全域土地综合整治近年来迅速发展,已成为推动乡村振兴战略实施的重要工具,但作为一项崭新而重大的土地制度供给,从理论到实践都有很大的探索空间。本文根据公共价值创造理论,认为由政府推动的乡村振兴成果具有公共产品属性,乡村振兴的过程就是公共价值创造和实现的过程。全域土地综合整治作为乡村振兴的重要手段,本质上就是通过土地制度创新促进乡村振兴中公共价值的创造和实现。为此,本文首先总结了中外土地整治实践经验,分析了全域土地综合整治的公共价值取向,以此为基础,深入探讨了全域土地综合整治的公共价值创造和实现问题,其中公共价值的创造需要推进理念创新、方法创新和科技创新,公共价值的实现需要推进产权创新、组织创新和监管创新。

Region-wide comprehensive land improvement has expanded greatly in recent years and has become a critical tool for promoting the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. However, as a brand-new and substantial systematic land institution provision, it presents a big room for exploration both in theory and in practice. From the perspective of public value creation, this article argued that the achievements of the government-promoted rural revitalization have the attributes of public goods, and the rural revitalization is a process of creating and realizing public values. As an important means of rural revitalization, region-wide comprehensive land improvement is essential for promoting the creation and realization of public values in rural revitalization through land institution innovation. Therefore, this article first summarized the practical experiences of land regulation in China and internationally, and analyzed the public value orientation of region-wide comprehensive land improvement. On this basis, this article further discussed the creation of public value and the realization of region-wide comprehensive land improvement. Of all the related issues, the creation of public value calls for conceptual innovation, methodological innovation, and science-technological innovation; and the realization of public value needs to realize property rights innovation, organizational innovation, and regulatory innovation.

实施国土空间生态修复是新时期生态文明建设的重要途径。国土空间生态保护与修复的布局影响着保护实施力度、工程修复成效以及社会资源分配,是科学开展生态修复工作的前置条件和基础环节。论文在辨析生态修复相关概念关联的基础上,从区域识别和时序判别2个层面出发,结合文献计量学分析整理了国际生态修复布局研究现状,梳理了景观“格局—过程—服务—可持续”理论范式在国土空间生态修复布局研究中的应用。论文提出了支撑可持续发展的生态保护修复目标构建、以社会满意度为导向的生态修复时空需求权衡、面向多重成本的生态修复成本科学评估、在生态刚性约束背景下的基于自然解决方案、恢复力思想下生态保护和人工修复决策阈值、基于时空模拟的生态保护与修复工程选址决策6项重要研究趋向,从而架构了耦合社会—生态目标的国土空间生态修复布局研究路径,以期为国土空间生态修复相关研究和实践提供参考。

The implementation of ecological restoration of territorial space is an important way to construct ecological civilization in the new era. The arrangement of ecological protection and restoration is the precondition and basic link for scientifically carrying out ecological restoration, which affects the protection implementation, the effectiveness of engineering restoration, and the allocation of social resources. Based on the analyses of the relationship of the concepts related to ecological restoration, and from the perspectives of region identification and temporal sequence identification, this study used bibliographic analysis to examine the current research status of the ecological restoration arrangement internationally, and reviewed the application of the theoretical paradigm of landscape "pattern-process-service-sustainability" in the study of the arrangement of terrestrial ecological restoration. This article identified six important research trends, including the construction of ecological protection and restoration goals that support sustainable development, the balance of spatial and temporal needs for ecological restoration based on social satisfaction, opportunity cost-oriented ecological restoration cost evaluation, natural solutions based on ecological rigid constraints, decision-making threshold of ecological protection and artificial restoration under the concept of resilience, and location decisions for ecological protection and restoration projects based on spatial and temporal simulation, to construct a terrestrial ecological restoration arrangement research system coupled with social-ecological goals. It may provide a reference for the research and practice of ecological restoration of territorial space.

改革开放40多年,国土整治随着资源、生态环境领域政治意愿和体制的变迁而变化,经历兴起、搁浅、整合的过程。在梳理改革开放40余年国土整治领域重要政策文件基础上,总结了国土整治历程中的发展经验、主要问题以及新趋势,并提出了新时代国土整治新构想。新时代国土整治目标将牢牢结合生态文明战略,以期实现空间、资源、生态环境优化,打造以人为本高品质国土空间。新时代国土整治是通过“承载力”“适宜性”评价机制,结合综合研判、归因分析划分“国土整治”功能分区开展重大工程,多措并举处置国土开发利用过程中“负外部性”问题,修复国土功能,以实现空间结构优化调整、资源高效利用、生态保护修复、灾害污染治理,以期提升国土空间承载力、适宜性、美丽度、安全性,提升国土可持续发展能力的综合治理活动。

In the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, territory consolidation has changed with the political will and institutional changes in the fields of resources and ecological environment, and has undergone a process of rise, collapse and integration. On the basis of the important policies in the field of territory consolidation in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, this paper summarizes the development experience, the main problems and the new trend of territory consolidation in the new era, and then puts forward a new conception of territory consolidation. The goal of territory consolidation of the new era will be firmly integrated with the ecological civilization strategy to optimize territorry space, resources and ecology and to create a people-oriented and high-quality territorry space. Territory consolidation in the new era will depend on carrying capacity and suitability evaluation mechanism, combining comprehensive research and attribution analysis to divide "territory consolidation" functional zones and carry out major projects. Territory consolidation will deal with "negative externalities" in the process of territory space development and utilization to restore land functions by various measures, so as to optimize territory space,improve resource utilization efficiency, protect important ecosystem, restore damaged ecosystem, prevent disaster and control pollution. It will enhance carrying capacity, suitability, beauty, security and the sustainability of territory space.

在自然资源整合不断加强,土地利用结构日趋复杂的形势下,采用单一土地利用结构优化方式难以有效满足区域土地利用合理规划的需求。综合考虑生态文明、乡村振兴、城乡融合等土地可持续利用目标,构建土地利用结构优化与布局优化的集成体系,对提升规划适用性具有积极作用。选取常州市金坛区为研究区,以经济效益与生态效益为优化目标,设置自然演变、经济优先和生态优先三种发展情景,在通过MOP（多目标规划）模型进行土地利用结构优化的基础上,利用GeoSOS-FLUS模型实现土地利用布局优化。结果表明：通过集成MOP和GeoSOS-FLUS模型,采用”结构+约束+布局+准则“研究模式探索县域单元下的土地利用结构布局优化,对调整土地利用结构,优化土地利用空间布局有一定帮助。从案例分析结果看,城镇工矿用地数量在自然演变和经济效益优先情景下分别增加了39%和95%;林地在生态效益优先情景下增加了40%;农村居民点在三种情景下分别减少33%、66%和66%。在三种发展情景下,空间格局都将面临城镇空间与生态空间两级分化的现象,后期区域发展中应加强城乡土地利用与生态保护协调发展,促进空间布局均衡化。

Faced with the background of natural resources integration and the more complex land use structure, it is difficult to effectively meet the demand for rational land use planning with a single land use structure optimization method. Considering the objectives of sustainable utilization of land use, ecological civilization, rural development, and urban-rural integration, we constructed an integrated system for land use structure and layout optimization, which will play a positive role in improving the applicability of planning. This study first sets three scenarios of natural evolution, economic priority, and ecological priority, and then uses the MOP model (multi-objective planning model) to calculate the optimal land use structure under different scenarios. Finally, it can carry on land use layout optimization based on the GeoSOS-FLUS model in 2030, Jintan district, Jiangsu province, China. Results show that, by integrating the MOP and GeoSOS-FLUS models and adopting the "Structure + Constraint + Layout + Criterion" approach to optimize the land use structure and layout in the county, it is conducive to optimize the quantitative land use structure and improve the land use spatial distribution; from the results of the case analysis, the area of industrial and mining land in cities and towns has increased by 39% and 95% under the natural evolution and economic efficiency priority scenarios; the forest land has increased by 40% under the eco-efficiency priority scenario; rural settlements decreased by 33%, 66% and 66%, respectively in the three scenarios. Under the three development scenarios, the spatial pattern will face the two-level differentiation of urban space and ecological space. In the later period of regional development, it is necessary to strengthen the coordinated development of urban and rural land use and ecological protection, and promote a balanced spatial distribution.

探索生态保护与经济发展的权衡关系,并利用该权衡关系协调土地利用优化配置是解决城市群经济与生态协调发展难题的重要途径,已成为目前的一个研究热点。论文针对京津冀城市群生态友好型协同发展的需求,设置生态系统服务价值最大化和经济价值最大化2种优化目标,每种目标下再设置“生态保护”“统筹兼顾”“粮食安全”和“经济发展”4种土地利用情景,采用CLUE-S模型模拟2025年京津冀城市群在不同情景下的土地利用空间配置格局,及其生态系统服务价值、经济价值在不同目标的各种情景下的变化。研究结果表明：相比2015年,2025年在不同目标不同情景下,各类土地利用面积的数量变化和空间格局均有较大不同,且生态目标和经济目标下不同情景的土地利用配置不同。生态系统服务价值在生态目标生态保护情景下最大,为14423.58亿元;而经济价值则在经济目标经济发展情景下最大,为96771.49亿元。从土地利用变化的空间分布上来看,生态用地中林地与草地的增加多出现在坝上高原和燕山与太行山山地,水体的增加则主要分布在东部沿海地区。研究认为,生态效益与经济效益间存在权衡关系,基于生态-经济权衡的土地利用优化研究结果对未来京津冀城市群生态实践工作有较大的参考价值。

In order to achieve harmonious ecological and economic development in urban agglomerations, it is important to explore the trade-offs between environmental protection and economic development, and use this knowledge to optimize land use allocation. This study aimed to simulate land use changes in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration with different goals and under different scenarios in 2025 to identify the optimal land use allocation strategies based on the trade-offs between ecological and economic benefits. In order to meet the land use demands for environment-friendly development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, we developed two optimization goals—ecosystem services value maximization and economic value maximization, and four land use scenarios—environmental protection, balanced development, food security, and economic development focus. A CLUE-S model was built to simulate and predict the optimal land use allocation strategy. The results show that the optimal land use allocations with the ecosystem services maximization goal were very different comparing to that with the economic value maximization goal. The ecosystem services value is estimated to be approximately 1442.36 billion Yuan with the ecosystem services maximization goal and under the environmental protection scenarios, more than that with the economic value maximization goal and under the same scenario. Spatially, the increase of ecologically beneficial land-use types, including forest land and grassland, is more often seen in the Bashang Plateau, Yanshan Mountains, and Taihang Mountains. The increase of water areas often occurs in coastal regions in the east. There are significant trade-offs between ecosystem services value maximization and economic value maximization. The results of this trade-off analysis can provide a basis for future ecological projects in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration.

This paper presents an urban land-use simulation model using cellular automata (CA). In the model urban growth is regarded as the result of a global process underpinned by local actions and land-use change as the joint action of three different effects: attribute, heterogeneity, and gravity. The attribute and heterogeneity effects are regarded as different aspects of a local driving force for change constituted by changing accessibility and other attributes resulting from the interaction of land use and transport at the neighborhood level. The gravity effect is a universal resistance to change as a result of inertia and agglomeration of compatible land uses in the vicinity. To ensure that local actions would lead to global behavior, a multipass, in addition to a single-pass, land-use-allocation algorithm is designed to mimic land-use changes. With metropolitan Melbourne in Australia as a case study, the performance of the model in replicating land-use changes is compared with that of an alternative model developed by using only a distance function. The results of the comparison show that the proposed CA model outperforms the alternative model with only a distance function, confirming the importance of incorporating local attributes in modeling land-use changes.

Land use optimization allocation is one of the important aspects of sustainable regional land use. However, the current prevalent land use optimization allocation model, which is used for directing a sustainable land use system, needs to be improved, because the current models ignore the collaborative optimization of land uses in terms of quantitative structure, spatial pattern, and benefit. The objective of this paper is to establish a new model to solve the shortcomings, i.e., the RLUOA (Regional Land Use Optimization Allocation) model, which aims to achieve regional sustainable land use. The model is established through a multi-agent system, which defines respectively the decision making rules of the related agents including the central government of the region, the branches of the government that implements the downstream orders, and the land users practically using the land. The RLUOA model was applied to the simulation of land use optimization allocation in Changsha, a typical city located in central China. The simulation result shows that the model can reasonably allocate the land into different spatial units under the constraint of multi-objective, and achieve the collaborative optimization of land use in terms of quantitative structure, spatial pattern, and benefit. The resulted optimal land allocation meets the requirements of building economically feasible, socially acceptable, and environment-friendly land use pattern, and improves obviously the overall economic, ecological and social benefits of the land use in the region. Consequently, the model can provide auxiliary support and scientific references for the decision making associated with sustainable regional land use and for the general land use planning design.

由于传统的土地利用空间统计分析问题中存在固有的空间自相关效应,进而影响到不同土地利用类型空间分布概率模拟的精度.研究在CLUE-S模型中传统的二值Logistics回归的基础之上引入了空间自相关因子形成Autologistic回归模型,并将其用于区域土地利用情景模拟.结果表明:(1)考虑了土地利用类型空间自相关性的Autologistic回归模型在模拟土地利用空间格局时能更好地反映真实土地利用分布格局.耕地、林地、草地、水域及未利用地的空间格局拟合优度ROC值分别从0.914、0.820、0.697、0.635和0.798提高到0.924、0.892、0.766、0.716和0.835;(2)基于Autologistic回归分析的建模对CLUE-S模型的模拟精度有一定的提高.Autologistic回归分析下模拟结果的Kappa指数0.935 4大于Logistic回归模拟结果0.888 0;(3)通过模拟2020年研究区5种情景方案下土地利用格局,表明在不同情景方案下的土地利用/覆被格局存在显著的空间差异:①自然增长情景方案下,耕地的增加对于保障粮食安全有重要意义,而建设用地的扩张则会促进研究区经济建设的快速发展,但林地和草地转化为未利用地会加剧土地的退化和生态环境的恶化;②在3种水资源约束情景方案下,水资源对干旱区土地利用/覆被变化的制约非常明显,提高水资源利用率是改善干旱区生态环境的一个重要措施;③土地结构优化情景方案下土地利用比较全面地考虑到了流域粮食安全、生态保护以及经济发展等需要,具有较强的合理性;④经济发展情景方案下建设用地快速扩张,大量侵占周边耕地和草地,粮食安全会受到较大的威胁;⑤生态保护情景方案下林地、草地和水域等生态保护用地面积呈显著扩张,区域生态环境质量明显改善.

为完善土地规划评估指标、挖掘东北农牧交错区生态建设潜力,在明晰2001—2018年东北农牧交错区生态系统服务价值（ESV）时空特征的基础上,分别以供给服务、调节服务和支持服务三种生态功能为优先发展目标,结合CLUE-S模型提出了三种土地利用格局规划方案。结果显示：（1）2001—2018年研究区ESV总量增长9.69%,其中调节、支持和供给服务功能年均占比分别为67.25%、21.88%和6.74%;（2）三种规划方案对区域ESV提升明显,其中支持服务优先情景下ESV总量提升5.84%,高于供给服务（2.66%）和调节服务（5.19%）优先情景;（3）不同土地利用类型的环境适应性不同,研究区西北部、西南部和东部部分地区更适宜造林和退耕,ESV总量和支持服务价值的提升潜力较大,而北部和东南部地区更适宜开垦农田,供给和调节服务价值提升潜力较大。不同生态系统服务间的权衡与协同是保障区域生态与经济稳定可持续发展的关键。充分考虑政策与环境适应性等因素,对东北农牧交错区土地利用格局进行优化,将为当地规划提供理论基础和实践参考。

To improve the evaluation indicators in land planning and tap the potential of ecological construction in agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China, the spatiotemporal characteristics of ecosystem service value (ESV) in the region from 2001 to 2018 were interpreted, and three land use options (i.e., prioritized provisioning service, regulating service, and supporting service) were simulated using the multi-objective programming model and CLUE-S model. The results show that: (1) The total ESV increased by 9.69% from 2001 to 2018, with provisioning service, regulating service, and supporting service accounting for 67.25%, 21.88% and 6.74%, respectively. (2) The total ESV increased by 5.84% in the scenario of prioritized supporting service, which was higher than that of prioritized provisioning service (2.66%) and of prioritized regulating service (5.19%). (3) The environmental adaptability of different land use types is different, i.e., in northwestern, southwestern and eastern parts of the study area with more suitability for afforestation and conversion of farmland, the total ESV and supporting service have great potential to improve, while northern and southeastern parts are more suitable for farmland reclamation, which facilitates the improvements of prioritized provisioning service and regulating service. The synergy among different ecosystem services is important in ensuring the security and sustainable development of regional ecology and economy. Aiming to improve ESV with full consideration of policy and environmental adaptability, the land use optimization can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the land planning in agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China.

市域国土空间规划是空间规划体系构建的关键一环,基于黑土资源的特殊性和重要性,东北黑土区的市域国土空间规划需统筹考虑黑土保护与粮食安全双重目标。本文以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市为例,建立了融合格网尺度与行政区尺度的黑土区国土空间功能评价指标体系,分析了市域“生产—生活—生态”（“三生”）用地的时空演变特征,诊断了其耦合协调状况,并以区域发展的多元性、社会需求的多样性为导向,提出了齐齐哈尔市黑土保护与粮食安全战略背景下国土空间优化调控路径。研究结果表明,2010—2018年齐齐哈尔市生产空间与生活空间均有一定程度的增长,“三生”功能轻度失调和勉强协调地区占比有所增加。国土空间格局冲突表现为“三生”功能协同性弱,冲突强度地域差异明显,对黑土资源的可持续性开发利用存在一定风险。本文以多尺度下“三生”功能冲突诊断结果为约束,建立了“三生”空间格局优化配置模型。研究认为,东北黑土区市域国土空间功能提升要在国家粮食安全保障能力基础上,坚持以黑土保护利用为导向,统筹“人—水—地”资源要素的组合与匹配,依托现有工业基础和产业优势,分别从引导优势功能区发展、加强重点城镇建设、提高黑土资源利用效率,协调城乡国土空间利用水平等路径来具体实施。

In China, the national spatial planning system is built largely upon prefectural plans, a critical part of which in many prefecture-level cities would be agricultural planning. When we develop such plans for the black soil regions in Northeast China, much effort is needed to guarantee both the black soil conservation and food security, given the rarity and importance of the black soil to agricultural use. In this research, we took Qiqihar as a case to establish an evaluation index system of land space function in the black soil areas that integrated grid-scale and administrative regional-scale. We analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution features of the production-living-ecological space (PLES) in the study area and evaluated their coupling coordination. Based on this analysis, we put forward an optimal strategy for spatial planning regulation to meet the requirement of the diversified regional development and social demands in Qiqihar in the context of prioritizing black soil preservation and food security. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: regarding the production-life-ecology function, the mildly imbalanced and barely coordinated areas increased from 2010 to 2018, when the production and living space grew to a certain extent. The low coordination of PLES, the regionally varied conflict between different functional spaces, and the potential risks of unsustainable development of black soil resources jointly constituted the conflict arising from its spatial planning. Eventually, we constructed a configuration model for optimizing spatial planning under the constraint of conflict between PLES on multiple scales. It is our suggestion that the enhancement of functional spatial planning at the prefecture level should drive the priority on which the national food security is based, by which the black soil preservation is oriented, and on which the allocation of "human-water-land" resources depends. To achieve such enhancement with the advantages of our prosperous industry, we should wisely channel the advantages of particular regions toward better development, promote the accelerated development of the critical cities and towns, improve the utilization efficiency of black soil resources, and encourage effective land use of towns in harmony with that of counties.

土地利用变化受到地形地貌、自然环境、城市规划和经济发展等的影响,预测其未来情景对政策调整具有重要的参考意义。元胞自动机模型是模拟和预测不同规划政策下土地利用变化的常用方法。本文基于GlobeLand30数据集,利用浙中城市群2000—2010年土地利用变化校准FLUS模型,并模拟2010年土地利用格局,其总体精度、Kappa系数和图形优化（FOM）分别为89.74%、82.69%和29.86%。采用马尔可夫链预测2030年各类型土地总量,利用FLUS预测一般条件下（常规情景）和城市轨道交通规划站点影响下（轨交情景）浙中城市群未来土地格局。结果表明,在5 km范围内城市轨道交通站点对建设用地增长影响较大,在该区域轨交情景比常规情景面积增加45.25 km ²、且主要发生在城市边缘区。建设用地扩张主要通过侵占优质农田实现,轨交情景5 km范围内农田转化为建设用地比常规情景增加33.34 km ²,建设用地扩张强度高于常规情景,其中最低扩张强度以上占比高于常规情景3.70%。景观指数表明,2种情景中林地、草地和水域格局具有较高相似性。本研究表明,综合使用FLUS、遥感、GIS等技术方法,能够准确模拟和预测不同规划条件下未来土地利用格局,并为规划和政策调整提供高可信空间数据。

为了应对经济增长与生态保护双重压力,使用生物量与植被覆盖度修正后的当量因子法测度珠江—西江经济带的生态系统服务价值（ESV）;基于STIRPAT模型构建地理加权回归模型,实证研究人文因素对ESV影响的空间异质性,并着重将经济增长因子的回归系数以表格形式展示。结论认为：（1）珠江—西江经济带的ESV在研究年份截面中呈现先下降、后上升、再下降的变动趋势;（2）人均GDP对地均ESV在研究区域东部表现为持续负向影响、中部和北部地区表现为由负转正的影响态势、西北部和西南部的回归结果不显著。基于上述结论,针对避免东部地区ESV进一步下降、鼓励中部和北部经济追赶,以及提高西北和西南部对经济与生态环境协调发展问题的重视方面提出政策建议。

Ecosystem service value is the base of decision-making for ecological protection, ecological regionalization and ecological compensation, and it appears the dynamic spatio-temporal changes which are closely connected with the variations of ecological structure and function. However, it is still lack of a universal and integrated dynamic evaluation method for ecosystem service value in China. Based on literature survey, expert knowledge, statistical data and remote sensing data, using model simulations and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper modified and developed the method for evaluating the value equivalent factor in unit area, and proposed an integrated method for dynamic evaluation on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service value. This method can realize the comprehensive and dynamic assessment of ecosystem service value for 11 service types of 14 different types of terrestrial ecosystem at monthly and provincial scales in China. The preliminary application indicated that the total ecosystem service value was 38.1×10¹² yuan in 2010, in which the value from forest ecosystem was the highest, accounting for about 46%, followed by water body and grassland. Among different ecosystem service types, the contribution from regulation function was the highest, especially the values from hydrological regulation and atmospheric regulation which accounted for about 39.3% and 18.0% of total service value, respectively. Moreover, ecosystem service value presented apparent spatio-temporal patterns in China. Spatially, the ecosystem service value decreased from southeast to northwest and the highest value appeared in southeastern and southwestern regions. Temporally, the ecosystem service value for most of the ecosystems attained the peak in July and reached the trough during December and January except desert, barren and glacier ecosystem. Generally, although this established method still needs to be developed and optimized, it is the first to provide a relatively comprehensive approach for the spatio-temporal dynamic evaluation of ecosystem service value in China, which will be helpful to the scientific decision-making on natural capital rating and ecological compensation.

Valuation of global ecosystem services by R Costanza(1997)has attracted attention of the Chinese ecological researchers over the years. And many Chinese scientists have been using the methods to valuate the ecosystem services for forest, grassland and farmland ecosystems. However, it has been turned out that there are several shortcomings in direct adaptation of the methods, for instance, some ecosystem services have been insufficiently valuated or even ignored via using Costanza’s method. To fill this gap, we have, on the basis of Costanza’s method, developed a new method or 'unit value’ based method for assessment of ecosystem services. Expert interviews with structured questionnaire were contacted in 2002 and 2007 respectively, and altogether 700 Chinese ecologists were involved in the interviews for testing the method. It has been found that the values of ecosystem services from expert knowledge based unit value method and biomass based method are comparative. Therefore, expert knowledge based assessment of ecosystem services could be used as a method for assessing ecosystem services with known land use areas, and a good result could be generated within a short period of time. However, for scientifically sound and concrete results, the spatial disparity of ecosystem services should be taken into account.