As a scientific tool for promoting the effective management and sustainable use of national parks, the concession system is essential to satisfying visitor desire for ecological experiences, fostering alternative livelihoods for communities, and attaining an appropriate equilibrium between resource conservation and community development. There is an urgent need to conduct an extensive review of the concession cooperation mechanism in order to tackle the real-world concerns of constrained consultation channels, arbitrary benefit distribution, and weak social organizations that have been identified during the pilot phase of the concession system in national parks. The study examines the social network of the Sanjiangyuan National Park concession operation mechanism from the standpoint of social embedding, in accordance with the stakeholder theory. In order to explore stakeholder social network positions and roles in policy, cognitive, cultural, and livelihood aspects as well as their cooperative mechanisms, an analytical framework for the embeddedness of national park concessions is developed. The research demonstrated that various social embeddedness dimensions have different stakeholder role positions; park residents, management organizations, and concessionaires are at the core level of social networks for policy, cognitive, cultural, and livelihood dimensions. NGOs play a strong intermediary role among different stakeholders. Under the model of national park concession cooperation mechanism based on social embeddedness, there are differences in the concerns of different stakeholders under different interest demands. Cultural embedding has a positive moderating effect on policy embedding and cognitive embedding. The impact of policy embedding on livelihood embedding is two-sided. Cognitive embedding is a precursor to livelihood embeddedness. Therefore, the concession system must fully coordinate the interests and demands of all parties, encourage the participation and cooperation of various social forces, and explore diversified concession models. The findings of this study can provide a foundation for establishing a more rigorous and locally tailored concession system in western China's national park system.

The large-scale construction of national parks poses a huge challenge to the demand for ecological compensation funds. Financial compensation is not only a drop in the bucket, but also difficult to solve the rigid dilemma of insufficient and mismatched compensation. This study uses carbon trading as a tool to solve the ecological compensation problem in national parks, and outlines three channels: international, domestic, and third-party independent voluntary emission reduction mechanisms that develop ecological carbon sinks into voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reductions to benefit the carbon market. Among them, China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) is the main channel for realizing the ecological carbon sink value of national parks in the future. Then, the study analyzed three key issues: limited market supply, difficulty in effective trading, and unclear profit distribution models for national parks to obtain sufficient and precise ecological compensation through CCER market. In the design of ecological carbon sink compensation mechanism based on carbon trading, a screening mechanism is proposed to ensure the maximum profit potential of ecological carbon sink projects under the principle of balancing economic and social ecological benefits after the methodological barriers are cleared. An effective trading mechanism is established by offsetting ratios, offsetting in other regions, and government protection settings to promote transactions and effectively distinguish the boundary between government and market compensation. In order to avoid operational risks, a precise compensation mechanism is introduced by establishing a PPP model of third-party professional carbon sink development enterprises for ecological carbon sink project, and income distribution is based on the contributions of relevant carbon sink supply entities. Finally, the study provides relevant policy recommendations for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which is in charge of national parks, and Ministry of Ecology and Environment, which is in charge of carbon markets in China. The research results are expected to provide reference and inspiration for establishing market-oriented ecological compensation mechanisms in all nature reserves and other ecological spaces, including national parks.

As China's national park system reform enters a crucial phase, effective governance of national parks seeks to leverage the strengths of government, market, and societal entities to establish a multi-actor co-governance structure. National park communities, as a vital component of societal entities, are a key link in fostering effective governance of national parks. Based on literature research, this paper elucidates the underlying logic of communities as critical actors in the governance of China's national parks. It distills the characteristics and challenges of community involvement in national park governance through empirical studies and proposes recommendations for promoting the coordinated development of national parks and communities. The study indicates that, as complex socio-ecological systems, Chinese national parks feature distinct patterns of community-based natural resource utilisation. The necessity of community involvement in national park governance fundamentally lies in the fact that only reasonable multi-actor natural resource governance can sustain harmony between nature and humans. Current community participation in national park governance is influenced by path dependence, context dependence, and financial dependence. Governance effectiveness is affected by structural factors, local cognition, and incentive mechanisms. Based on the analysis of current community participation, this paper further proposes an analytical framework to disentangle the park-people relationship that can be steered to be positive under good governance. Thus, to fully leverage the role of communities as actors in national park governance and achieve coordinated development between national parks and communities, the paper suggests differentiated community management mechanisms, diversified incentives and guarantees, internalisation of external policies, and mainstreaming biodiversity. This approach aims to achieve socio-ecological systems' adaptive governance, foster cooperation among governance entities, realise livelihoods compatible with conservation, and prompt interdepartmental government collaboration to address structural issues. Ultimately, clarifying natural resource property rights, decentralising management authority, and promoting community-led conservation based on local needs and cultural contexts should be central to community empowerment in community governance. To achieve the governance goal of coordination between national parks and community through a multi-actor governance approach, it is necessary to strengthen the power and secure rights of national park communities, with legal protection as the starting point and community self-awareness enhancement as the endpoint. Thus, multidimensional community empowerment, including political, economic, cultural, social, and technical aspects, should be implemented in the process of national park governance.

The pro-environmental behavior of indigenous residents in neighboring communities can have a direct or indirect impact on the effectiveness of ecological conservation, which is a crucial factor driving the establishment of national parks. Based on the survey data of 513 indigenous residents in Qinling National Park creation area, OLS regression and Bootstrap method were used to investigate the impact of livelihood capital on indigenous residents' pro-environmental behavior and its mechanism. The findings of the study indicate that the participation of indigenous people in pro-environmental behavior is lower in the public domain compared to the private domain. Additionally, the residents surveyed possessed abundant financial capital and comparatively less natural capital. Livelihood capital was found to have a significant impact on pro-environmental behavior. Specifically, public pro-environmental behavior showed positive correlations with human capital and social capital, while private pro-environmental behavior displayed positive correlations with human capital and financial capital, but a negative correlation with natural capital. The study highlighted that distributive fairness, procedural fairness, and interactive fairness play mediating roles in the relationship between livelihood capital and pro-environmental behavior. Procedural fairness had the highest mediating effect, followed by interactive fairness and distributive fairness. Therefore, in the construction of national parks, it is necessary to enhance the accumulation of livelihood capital of indigenous residents through multiple channels, correct the inequity of existing policies, ensure community participation in decision-making, and strengthen communication with indigenous residents, so as to directly or indirectly increase the level of fairness perception of indigenous residents, and promote the implementation of pro-environmental behaviors by indigenous residents.

Mobility has been an important area of academic thinking about the material turn in recent years. This paper takes the South China National Botanical Garden (SCNBG) as the research object, uses translocality theory, and uses semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and text collection to understand the translocality practice process of plant relocation and conservation in the SCNBG, specifically examining how translocality practices of plant relocation conservation are realized through the interactions between humans and plants, and how translocality practices shape the operational system of relocation conservation in botanical gardens.The study concludes that: (1) Mobility practice is the driving force of plant relocation conservation, and its process plays out the matrix of power relations formed by the discourse of ecological conservation, the discourse of market economy, and the discourse of politics. (2) The role of agency is an important basis for the translocality practice of plants. Plants are based on their climatic characteristics and environmental adaptations in different spaces, plants shape a flexible plant care system, and exhibit the Plant-Human-Place interaction in botanical gardens. (3) Connectivity is an essential feature of plant translocality practice, which reveals the potential roles of relocated and conserved plants in constructing the social relationship and the connectivity of the natural space. The study opens the black box of translocality practices of plants as a living non-human actor from a geographic perspective, theoretically complementing and refining the theory of translocality practices, and practically providing a governance pathway for the spatial practice of relocated conservation in national botanical gardens.

In the transition context of China's ecological civilization, it is of practical significance to consciously trace the theoretical logic of the relationship between area-based conservation and tourism from western literature. Based on the evolution and social construction ontology of the relationship between conservation and tourism, a conceptual model is built for guiding the study. The critical literature analysis considers comparing the historical dynamics of the interaction between theory and practice in the process of repeated questioning to grasp the relationship complexity in the process of theories making and breaking. The results show that the relationship between conservation and tourism theoretically evolves through three typical stages, namely, "mutual rejection in theory", "consensus and governance in practice", and "neoliberal risks of the relationship". The evolution process is centered on the ultimate goal of effective conservation, incorporating the framework of sustainable development and cooperative governance. The evolution dynamics stems from the repeated gaps and adjustments between theory and practice. In the early stage of fortress-style conservation, conservation and tourism formed an exclusion dichotomy. The emergence and widespread of sustainable development in the new century has promoted the integration of conservation and development. Tourism, as an integrative practice, formed a consensual co-management relationship with conservation. Three types of governance programs emerged from the research around the pluralistic goals of consensus: integrated and sustainable development approach, community based eco-tourism, and adaptive co-management. Recent neoliberalism has promoted eco-social risks from the conservation-tourism nexus. Tourism, based on critical political ecology of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, acted as a justice practice role for conservation to promote tangible sustainable development change. The study provides an alternative inspiring domestic scholar to go beyond the simplified thinking of the conservation-tourism nexus in natural sciences. It helps to pay attention to the real practice of tourism in protected areas from the social complexity theoretical perspective, and to develop localized knowledge from Chinese ecological civilization in the light of the historical evolution of international theories.