时调控不同类型阶段传统村落的发展目标。将空间生产理论融入文化景观基因的研究,呈现其生产中社会关系的作用过程,能对传统村落人与地的可持续发展带来一定启发。但本文主要采用质性研究方法,缺少对观点的量化佐证,后续可以运用系统动力学的方法对文化景观基因的生产进行模拟预测,提前发现生产中可能存在的问题,为新时代乡村振兴战略的实施提供更有力的探索方向,在一定程度上推动文化持有者更好地认识文化景观基因所承载的价值。

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自然资源学报, 2021, 36(10): 2585-2603.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211010      [本文引用: 1]

引入布尔迪厄的资本理论,构建多重资本概念模型;以西安市秦岭北麓S村为例,对其在不同类型资本综合影响下的空间生产与收缩过程及机制进行质性研究和可视化分析。结果表明:(1)经济资本的三级循环推动S村物质空间商品化程度不断加深,商户金融资本的差异造成村内经济阶层分化与空间分异,外来经济资本的进入则易诱致社会风险。(2)新生的业缘关系与亲缘、地缘关系交织而成的社会网络等结构性社会资本的变化,引致S村社会空间的混杂和地方认同的分化;社会信任等认知性社会资本的下降造成村民交往空间的内移,并促成新的空间治理秩序。(3)商户个人品味等身体化文化资本创造出多样化的文化空间,政府赋予村庄的集体称号等制度化文化资本推动形成农家乐专业村品牌。(4)元资本主导下,村内三大旅游项目被拆除,S村由空间持续再生产转向空间收缩。(5)自然垄断地租、小规模集体行动优势、元资本的间接调控与直接影响以及双重锁定效应,共同构成S村空间生产与收缩的机制。

[LI Y F, RUI Y, YANG K, et al.

Space production and shrinkage of S village at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Xi'an driven by multiple capitals: Based on Bourdieu's theory

Journal of Natural Resources, 2021, 36(10): 2585-2603.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211010      URL     [本文引用: 1]

陶伟, 陈红叶, 林杰勇.

句法视角下广州传统村落空间形态及认知研究

地理学报, 2013, 68(2): 209-218.

[本文引用: 1]

[TAO W, CHEN H Y, LIN J Y.

Spatial form and spatial cognition of traditional village in syntactical view: A case study of Xiaozhou village

Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(2): 209-218.]

[本文引用: 1]

杨希, 马航, 张力智, .

迁徙中的承袭、交融与分异: 广东客家建筑与聚落形态时空发展解析

地理研究, 2021, 40(4): 958-976.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020200282      [本文引用: 1]

客家是一支在一定时期内处于流迁状态的民系。在其迁徙过程中,宗族组织化的群体自身的文化惯性对撞地理环境与社会环境的差异,使客家民系对于生存空间关系的处理呈现多样的态度。为厘清广东主要客居地内不同传统客家村居形态之间的关联性及其发展脉络,本研究从类型学角度,分别在微观建筑形态与中观聚落格局两个层面,依据关键空间属性来划分空间形制的基本类型,并整理比较建筑类型与聚落类型的地理分布。而后,从历史地理学角度挖掘客家民系在广东省内的流迁历程,并顺沿多条流迁动线分别探讨不同建筑类型、不同聚落类型之间的承袭、交融与分异关系,进而得出以下结论:① 在“建筑”与“聚落”两个尺度层面上的空间营造活动中,建筑形制决策倾向于依附民系内生文化,聚落模式决策倾向于呼应局域地区的社会经济与自然环境;② 在沿迁徙路径的时空推移过程中,主要建筑类型沿主干河流由上游向中下游传播承袭,韩江水系和东江水系之间的支线水陆途径促进了建筑类型在规模、围合防卫程度、聚合组织形式等方面的渐变过渡;③ 相对于客家文化核心区,“广府-客家”“福姥-客家”文化锋面上客家建筑“中轴”对空间组织的主导力发生急剧弱化,意味着宗族组织出现扁平化的变化态势,主要表现为该地带宗族“房系”发达度下降,以及宗祠的经济文化凝聚力衰退;④ 从空间概念的历时性承袭与发展视角来看,空间形态控制性基因应为明确的“属性”化因子,而非具象化要素,聚居空间的基因分析,应当分别基于“人”“地”的不同线索,探索不同尺度人居空间形态的控制因子。

[YANG X, MA H, ZHANG L Z, et al.

Inheritance, fusion, and variation during migration: An analysis of spatio-temporal morphological development of traditional Guangdong Hakka architecture and settlements

Geographical Research, 2021, 40(4): 958-976.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020200282      [本文引用: 1]

Hakka, categorized as a subclass of the Han majority, was in a state of migration for a certain period of time. During their migration, the cultural inertia rooted in the clan-based group collided with different geographical and social environments, which has made the Hakka people's different attitudes in the decision-making for living space. To clarify the morphological development of traditional Hakka villages in the main residential areas of Guangdong, and analyze the correlations between different village types, this study, from the perspective of typology, differentiated basic spatial types based on key spatial attributes in two aspects of micro architectural form and meso settlement layout. Then, the geographical distribution of different spatial types in the two aspects was marked and compared. From the perspective of historical geography, the Hakka's migration course within Guangdong and the relationship of inheritance, fusion and variation among different architectural forms and settlement layouts were explored through the clues of Hakka's migration routes in Guangdong. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) In the spatial construction on different scales of architecture and settlements, the decision-making for architectural forms was subject to people's endogenous culture, while settlement layouts tended to echo the local condition of society, economy and natural environment; (2) In the spatio-temporal process of Hakka's migration, the main building types spread and inherited from the upstream to the middle and downstream along major rivers, and the tributaries and routes between Hanjiang River system and Dongjiang River system promoted the gradual transition of building types with respect to the architectural scale, the degree of defense, and the patterns of spatial organization; (3) Compared with the core area of Hakka culture, the domination in the spatial organization of the central axis of Cantonese-Hakka and Chaoshan-Hakka architecture which is at the culture front has been dramatically weakened, which indicates the mutation in the clan organization towards a delayering trend with the recession in the clan branches, and in the economic and cultural cohesion of the ancestral hall; (4) From the point of the diachronic inheritance and development of spatial design concept, the control genes of spatial form should be attributed factors rather than concrete ones, and the exploration for morphological control genes on different spatial scales should be based on different clues of human and environment.

孙九霞, 许泳霞, 王学基.

旅游背景下传统仪式空间生产的三元互动实践

地理学报, 2020, 75(8): 1742-1756.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202008013      [本文引用: 1]

仪式因其符号性和社会性成为空间研究和理论阐释的绝佳场域,在仪式与仪式空间研究中,仪式背后的社会关系及其对仪式空间的影响尚未得到充分重视。本文以安顺屯堡地戏和芒康加达村巴玛巴典为例,运用访谈法、观察法和文献分析法,回溯并分析两种仪式空间生产的过程与特征,刻画参与和影响仪式空间生产的社会关系,深入解析仪式空间的各个维度及空间生产的三元互动实践,力图比较和呈现旅游发展对地方传统仪式变迁的影响。研究发现,传统仪式的空间是仪式主体社会关系织就的空间,其空间生产本质上是社会关系与空间秩序“重构或调适”的过程;在旅游影响下的仪式空间生产中,空间表征与表征空间之间差异化的互动关系造就了仪式中差异化的空间实践;此外,仪式的空间生产隐含着对现代性消解的抵抗。本文构建了传统仪式空间生产的理论框架,为解读列斐伏尔空间生产与空间三元互动提供了新视角,以揭示旅游与地方文化变迁之间更为深刻的联系。

[SUN J X, XU Y X, WANG X J.

The ternary interactive practice of the production of traditional ritual space in the tourism context

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(8): 1742-1756.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202008013      [本文引用: 1]

Ritual has become an excellent field for space research and theoretical interpretation due to its symbolic and social nature. In the research of ritual and ritual space, the social relationship behind ritual and its impact on ritual space have not been fully taken into account. This study takes Tunpu Dixi and Bamabadian as examples, using the method of interview, observation and literature analysis, to trace back and analyze the process and characteristics of two ritual space productions, describe the social relations that participate in and influence the ritual space production, deeply analyze each dimension of ritual space and the ternary interactive practice of space production, and try to compare and present the impact of tourism development on the changes of local traditional rituals. The study found that the traditional ritual space is shaped by the social relations of the ritual subjects, and its space production is essentially a process of "restructuring or debugging" social relations and spatial order. In the ritual space production under the influence of tourism, the differentiated interactive relationship between the spatial representation and the representational space creates the differentiated ritual space practice. In addition, the ritual space production implies the resistance to the dissolution of modernity. This study builds a theoretical framework for traditional ritual space production, and provides a new perspective for interpreting and deepening Lefebvre's space ternary interaction, in order to reveal the deeper connection between tourism and local cultural changes.

李早, 叶茂盛, 黄晓茵, .

居游混合型传统村落街巷空间组织模式研究

城市发展研究, 2021, 28(3): 24-31.

[本文引用: 1]

[LI Z, YE M S, HUANG X Y, et al.

The research on street space organization mode of traditional villages with coexistence of residence and tourism

Urban Development Studies, 2021, 28(3): 24-31.]

[本文引用: 1]

李伯华, 李珍, 刘沛林, .

湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异及其分异规律

自然资源学报, 2022, 37(2): 362-377.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220207      [本文引用: 3]

传统村落在历史、文化、经济、旅游和科学等多个方面价值颇高,保护传统村落的空间格局和文化内涵极为重要。以中国湘江流域上中下游六个典型传统村落为例,以景观基因理论为基础,运用景观基因分析法识别了湘江流域传统村落景观基因,分析了上中下游传统村落显性物质景观基因与隐性非物质文化基因的变异特征,总结了湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异特征及分异规律,研究结果显示:(1)湘江流域上游传统村落平面基因变异相悖于本土的情况侧重发生在平面结构变异上;立面基因的变异相悖于本土、突变后直接消亡的情况较多;文化基因上受外来冲击的不适感较强,有加剧景观基因变异的风险和趋势。(2)湘江流域中游传统村落对立面基因的改动需求较大,且改动时间较早,造成立面基因变异以及平面基因中街巷格局、平面布局变异较大,变异后相悖于本土的特征显著;而在文化基因中,对文化的变异融合接受能力强,变异相融于本土的情况显著。(3)湘江流域下游传统村落在形态、布局特征明显的平面基因中产生的变异不大显著;在立面基因中遭遇突变后直接消亡的特征明显;在文化基因中,对家风信仰的基因变异以相融于本土为主,习俗礼仪的基因变异呈现分化趋势,单民族聚居式的家族以相悖于本土的特征为主,多民族聚居式的家族以相融于本土的特征为主。

[LI B H, LI Z, LIU P L, et al.

Landscape gene variation and differentiation law of traditional villages in Xiangjiang River Basin

Journal of Natural Resources, 2022, 37(2): 362-377.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220207      URL     [本文引用: 3]

李伯华, 郑始年, 窦银娣, .

“双修”视角下传统村落人居环境转型发展模式研究: 以湖南省2个典型村为例

地理科学进展, 2019, 38(9): 1412-1423.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.09.014      [本文引用: 1]

传统村落承载着中华民族的血脉和基因,乡村转型背景下,如何留住这份“乡愁”显得尤为重要。论文以湖南岳阳张谷英村和通道皇都村为例,从景观基因修补和文化基因修复的视角,探讨自组织和他组织模式下人居环境转型发展的演变路径和空间特征。研究显示:① 自组织模式下,传统村落人居环境转型机制较为灵活,实效性强,但短期稳定性差;他组织模式下的转型机制短期稳定性较强,但缺乏一定的实效性。② 自组织模式下的转型发展由内生力量自下而上推动,“双修”理念下沉发展较好,创新与适应能力强,但“双修”效果缺乏一定的规范性和整体性;他组织模式下的转型发展由外部力量自上而下推动,“双修”效果具有较强的规范性和秩序性,整体呈环状格局,但内生力量较弱,理念下沉较差,主动创新能力与适应能力低。③ 自组织模式下的转型发展具有一定的逻辑性,即文化基因修复为先,景观基因修补在后,整体呈波状起伏路径;他组织模式下的发展逻辑与自组织相反,整体呈阶梯式路径。④ 自组织模式在传统村落未来发展中能够稳固延续;他组织模式下,虽短期内可以延续,但随着内外主体的强弱转化,最终将被自组织模式取代。

[LI B H, ZHENG S N, DOU Y D, et al.

Transformation and development mode of traditional village human settlement environment from the perspective of "double repairs": A case study of two typical villages in Hunan province

Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(9): 1412-1423.]

[本文引用: 1]

黄震方, 黄睿.

城镇化与旅游发展背景下的乡村文化研究: 学术争鸣与研究方向

地理研究, 2018, 37(2): 233-249.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201802001      [本文引用: 1]

快速城镇化和旅游发展背景下的乡村文化衰落现象,已经成为制约国家新型城镇化战略和乡村旅游发展的重大紧迫问题。以乡村文化保护为主线,通过综述乡村文化的研究进展,围绕城镇化和旅游发展对乡村文化是“繁荣”还是“衰落”、是“原真”保护还是“创新”利用、是景观“美化”还是文化“重构”等学术争论的焦点问题,提出了乡村文化保护利用和恢复重构的研究思路、研究方向及主要科学问题。强调应运用区域性、综合性的地理思维和人地关系的视角,综合集成多学科理论和多种研究方法与现代技术,聚焦引领性科学问题,关注城镇化对乡村文化胁迫效应测度及其影响过程与机制分析,重视乡村文化的科学保护、旅游活化利用、旅游村镇化与村镇旅游化、特色田园乡村建设和乡村多元价值提升,运用社区恢复力理论构建乡村文化恢复模型,依据文化基因、乡愁记忆等理论和建构主义方法确定乡村文化重构内涵,构建符合中国乡村特点的文化重构模式,从而为乡村振兴、乡村文化保护和乡村旅游持续发展提供理论支撑和实践依据,为国内学者进行乡村文化和乡村旅游研究提供借鉴和启示。

[HUANG Z F, HUANG R.

Research progress on rural culture in the context of rapid urbanization and tourism development: Academic debate and future research prospects

Geographical Research, 2018, 37(2): 233-249.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201802001      [本文引用: 1]

The decline of rural culture in the context of rapid urbanization and tourism development has become an important and urgent problem that constraints both the government's strategy for new urbanization and the development of rural tourism. Guided by the protection of rural culture and the review of the research progress of rural cultural developments, the research ideas, research trends and main scientific issues of the protection, utilization and restoration of rural culture are put forward in this paper, which focuses on key academic debates such as whether the impacts of urbanization and tourism development on rural culture are matters of "boom" or "decline", "originality" protection or "creative" utilization, landscaping or cultural reconstruction. Then, from the perspectives of both the regional and comprehensive geographical thinking and human-nature relationships, this study integrates multi-discipline theories, different methodologies and modern technologies, focuses on the leading scientific issues, and pays close attention to the measurement of the threatening effects of urbanization upon rural culture, as well as its influencing process and mechanism analysis. It also highlights the scientific protection of rural culture, activation utilization of tourism, tourism rural localization and rural tourism orientation, pastoral countryside construction and rural multi-value elevation. Adopting the theory of community resilience, it proposes the model for rural cultural recovery and reconstruction. Thereby, based on the constructivist approach and other theories (e.g., cultural gene, nostalgia memory, etc.), the contents of rural culture have been re-constructed and the cultural reconstruction model featuring Chinese countryside has also been discussed. To conclude, this study presents theoretical support and practical implications for rural revitalization, rural culture preservation and rural tourism sustainable development, as well as provides references and enlightenment for domestic scholars to further study rural culture and rural tourism.

刘春腊, 徐美, 刘沛林, .

传统村落文化景观保护性补偿模型及湘西实证

地理学报, 2020, 75(2): 382-397.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202002012      [本文引用: 1]

本文提出了传统村落文化景观保护性补偿的理论框架,基于理论框架构建了传统村落文化景观保护性补偿模型。以湖南省湘西州为例,甄别驱动因素、佐证补偿模型。结果表明:① 从传统建筑风貌、村落选址和格局、村落非物质文化遗产活态传承及其村落社会经济发展水平看,湘西传统村落符合实施文化景观保护性补偿的条件;② 从景观特性及价值、外部市场认可度、自我损失、政府管理等层面而言,湘西传统村落文化景观保护性补偿符合所提出的补偿模型;③ 从驱动因素看,湘西82个中国传统村落文化景观保护性补偿特征符合模型中的景观特性、政府管理、外部市场和自我损失综合驱动型;④ 湘西传统村落文化景观保护性补偿可划分为社会经济补偿型、历史文化补偿型和自然环境补偿型,各类型的社会经济、历史文化、自然环境等因素均影响补偿模型结构。

[LIU C L, XU M, LIU P L, et al.

Cultural landscape protection compensation model of traditional villages and its application in Xiangxi

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(2): 382-397.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202002012      [本文引用: 1]

Cultural landscape protection compensation is a new topic in modern human geography. In this paper, we firstly proposed the theoretical framework of cultural landscape protection compensation of traditional villages, and then set up the cultural landscape protection compensation model on the basis of proposed theoretical framework. Finally, we discriminated the driving factors and offered a proof to the model, which takes Xiangxi nationality autonomous prefecture in Hunan province as a case study. The results can be concluded as follows: (1) From the aspects of the traditional architectural style, the location and pattern of villages, dynamical inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage of villages, and the level of their social and economic development of villages, traditional villages in Xiangxi conforming to the implementation conditions of cultural landscape protection compensation. (2) From the aspects of landscape characteristics and values, external market recognition, self-loss, government management, etc., cultural landscape protection compensation of traditional villages in Xiangxi conforms to the proposed cultural landscape protection compensation model. (3) From the aspects of its driving factors, cultural landscape protection compensation features of the 82 traditional villages in Xiangxi are in accordance with the comprehensive driving mode of landscape characteristics, government management, external market and self-loss. (4) In the traditional villages of Xiangxi, the cultural landscape protection compensation can be divided into three types, namely, social and economic compensation, historical and cultural compensation, and natural environment compensation. The factors of each type, such as social economy, historical culture, natural environment, all influence the structure of the compensation model.

郑文武, 刘沛林.

“留住乡愁”的传统村落数字化保护

江西社会科学, 2016, 36(10): 246-251.

[本文引用: 2]

[ZHENG W W, LIU P L.

Digital protection of the "retain homesickness" traditional village

Jiangxi Social Science, 2016, 36(10): 246-251.]

[本文引用: 2]

曹帅强, 邓运员.

基于景观基因图谱的古城镇“画卷式”旅游规划模式: 以靖港古镇为例

热带地理, 2018, 38(1): 131-142.

DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002955      [本文引用: 2]

根据景观基因及其图谱理论,探讨景观基因及其图谱和画卷式旅游规划概念,建立了基于三者之间内在关系的古城镇“画卷式”旅游规划技术;遵循“一目标、二意义、三功能、四特性、五要素”的理论结构,探讨以基因信息的遗传路线和文化故事表达为图谱形态的“画卷式”旅游规划模式。在此基础上,以靖港古镇为例,结合实地走访与历史文化特色分析等方法,探寻了该古镇景观主体基因图谱,构建并运用了“画卷式”旅游规划模式。结果表明:靖港古镇宜居宜业的生态文明是主体基因图谱表达的画卷模式;军事科教的活动体验是内在唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式,地方性很强的民俗活动是外在唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式;宗教文化活动是局部唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式。

[CAO S Q, DENG Y Y.

Ancient town tourism planning model with picture scroll style based on landscape gene map: A case study of the Jinggang ancient town

Tropical Geography, 2018, 38(1): 131-142.]

[本文引用: 2]

李欣鹏, 李锦生, 侯伟.

基于文化景观视角的区域历史遗产空间网络研究: 以晋中盆地为例

城市发展研究, 2020, 27(5): 101-108.

[本文引用: 2]

[LI X P, LI J S, HOU W.

Research on regional historical heritage network from the perspective of Cultural Landscape: Take the Jinzhong Basin as an example

Urban Development Studies, 2020, 27(5): 101-108.]

[本文引用: 2]

杨立国, 林琳, 刘沛林, .

少数民族传统聚落景观基因的居民感知与认同特征: 以通道芋头侗寨为例

人文地理, 2014, 29(6): 60-66.

[本文引用: 1]

[YANG L G, LIN L, LIU P L, et al.

On perception and identification of traditional settlements' landscape genes in Chinese minority areas: A case study in Taro Dong minority village of Tongdao

Human Geography, 2014, 29(6): 60-66.]

[本文引用: 1]

杨立国, 刘沛林, 林琳.

传统村落景观基因在地方认同建构中的作用效应: 以侗族村寨为例

地理科学, 2015, 35(5): 593-598.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2015.05.593      [本文引用: 1]

将侗族传统村落景观基因识别为鼓楼、萨坛、围鼓楼布局、杉山溪田等的基础上,建构结构方程模型,通过对通道芋头、黎平肇兴、三江高定3个侗寨的272份调查数据分析发现:① 侗寨景观的4个基因均对地方认同建构产生积极作用,且呈现“萨坛>围鼓楼布局>杉山溪田>鼓楼”强弱顺序;② 景观基因在地方认同建构中的作用效应是意向认同>情感认同>认知认同;③ 在地方认同测量模型中,居住时间、出生地、职业、收入、村落发展、教育程度、居民类型、鼓楼、萨坛、围鼓楼布局、杉山溪田等因素对地方认同的影响明显;④ 在个人特征、社会经济、景观基因3个测量模型中,居住时间对个人特征影响最明显,村落发展对社会经济影响最强,萨坛对景观基因感知贡献最大;⑤ 个人特征、社会经济因素共变后通过景观基因感知对地方认同产生间接效应。

[YANG L G, LIU P L, LIN L.

The effect of traditional village landscape genes in construction place identity: Taking the Dong minority village as an example

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(5): 593-598.]

[本文引用: 1]

刘沛林.

新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索

地理研究, 2015, 34(7): 1205-1212.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201507001      [本文引用: 1]

全国新型城镇化工作会议提出,要“让居民望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁”。“乡愁”是内心深处一种对家乡、对曾经生活过的地方的记忆、怀念与向往,是内心深处一份最柔软的情感,是一种精神需求。新型城镇化要记住的“乡愁”,一方面是要保护好家乡的历史文化、历史记忆和人文精神,另一方面是要保留好这些地方文化基因,传承乡土文明。“留住乡愁”的前提是加强文化保护。乡愁可以通过新型城镇化建设过程中切实保护传统村镇文化遗产和风貌,保留文化基因、传承文化记忆、打造文化品牌与特色景观等方式,达到满足城镇化居民家乡情感、生活情感、历史情感、文化情感等精神需求的目的。“留住乡愁”的关键是大力开展特色小城镇的建设,以就地城镇化为依托,“满天星斗式”的小城镇分布格局与特色旅游小镇建设是实现新型城镇化的重要路径之一。“湖湘风情旅游小镇”建设是“留住乡愁”的有益尝试和积极探索,能为充满人性关怀的新型城镇化建设,创造一个真正充满诗意的美丽家园。

[LIU P L.

The theory and practice exploration of 'remembering nostalgia' in the construction of new urbanization

Geographical Research, 2015, 34(7): 1205-1212.]

[本文引用: 1]

胡最, 刘沛林.

中国传统聚落景观基因组图谱特征

地理学报, 2015, 70(10): 1592-1605.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201510005      [本文引用: 2]

传统聚落是优秀的民族文化遗产,现阶段迫切需要加强相关研究方法的探索,这对中国经济和社会发展具有重要意义。针对目前不能有效解释传统聚落景观要素与整体意象之间的关系这一问题,结合生物基因组图谱和传统聚落景观基因理论开展了景观基因组图谱的探索。根据基因的特性,首先阐述了传统聚落景观基因组的概念。在此基础上,本文提出了传统聚落景观基因组图谱的概念并分析了其与景观基因、景观基因组三者之间的关系,进一步分析了传统聚落景观基因组图谱的类型、功能和意义。根据前述理论研究成果,以湖南省具有代表性的30个传统聚落为例,构建了传统聚落景观基因组图谱的案例,据此分析了湖南省传统聚落的群系性特征;同时,以汝城金山村为例进行了传统聚落景观基因组的识别。结果表明,传统聚落景观基因组图谱对于实现传统聚落景观数字化、挖掘传统聚落的规划模式、识别不同区域的传统聚落景观特征等具有实际意义。

[HU Z, LIU P L.

The conceptual model and characterization of landscape genome maps of traditional settlements in China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(10): 1592-1605.]

[本文引用: 2]

蒋思珩, 樊亚明, 郑文俊.

国内景观基因理论及其应用研究进展

西部人居环境学刊, 2021, 36(1): 84-91.

[本文引用: 1]

[JIANG S H, FAN Y M, ZHENG W J.

Research progress on landscape's gene theory and its utilization in China

Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 2021, 36(1): 84-91.]

[本文引用: 1]

刘沛林.

古村落文化景观的基因表达与景观识别

衡阳师范学院学报: 社会科学, 2003, 24(4): 1-8.

[本文引用: 1]

[LIU P L.

The gene expression and the sight identification of the ancient villages' cultural landscape

Journal of Hengyang Normal University: Social Science, 2003, 24(4): 1-8.]

[本文引用: 1]

曹帅强, 邓运员.

非物质文化遗产景观基因的挖掘及其意象特征: 以湖南省为例

经济地理, 2014, 34(11): 185-192.

[本文引用: 1]

[CAO S Q, DENG Y Y.

Imagery pattern of intangible cultural heritage landscape gene mining: In Hunan province

Economic Geography, 2014, 34(11): 185-192.]

[本文引用: 1]

陈国磊, 罗静, 曾菊新, .

中国少数民族特色村寨空间结构识别及影响机理研究

地理科学, 2018, 38(9): 1422-1429.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.09.004      [本文引用: 1]

以全国1 057个少数民族特色村寨为对象,探究民族村寨空间结构及相关影响机理。研究表明: 民族村寨空间分布上呈凝聚型分布,且空间分异较为明显;核密度格局以湘黔桂交界为单核集聚中心的等级分布特征,呈“山”字形坐落态势; 民族村寨系统分形特征显著,自组织演化中围绕武夷山、峨眉山、长白山等不同山脉地带展开,分形结构复杂;民族村寨正空间相关,冷热点区呈东西两极分化现象;地形起伏及地貌多样的中高海拔山地、主要水系及河流上游等是民族村寨内生发展基础;距离中心城市较远、高素质高技能专业人才、民族文化及民族分布等促进了民族村寨的留存和发展。

[CHEN G L, LUO J, ZENG J X et al.

Spatial structure identification and influence mechanism of ethnic villages in China

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(9): 1422-1429.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.09.004      [本文引用: 1]

In this study, 1 057 ethnic villages in China were selected as the research objects. GIS technology and methods were used synthetically to identify the spatial structure and distribution of the ethnic villages in China. The impact relevance were discussed between ethnic villages and the topography, water system, traffic, population, culture and national agglomeration regions. The result shows that: 1) The spatial distribution of the ethnic villages in China is cohesive, and the spatial variation is obvious; 2) Kernel density distribution centers on the junction of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi for the mononuclear aggregation, and it gradually decreases around sub-centers, featured with level distribution in epsilon-type structure; 3) The ethnic villages systems have obvious no-scaling range and the fractal features are significant. In the self-organizing and self-evolving areas, geographical areas and elements such as mount Wuyi, mount Emei and Changbai mountain are expanded and the fractal structure is complex; 4) The relevance of ethnic villages has significantly positive spatial correlation and high and low spatial agglomeration. The hot and cold spots are characterized by gradient distribution from "hot spot-sub-hot spot-sub-cold spot-cold spot" from west to east with strong stability and persistence; 5) Middle and high altitude mountains with varied topography, main water systems and upper reaches of rivers are the origins where distinctive villages develop endogenously; areas which are far away from city centers, high quality and highly skilled professionals, ethnic culture and ethnic distribution promoted the retention and development of ethnic villages. The ethnic villages are the symbol and carrier of minority culture in China. In the future development process of ethnic villages, the following aspects must be paid attention to. First, it is necessary to follow the theme of rural rejuvenation and actively carry out relevant theoretical research on ethnic villages. Second, it is necessary to improve the standard of identification and appraisal in the protection of ethnic villages. Third, it is necessary to construct an ethnic village development pattern that is classified for protection and key construction. Fourth, it is necessary to construct the "village-culture-environment" three-dimensional fusion organism. At the same time, it can be further studied from the following aspects: on the one hand, it can be studied from the architectural style of the ethnic villages, their internal structural features, the evolution of time series, cultural inheritors, folk customs and other things on the micro-level. On the other hand, it can be studied from the transitional ways and digital protection measures for the modernization of ethnic villages, the specific policies and development models for targeted poverty alleviation and poverty reduction and so on.

祁剑青, 刘沛林, 邓运员, .

基于景观基因视角的陕南传统民居对自然地理环境的适应性

经济地理, 2017, 37(3): 201-209.

[本文引用: 1]

[QI J Q, LIU P L, DENG Y Y, et al.

Adaptation of natural environment of traditional dwellings of Southern Shaanxi: Landscape gene perspective

Economic Geography, 2017, 37(3): 201-209.]

[本文引用: 1]

林琳, 田嘉铄, 钟志平, .

文化景观基因视角下传统村落保护与发展: 以黔东北土家族村落为例

热带地理, 2018, 38(3): 413-423.

[本文引用: 1]

[LIN L, TIAN J Y, ZHONG Z P, et al.

Protection and development of traditional villages from the perspective of cultural landscape genes: A case study of Tujia villages in Northeastern Yunnan

Tropical Geography, 2018, 38(3): 413-423.]

[本文引用: 1]

孙九霞, 吴传龙, 凌玲.

旅游地特色饮食的地方化: 丽江三文鱼的生产与消费

南开管理评论, 2018, 21(2): 182-191.

[本文引用: 1]

[SUN J X, WU C L, LING L.

The taste of place: Taking Lijiang salmon as an example to analyze the localization of special food in tourism destination

Nankai Business Review, 2018, 21(2): 182-191.]

[本文引用: 1]

李伯华, 郑始年, 刘沛林, .

传统村落空间布局的图式语言研究: 以张谷英村为例

地理科学, 2019, 39 (11): 1691-1701.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.11.002      [本文引用: 1]

以中国传统村落张谷英村为研究对象,从景观基因理论视角对张谷英村进行空间要素识别和空间解构,构建张谷英村空间布局的图式语言体系,通过对空间布局的秩序、语法和意义的研究,探索了空间布局的嵌套结构、过程机理及逻辑脉络。研究表明: 张谷英村空间布局可划分为居住空间、连接空间、附属空间和复合空间,归纳提取 “字”“词”和“词组”共86种图式语汇,构建了空间布局的图式原型数据库。 建立张谷英村空间布局图式语言体系,该体系具备完整的图式语言逻辑,其发展模式和空间秩序始终遵循着宗法礼制思想和传统伦理道德。 张谷英村空间布局图式语言具有完整而稳定的设计句法和语法,图式语汇丰富,句法组合类型多样,语法结构则相对单一,形成了局部复杂多变,整体相对单一的村落空间布局。 村落空间结构及元素细节在发展中不断进行修正和改变,空间布局表现出极高的整理性、顺应性和一致性。 村落空间构建元素和设计理念地方特色鲜明,图式语言的语汇及空间法则具有强烈的地域性特征。

[LI B H, ZHENG S N, LIU P L, et al.

Pattern language of the spatial arrangement of traditional villages: A case study of Zhangguying village

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(11): 1691-1701.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.11.002      [本文引用: 1]

<p id="C3">The spatial form and combination characteristics of traditional villages contain strong regional cultural genes which make the typical and modal spatial layout, and form unique spatial pattern language. Based on the basic theory of pattern language and landscape genes, taking Zhangguying Village as the research object, this article carries on the spatial element recognition and the landscape gene extraction to the traditional village, and then constructs the pattern language system of the spatial layout of Zhangguying village. This article studies the splicing, transformation and nesting of horizontal and vertical dimensions, and explores the nested structure, process mechanisms and logical context of the spatial layout of Zhangguying Village which provides a new theoretical method and research idea for the protection and sustainable development of traditional villages in China. The results show that: 1) Through analyzing the spatial deconstruction and landscape genes of the spatial layout of Zhangguying Village, the spatial layout can be divided into living space, connecting space, subsidiary space and compound space. By generating and extracting 86 kinds of spatial design vocabulary, a graphic prototype database for spatial layout of Zhangguying Village has been established. Each type of spatial design vocabulary has its own characteristics and connected with each other. 2) By spatial nesting the schema vocabulary of the spatial layout of Zhangguying Village, teasing out the spatial lexicon, spatial syntax and spatial grammar followed in the nesting process, this paper established the pattern language system of the spatial layout of Zhangguying Village. This system has integrated graphic language logic, and its development pattern and space order always followed the patriarchal etiquette system and traditional ethics. 3) The spatial layout pattern language of Zhangguying Village has complete and stable design syntax and grammar. The space design language is rich in vocabulary, and the combination types of syntax are multiplex, but the grammatical structure is relatively single. The overall space is mostly formed by continuous "copying" and "pasting" the same or similar basic space elements which follow a fixed pattern. Special spatial relationship forms the village spatial layout with partly complex & changeable and the whole relatively single. And a lot of rhetorical devices have been used in the layout of village space. 4) The spatial layout of Zhangguying Village is influenced by the geographical environment greatly. The village space construction elements and design ideas have strong regional color. The vocabulary and space law of pattern language also have distinctive local characteristics.</p>

胡最, 邓运员, 刘沛林, .

传统聚落文化景观基因的符号机制

地理学报, 2020, 75(4): 789-803.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202004009      [本文引用: 1]

传统聚落文化景观基因是解读传统聚落景观蕴含的深层次地学特征的重要切入点。然而该理论目前尚未从符号学的视角探索文化景观基因的符号机制。对此,本文首先从符号哲学的视角系统地分析了文化景观基因的特征:① 文化景观基因是宏观的聚落意象与微观的细节特征、物质外观表征与内在文化寓意、整体性特征与局部自我更新、定性与定量分析方法、优势性与内涵丰富性的辩证统一;② 文化景观基因有着多样的形态特征和复杂的空间结构,具有非线性、自组织和自迭代的重要特征。其次,论文探索了文化景观基因符号机制的概念,论述了文化景观基因的符号特征、分类和相应的表达方法,明确了构建文化景观基因符号的理论依据。最后,运用VC#.net程序语言开发了文化景观基因符号库原型程序,并给出了相应的实例。本文研究工作表明,开展文化景观基因符号机制的探索,对于完善传统聚落文化景观基因理论,促进文化景观基因资源的数字化等深化应用,具有重要的意义。

[HU Z, DENG Y Y, LIU P L, et al.

The semiotic mechanism of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(4): 789-803.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202004009      [本文引用: 1]

The concept of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements (CLGTS) was proposed by Chinese scholars in 2003. Since then, CLGTS has been playing a key role in capturing the deep-level geographic features of traditional settlements. However, there is a lack of work on covering CLGTS from the perspective of semiotics. Now, people are often involved in difficulties when they are trying to explore the nature of cultural landscapes of traditional settlements through using CLGTS. Obviously, it is of great significance to explore the concepts and methods of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS under the support of semiology. To lock this issue, we outline the dialectical features of CLGTS through the following five aspects. (1) For a given traditional settlement, its whole image at the macro-scale is in accordance with its cultural landscape genes at the micro-scale. (2) For the cultural landscape gene of a given traditional settlement, its core characterizations are in accordance with its appearance features. (3) For a given traditional settlement, its self-updating mechanism at local scale is in accordance with its global characterizations. (4) CLGTS can be treated as the scientific analysis method merged with the quantitative and qualitative approaches for dissecting the cultural features of traditional settlements. (5) For a given traditional settlement, its outstanding features of cultural landscape are in accordance with its rich cultural connotation. Then, this work proves the diversity of forms and complexity of spatial structures of CLGTS through ample examples. To some extent, this reveals the nonlinearity, self-organization, as well as self-iteration features of CLGTS. Based on the above, this research presents a conceptual framework of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS. Within the framework, we further summarize the symbols' main features, classifications, and expression ways of CLGTS. Through this work, we make clear the requisite theoretical conditions of making symbols of CLGTS by employing GIS. Ultimately, based on the aforementioned conceptual framework, this paper develops a prototype program for making symbols of CLGTS. The test results of the prototype program with a case of ancient village of Hunan Province show that it can run well in serving to establish a symbol database of CLGTS for a given region. Hence, this research proves that semiotic mechanism of CLGTS will make sense of perfecting the theory of CLGTS and forwarding its digital protection.

刘沛林, 刘春腊, 邓运员, .

中国传统聚落景观区划及景观基因识别要素研究

地理学报, 2010, 65(12): 1496-1506.

DOI:10.11821/xb201012006      [本文引用: 1]

传统聚落景观区划是一项理论性和实践性都很强的工作,是文化景观区划研究的重要课题之一。基于中国传统聚落景观本身存在的地域性、系统性、稳定性、发展性、一致性、典型性和协调性等特点,本方案以传统聚落景观&ldquo;意象&rdquo;(Image) 的内部相似性为前提,以相对一致性原则作为景观区域划分的主导性原则,综合考虑其他原则,如环境制约性原则、文化主导性原则、地域完整性原则、相对一致性原则、面的覆盖性原则、层次性原则和综合性原则等,将全国聚落景观初步划分为3 个大尺度的景观大区、14 个景观区和76 个景观亚区。以往关于文化区的识别,主要从文化特征的角度进行的;关于传统聚落景观区的识别,主要是从景观基因的角度进行的。区域景观基因成为判断传统聚落景观区的核心要素。通常情况下,传统聚落景观基因的判别,可以重点从心理要素、生态要素、美学要素、环境要素、文化要素、时序要素等6 个方面入手。

[LIU P L, LIU C L, DENG Y Y, et al.

Landscape division of traditional settlement and effect elements of landscape gene in China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(12): 1496-1506.]

DOI:10.11821/xb201012006      [本文引用: 1]

The landscape division of traditional settlement is the job with a strong concept with theory and practicality. It is one of the most important topics in studies on cultural landscape division. In views of the characteristics of regional, systematic, stable, development, identical, typical and harmonious traditional settlement landscape in China, setting the inner similarity of traditional settlement landscape "Image" as precondition, and taking opposite consistency principle as main principle while considering other principles, this paper divides the nation's settlement landscape into three large-sized landscape regions, 14 landscape regions and 76 landscape subregions. The division, from the practice, are based on the relevant landscape principle, such as the principle of environmental constraints, the principle of cultural guidance, the principle of integrated regions, the principle of relevant identity, the principle of covering and non-continuity, the principle of structures, the principle of comprehensive and landscape identity, etc.</br>Naming principle of landscape area at all levels is area-name plus charecteristic and general name. These large-sized landscape regions, landscape regions and landscape subregions are all different in environmental quality and cultural background, so their integrated settlement and architectural landscapes show strong "identifiability" and "impressionality".</br>The division of China's traditional settlement in this article is from the landscape gene perspective rather than based on cultural characteristics used before. Finally, the paper, in the view of "landscape gene", analyzes the main elements that influence the judges of China's traditional settlement landscape genes, from the elements of psychology, ecology, aesthetics, environment, culture, time and order and so on.

曾灿, 刘沛林, 左裕林, .

聚落“双修”视角下乡村振兴路径: 以祁东县沙井村为例

自然资源学报, 2022, 37(8): 2018-2032.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220807      [本文引用: 1]

在快速城镇化进程中,乡村凋敝对城乡协调和区域可持续发展构成严峻挑战。寻求乡村发展路径是落实乡村振兴战略的重要举措,也是迫在眉睫的核心任务。在厘清乡村聚落物质要素修补与非物质要素修复的聚落&#x0201c;双修&#x0201d;内涵基础上,针对乡村发展面临的系列难题,通过&#x0201c;生态&#x0201d;和&#x0201c;历史文化&#x0201d;资源整合、&#x0201c;人口&#x0201d;&#x0201c;土地&#x0201d;&#x0201c;产业&#x0201d;和&#x0201c;配套设施&#x0201d;的转移及建设,来探究根治&#x0201c;乡村病&#x0201d;的科学模式与振兴路径:对标双修、绿色发展以振兴乡村生态;六位一体、文化繁荣以振兴乡村文化;高效输出、对口回流以振兴乡村人才;横向联合、纵向推进以振兴乡村产业;三治融合、多元共建以振兴乡村组织。以祁东县沙井村规划实践为例,从人、生、文、地、产、设等六方面提出修复修补策略与措施,以达到修复乡村生态、培育乡村文化、恢复乡村社会朝气、振兴乡村产业经济、提升乡村人居环境的目的。

[ZENG C, LIU P L, ZUO Y L, et al.

Research on rural revitalization path from the perspective of settlement "double repair": Taking Shajing village in Qidong county as an example

Journal of Natural Resources, 2022, 37(8): 2018-2032.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220807      [本文引用: 1]

In the process of rapid development of urbanization, rural withering poses a severe challenge to urban-rural coordination and regional sustainable development. Seeking the path of rural development is an important measure to carry out the strategy of rural revitalization, and it is also an urgent core task. Focusing on the rural regional system, this paper clarifies the connotation of "double repair", namely, the material elements repair and the non-material elements repair of rural settlements. In view of the development problems faced by rural areas, through the integration of "Ecological" and "Historical and cultural" resources, the transfer and construction of "Population", "Land", "Industry" and "Supporting facilities", this paper probes into the scientific mode and revitalization path of eradicating "Rural disease": In contrast to the "double revision" standard, strengthening green development to rejuvenate rural ecology; the six-in-one and cultural prosperity to rejuvenate rural culture; the efficient export of population and the return of counterpart to rejuvenate rural talents; the horizontal combination and vertical advancement to rejuvenate rural industry; the "Tokuji, rule of law, autonomy" sandwich integration and multi-dimensional co-construction to rejuvenate rural organizations. Taking Shajing village in Qidong county as an example, this paper puts forward the repair strategies and measures from the six aspects of culture, ecology, people, land, production and infrastructure, so as to achieve the purpose of repairing rural ecological capital, cultivating rural cultural capital, restoring rural social vitality, revitalizing rural industrial economy and improving rural living environment.

郭文, 黄震方.

基于场域理论的文化遗产旅游地多维空间生产研究: 以江南水乡周庄古镇为例

人文地理, 2013, 28(2): 117- 124.

[本文引用: 1]

[GUO W, HUANG Z F.

A field theory to the production of multi-dimensional space of cultural heritage tourism destination: A case study of Zhouzhuang Ancient Town

Human Geography, 2013, 28(2): 117-124.]

[本文引用: 1]

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庄友刚.

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学习论坛, 2012, 28(8): 62-66.

[本文引用: 1]

[ZHUANG Y G.

Space production and the transformation of contemporary Marxist philosophy

Tribune of Study, 2012, 28(8): 62-66.]

[本文引用: 1]

孙小逸.

空间的生产与城市的权利: 理论、应用及其中国意义

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[本文引用: 1]

[SUN X Y.

The production of space and the right to the city: Theories, applications, and its implications for China

Journal of Public Administration, 2015, 8(3): 176-192, 205-206.]

[本文引用: 1]

罗秀丽, 杨忍.

农村建设用地整治的空间生产机制及其效应: 以广东省窑塘村为例

自然资源学报, 2022, 37(8): 2085-2101.

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220811      [本文引用: 1]

从空间生产视角介入,结合行动者网络理论和利益相关者分析方法,构建&#x0201c;空间生产过程&#x02014;空间生产机制&#x02014;空间生产效应&#x0201d;的研究框架,通过深度访谈收集一手数据,对广东省窑塘村建设用地整治进行深入剖析,阐释其空间生产过程、机制及效应。结果表明:(1)关键行动者镇政府和核心行动者党群理事会积极征召和动员,各行动者为满足自身利益诉求通过&#x0201c;闲置危旧集体拆,社区产业联合建&#x0201d;的强制通行点构建行动者网络,完成农村建设用地整治空间生产过程。(2)窑塘村建设用地整治空间生产以土地增值为内动力,释放土地发展权的交易价值、经营价值和生产价值,以利益相关者追求利益最大化为外动力,内外动力共同作用形成空间生产机制。(3)村集体合理配置土地发展权,积极推进村庄建设和产业发展,利用外力驱动乡村内生动力,引导城乡要素形成&#x0201c;二次流动&#x0201d;,为乡村物质空间生产带来正面效应;但在农村建设用地整治和新村建设中,小部分农民的居住权益被忽视,导致空间隔离现象产生,对乡村社会空间生产造成了负面效应。

[LUO X L, YANG R.

Mechanism and effect of the production of space of rural construction land consolidation: A case study of Yaotang village, Guangdong province

Journal of Natural Resources, 2022, 37(8): 2085-2101.]

DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220811      URL     [本文引用: 1]

杨芬.

城市空间生产的重要论题及武汉市案例研究

经济地理, 2012, 32(12): 61-66.

[本文引用: 1]

[YANG F.

On the key propositions of the production of urban space: A case study in Wuhan

Economic Geography, 2012, 32(12): 61-66.]

[本文引用: 1]

郭文, 黄震方, 王丽.

文化旅游地空间生产背景下居民社会空间感知模型与实证研究: 基于对周庄古镇的调查

地理研究, 2015, 34(4): 762-774.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201504014      [本文引用: 1]

在田野调查基础上,采用SPSS 18.0和AMOS 17.0数据统计软件对周庄文化旅游地空间生产背景下的居民社会空间感知进行了统计和处理,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,对居民社会空间感知模型以及不同职业和类型居民感知差异进行了测度研究,结果显示:① 周庄居民社会空间感知总体上存在由利益关联、价值效能和情感眷恋组成的三维结构。② 在感知次序上,呈现&#x0201c;利益关联&#x02192;价值效能&#x02192;情感眷恋&#x0201d;递减分异规律,本质上反映了深层结构是一种经济表层&#x02192;社会感知&#x02192;心理感知从外而内的感知规律。居民并未因具有参与旅游开发的机会权能而表现出对旅游开发的全面认同,在社会认同感知和心理认同感知层面还未得到深入,反映的居民社会空间感知是一个充满矛盾的感知结构。③ 不同职业和类型居民因参与旅游内容或程度不同对三维结构同样存在依次递减的分异规律,且每类群体间存在差异状态。研究认为,高质量的社会空间感知具有认知结构的全面性,居民社会空间感知结构的不平衡性对增进旅游空间生产的社会凝聚力提出新的诉求,提高居民空间参与程度和感知需要从有限参与&#x02192;发展参与&#x02192;充分参与的路径逐步改善。研究对周庄古镇旅游理性发展和可持续发展具有一定启发。

[GUO W, HUANG Z F, WANG L.

A structural equation model for the empirical study of resident perception of social space in the context of space production at cultural tourist destination: Based on a survey of Ancient Town of Zhouzhuan

Geographical Research, 2015, 34(4): 762-774.]

[本文引用: 1]

郭凌, 王志章, 陈丹丹.

旅游影响下城市历史街区的空间再生产研究: 基于列斐伏尔空间生产理论视角

四川师范大学学报: 社会科学版, 2016, 43(4): 53-60.

[本文引用: 1]

[GUO L, WANG Z Z, CHEN D D.

Space reproduction of historical street under the influence of tourism: From the perspective of Henri Lefebvre's space production theory

Journal of Sichuan Normal University: Social Sciences Edition, 2016, 43(4): 53-60.]

[本文引用: 1]

张晓虹, 孙涛.

城市空间的生产: 以近代上海江湾五角场地区的城市化为例

地理科学, 2011, 31(10): 1181-1188.

[本文引用: 1]

[ZHANG X H, SUN T.

Urban space production: Urbanization of Wujiaochang area in Jiangwan town of Shanghai in 1900-1949

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(10): 1181-1188.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.010.1181      [本文引用: 1]

The evolution of landscape in urban area is able to show the disturbing process of the impact of mankind's activities on the succession of natural ecosystem. Due to the discrepancy in intensity, frequency and manner of mankind's activities, there were different looks in the changing from semi-natural agroecological landscape into urban ecological landscape where artificial structures dominated in. The study is to recover the spatio-temporal course of the landscape changes in Wujiaochang area in Jiangwan Town of Shanghai from 1900 to 1949 by using the GIS which based on the data collected from historical archives and old maps. The research has discovered that the evolutional transformation from rural landscape to urban landscape had created fragmentation of landscape and declination of ecological accessibility in the study area. This process laid out the multiple urban spatial structure of Shanghai City under the semi-colonial political pattern and the spatial typical structure in the opening ports of modern China. Urbanization in Wujiaochang area in Jiangwan Town was started by the Chinese local capitalists who grew up in Shanghai during the World War I, because the colonial capital was drawn back to their European motherland. However, in this area, large scale construction was brought up by National Government since 1929, as the area was chosen as the core of Shanghai Special Administrative City. This was included in the Metropolitan Shanghai Plan which was stirred up by the rising of nationalism in China. So the aim of the construction was to antagonize the settlement government. However, the urbanization of Wujiaochang area in Jiangwan Town was altered by the breaking out of war against Japan. During war time, the city center in the Plan was abandoned gradually, while in the southwestern part of the area, some Japanese military installations and residential quarter began to build up. In a word, base on the study of urbanization in Jiangwan area, it is found out that, in modern China, the production of urban space was deeply dependent of the modern transportation system after blending into the global trade system and under the influence of unique historical events. The change presents the characteristics of dualistic spatial structure in modern China: the urban politics based on nationalities had played an important role in the urbanization and production of urban space in this area.

罗秋菊, 冯敏妍, 蔡颖颖.

旅游发展背景下民居客栈的空间生产: 以大理双廊为例

地理科学, 2018, 38(6): 927-934.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.06.012      [本文引用: 1]

在旅游发展的背景下,民居客栈成为一个特殊的时空建构,建筑风格呈现出多元化的倾向,当地的传统元素逐渐弱化。以大理双廊的民居客栈为例,基于空间生产理论从物质空间、精神空间、社会空间3个方面进行分析,研究发现,民居客栈的空间实践包括原态式、改进式、创新式建筑3种。本地村民是早期的空间支配者和使用者,随着土地使用权的转移,其对空间生产的影响力逐渐降低;外来经营者作为主要的空间生产者和使用者,强化了民居客栈与当地建筑的差异性;而政府的介入相对较晚,在后期表现出较强的空间控制权;游客则通过市场选择等方式间接影响着空间的生产。旅游发展下空间生产和塑造的背后代表着资本和文化的互动以及新的社会关系的建立。

[LUO Q J, FENG M Y, CAI Y Y.

The production of space in home inns under tourism development: A case study of Shuanglang town in Dali

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(6): 927-934.]

[本文引用: 1]

孙九霞, 周一.

日常生活视野中的旅游社区空间再生产研究: 基于列斐伏尔与德塞图的理论视角

地理学报, 2014, 69(10): 1575-1589.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201410015      [本文引用: 1]

在空间与旅游地空间的相关研究中,社区居民及其日常生活所扮演的角色未得到充分的重视.而本文试图转向微观层面,关注空间演化中居民与日常生活的力量.研究以世界文化遗产&ldquo;开平碉楼与村落&rdquo;核心区马降龙村为例,运用观察法与访谈法,探索由旅游发展所推动的旅游社区空间再生产的现象与特征.基于列斐伏尔的&ldquo;空间三元论&rdquo;与德塞图的&ldquo;日常生活实践&rdquo;理论,讨论在空间再生产的过程中,居民如何通过日常生活,对抗政府与景区管理主体构想的空间表征,体现具有反抗性的表征空间.研究发现,在日常生活中,反抗性的表征空间表现出嵌入、抵制、进攻性抵制、反噬、再生等形式.现阶段,低度开发水平下居民与政府及景区管理主体的对抗达到一种微妙的平衡状态.长期看来景区组织与居民角色的特性,以及对土地的掌控保障了反抗潜力的延续.而旅游社区的空间秩序最终将在所有旅游利益相关者的协商中形成.旅游发展中居民扮演的角色影响其协商能力,造成不同的行动机制与意义.旅游社区空间活力最终在多主体、多目标的空间生产过程中激发,这一过程始终展现出日常生活的创造力.

[SUN J X, ZHOU Y.

Study on the reproduction of space of tourism community from the perspective of everyday life: Based on theories of Lefebvre and De Certeau

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(10): 1575-1589.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201410015      [本文引用: 1]

Through a micro-level analysis, the paper investigates the power of residents and their daily life during the process of community evolution in tourism destinations, which are overlooked in the previous studies. The paper draws on comprehensive observation and indepth interviews in exploring the phenomenon and characteristics of the space reproduction of tourism community driven by tourism development. The case of Maxianglong Village is presented as an example, which is located in the core area of the world cultural heritage "Kaiping Diaolou and Villages" in South China. Based on both Lefebvre's theory of "spatial triad" and De Certeau's theory of "practice of everyday life", this paper focuses on the resistance process of the residents against the representation of space which is proposed by both the local government and the tourist area management agents. Residents in Maxianglong Village embody this process through their everyday life. Results show that the space of representation displays in different forms including insertion, resistance, aggressive resistance, reverse invasion and revitalization during residents' daily life. In the current stage of the presented case, a delicate balance is achieved in the confrontation of the residence against the government and the management agents under low-level tourism development. However, the potential of resistance exists due to the characteristics of residents' role, management organizations and land ownership through a long-term perspective. Spatial orders of tourism community are determined by the negotiation among all tourist stakeholders. Negotiation ability, which is affected by the role of the residents, results in different mechanisms and meanings. Vitality of tourism community is evoked by multiple agents and multiple targets during the space reproduction process, which demonstrates the creativity of everyday life.

侯兵, 金阳, 胡美娟.

空间生产视角下大运河文化遗产重生的过程与机制: 以扬州运河三湾生态文化公园为例

经济地理, 2022, 42(3): 160-171.

[本文引用: 1]

[HOU B, JIN Y, HU M J.

Process and mechanism of the rebirth of the grand canal cultural heritage from the perspective of spatial production: Take Sanwan Ecological and Cultural Park in Yangzhou as an example

Economic Geography, 2022, 42(3): 160-171.]

[本文引用: 1]

杨毅.

侗族大歌的独特艺术魅力

贵州社会科学, 2014, (8): 152-156.

[本文引用: 1]

[YANG Y.

The unique artistic charm of Dong minority chorus

Guizhou Social Sciences, 2014, (8): 152-156.]

[本文引用: 1]

杨洋, 蔡溢, 范乐乐, .

侗族大歌的旅游实践、地方性重构与族群认同: 贵州肇兴侗寨案例

旅游学刊, 2021, 36(2): 80-91.

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[YANG Y, CAI Y, FAN L L, et al.

Tourism practice, placeness reconstruction and ethnic identity of Dong minority chorus: A case in Dong village

Zhaoxing, Guizhou. Tourism Tribune, 2021, 36(2): 80-91.]

[本文引用: 1]

吴冲, 朱海霞, 彭邦文.

资本循环视角下大遗址区乡村社会空间生产机制研究: 以秦始皇陵为例

地理科学进展, 2020, 39(5): 751-765.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.05.005      [本文引用: 2]

中国大遗址名录中80%以上的大遗址位于城郊或郊野地区,遗址文物保护与旅游开发不可避免地会影响到大遗址区乡村社会空间。分析大遗址区社会经济发展的规律,是实现大遗址区乡村振兴的关键。论文以秦始皇陵大遗址区为案例地,探寻资本逻辑下大遗址区乡村社会空间生产机制。研究发现:① 资本对最优区位的选择产生大遗址区乡村社会空间分异。由于各村庄的自然环境、交通条件、保护区划的限制条件及其与已开发遗存点距离等因素存在差异,资本的选择性投入产生了大遗址区乡村社会空间分异。② 村庄生产方式调整是大遗址区社会空间演变的内在动力。大遗址区乡村社会空间生产是在文物保护的框架下,由于旅游开发的正外部性促进资本流动影响到村庄生产方式调整,进而影响社会关系转变的过程。③ 政府政策措施对大遗址区资本的引导控制是外部影响因素。大遗址的文物脆弱性决定了展示利用过程中必须保证政府的强干预性,村庄生产方式转变可能产生保护与发展的矛盾,因此需要政府权力的介入,进一步导致了村庄生产方式调整。大遗址区乡村社会空间生产是一个动态演进、螺旋式上升的过程。政府有效管理、市场与村庄社区合理介入才能保障大遗址区乡村合理发展与转型。

[WU C, ZHU H X, PENG B W.

Rural social space production mechanism in a Great Relics Area from the perspective of capital circulation theory of Harvey: A case of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum

Progress in Geography, 2020, 39(5): 751-765.]

[本文引用: 2]

王敏, 王盈盈, 朱竑.

精英吸纳与空间生产研究: 民宿型乡村案例

旅游学刊, 2019, 34(12): 75-85.

[本文引用: 1]

[WANG M, WANG Y Y, ZHU H.

Research on elite absorption and space production: The case of homestay inn village

Tourism Tribune, 2019, 34(12): 75-85.]

[本文引用: 1]

贾榕榕, 吴冰.

乡村旅游精英的权力维度及其阶段性呈现特征: 以袁家村为例

人文地理, 2020, 35(2): 142-151.

[本文引用: 1]

[JIA R R, WU B.

The power dimensions and stage presentation characteristics of rural tourism elite: A case study of Yuanjia village

Human Geography, 2020, 35(2): 142-151.]

[本文引用: 1]

陶伟, 蔡浩辉, 高雨欣, .

身体地理学视角下非物质文化遗产的传承与实践

地理学报, 2020, 75(10): 2256-2268.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202010015      [本文引用: 1]

以人为本体、主体、载体、活体的非物质文化遗产实际上是一种“身体遗产”,身体在非物质文化遗产的形塑中发挥着根基性作用。本文选取展演型非物质文化遗产项目——广州沙涌村鳌鱼舞及其传承人为研究对象,引入身体地理学的理论分析视角,对非物质文化遗产传承人训练与展演的时空过程进行历时性考察,剖析传承人身体技术的形成过程和展演时空中的具身体验,探讨传承人在此过程中身体与感情相互影响的机制。研究发现:① 在训练时空中,传承人利用身体知识衍生出的权力关系主导了特定空间中的规训关系,不同级别的传承人具有不同的知识权力,一定的规训关系由此形成。青少年传承人与成年传承人间的情绪体验均受到规训关系和自身生物特性等多重因素的影响。地方特定的社会文化是规训关系顺利运作的主要原因。② 在展演时空中,身体是传承人多感官体验的核心。传承人通过身体感知特定的展演环境,基于“凝视”与“被凝视”的视觉关系,辅以声音的节奏韵律,与观众建立起了有效的感情交流途径,从而达到主体和客体间的有效互动。传承人的身体是非物质文化遗产得以成功传承和顺利展演的前提与保证,承载了丰厚的地方历史文化,在多主体和多层次的复杂时空网络中占据着中心地位。

[TAO W, CAI H H, GAO Y X, et al.

The transmission and practice of intangible cultural heritage in the perspective of geographies of the body

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(10): 2256-2268.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202010015      [本文引用: 1]

Intangible cultural heritage is essentially the "embodied heritage" according to the fact that the human body is the subject and carrier of intangible heritage with the power of structuring and performing heritage. This article selects Shachong Aoyu Dance, an intangible cultural heritage in Guangzhou and its transmitters as the study case and research subject respectively. Based on the perspective of geographies of the body, a diachronic investigation on both the transmitters' training and performance was conducted to explore how their body techniques formed in the process of training and to interpret how they experience a performing process. In the space-time of training, transmitters who has higher proficiency of Aoyu Dance lead the relationship between old and new transmitters. The senior transmitters obtain a particular power in this space due to their professional body techniques. This relationship is formed based on hierarchical domination and discipline. The affectual flow between senior and junior transmitters is significantly impacted by their interactions, and it is also influenced by their biological characteristics. The junior transmitters, however, can overcome the negative impacts of the disciplinary relationship and the biological resistances of their bodies. Therefore, the junior transmitters can actively engage in the emotional and affectual interaction between the old transmitters, their own bodies and themselves. The social and cultural relation in the local village is the main force forming the politics of relationship during the training process. In the space-time of performance, the body is the core of transmitters' multisensory experience. The transmitters firstly perceive their surroundings in performing, and then establish a visual interaction with the audience through "gazing" and "being gazed". With the supplement of rhythm and sound, the transmitters can successfully connect themselves to the audience with full emotional and affectual circulations and contagions, which helps the transmitters increase the strength of performance and reciprocate these procedures. The bodies of transmitters are thus the premise and guarantee for the inheritance and performance of intangible cultural heritage. The body, carrying the rich local history and culture, occupies a central position in this complex space-time network that is characterized by multi-subject and multi-level.

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