Based on the remote sensing monitoring data of land use change/cover in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018, using land use transfer matrix, eco-environmental quality index, and ecological contribution ratio of land use transition, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal features of "Production-Living-Ecological" space structural transformation and eco-environmental effects of land use/cover change in China from 1990 to 2018. On this basis, we identify the main influencing factors of eco-environmental effects and the spatial heterogeneity by using geographically weighted regression model. The results showed that: (1) The production and living space increased, the ecological space decreased, and the overall situation was insufficient from 1990 to 2018 in the whole country. (2) The high-value areas of eco-environmental quality were concentrated to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line during 1990-2018, and mainly in the south and northeast of China. The low-value areas were mainly distributed to the northwest of Hu Huanyong Line. The squeeze of other ecological space and agricultural production space on grassland and woodland ecological space is an important reason for the deterioration of the eco-environment during the study period. (3) Slope, annual precipitation, land use intensity, elevation, topographic relief, population density, and average annual temperature were the main factors influencing eco-environmental quality pattern in China, and the spatial difference of the effect of each factor was obvious. Chinese policies on economic development should take into account the eco-environmental effect of "Production-Living-Ecological" space transformation and influencing factors in the future, and promote the rational distribution of "Production-Living-Ecological" space and the construction of ecological civilization in China.

Forest land has multiple functions. In ecological, production or living priority areas, forest land plays different roles. The traditional forest land classification is difficult to take into account the regional dominant function and development orientation. There is still a lack of quantitative description of the spatial and temporal characteristics of forest land in different functional areas. This paper establishes a forest land classification system based on the perspective of "Production-Living-Ecology". Using land use map, functional zoning, vegetation phenological characteristics and statistical data, through thematic map superposition, remote sensing recognition and decision tree classification technology, various types of forest land are extracted. The results show that from 1990 to 2018, forest land in ecological priority area decreased by 24900 km ², but decreased slowly after 2000, and that the remote sensing area of forest land in China in 2018 was 2.2818 million km ². Local forest lands in core ecological functional areas such as wind prevention and sand fixation, water conservation and soil conservation areas were expanded, mainly in some grasslands and sandy areas in Inner Mongolia, Northwest Hebei and the Loess Plateau. In the Northeast Region, Southwest Region and Northern Xinjiang, forest land was converted into cultivated land or grassland. The decrease of forest land in biodiversity reserve was the smallest. The timber land decreased slowly after 2010. The garden land expanded rapidly in the southeast, mainly from timber land and cultivated land. The urban forest land is increasing rapidly in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Beijing. The study shows that forest land with core ecological function is partially restored in the scope of the ecological restoration project and nature reserve, but the severe man-made disturbance still leads to a large decrease in its overall area. It is suggested that the ecological forest land should be restored and the dominant ecological value should be promoted according to regional differences.

Studying the production pattern and evolution trend of crop and livestock is an important basis for optimizing crop-livestock structure to realize food security. Based on the production data sets of 335 cities in 2000 and 2017, this paper used the theory of comparative advantage to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of the regional comparative advantages of major crops and livestock products in China. The results showed that: (1) In the past 17 years, there was no significant change in the spatial pattern of regional comparative advantages about crops and livestock products. The regions, which had the comparative advantage of meat, had been spreading. (2) The comparative advantage regions for the feed production (corn and soybeans) did not match the comparative advantage regions for livestock (pigs and poultry), where concentrated feed was mainly consumed. To improve the level of integrated crop-livestock in China, the following suggestions are put forward: rationally adjusting the regional crop-livestock structure; controling the scale of the livestock according to the scale of the regional crops; rationally allocating the distribution of manure fertilizer factories in the spatial pattern; advancing the progress of the technology so as to apply more manure fertilizer and less chemical fertilizer to crops; and strengthening the supervision of manure treatment of livestock factories.

This research analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and the affecting factors of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ based on the daily monitoring data in Henan province in 2018, and using statistical methods and Kriging interpolation. The results showed that: (1) The daily and monthly average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ showed a U-shaped pattern, and the monthly average of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ showed a W-shaped pattern. The seasonal average concentrations and ratio of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ showed the same pattern of winter>autumn> spring> summer. (2) The monthly average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ showed different spatial distribution characteristics, and the spatial distribution varied greatly. However, the spatial distribution of annual average concentration of PM₁₀ was similar to that of PM_2.5. The seasonal average of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ showed different spatial distribution characteristics, which was generally higher in the east and southeast, and lower in the central and western regions. (3) The correlation analysis showed that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were significantly negatively correlated with NDVI and annual precipitation, and significantly positively correlated with population density and the proportion of secondary industry. The conclusions can provide an important scientific basis for air pollution control and food safety production in grain producing areas.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has responded to a national land-system sustainability emergency via an integrated portfolio of large-scale programmes. A series of ecological restoration projects and land regulating and planning policies have been implemented for sustainable development, which substantially improved the security status of the country's ecology. However, comprehensive assessments of the ecological status based on objective data and framework are still limited. Remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) has been proposed as an objective and effective approach for assessing ecological security on a regional scale. However, a national scale application has not been conducted yet. Here we generated the annual RSEI products from 2000 to 2019 by using four indicators (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI), Wetness Index (Wet), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data as well as the Google Earth Engine (GEE)-a cloud computing platform. The results showed that the multi-year average RSEI showed higher values in the southeast coastal regions compared with the northwestern regions, the regions with superior hydrothermal conditions have high RSEI values, while the arid and semi-arid inland areas with higher elevations and cold-dry climates have low RSEI values and fragile ecological conditions. In general, the whole country experienced a significant improvement of RSEI, and all the provincial-level regions in China, except Shanghai, Tibet, and Macao, have shown an increasing RSEI. The three provinces with the fastest growing rates were Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Hebei, with increases of 0.29, 0.25, and 0.19, respectively. The RSEI increased significantly in the Northeast China Plain, Loess Plateau, south and north of the North China Plain, the north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, and the south of the Junggar Basin in the northwest desert region, while the RSEI decreased in the Tianshan Mountain range, the southwest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the central part of the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. This study quantitatively evaluated the macro patterns of RSEI changes based on GEE since 2000, and expecte to support decision making on land use management and ecological protection.

The terrain in Southwest China (SWC) is very complicated, and it is prone to floods and relative geological disasters due to heavy rain. In summer 1998, the SWC precipitation reached a maximum of 709.3 mm, which is around 23.9% above the climate mean. By using a Eulerian model of moisture recycling WAM2layers and big data such as ERA-Interim reanalysis, the precipitation moisture in summer SWC was backtracked. It is found that there are four major source regions for SWC, which are the southwest monsoon region, the westerlies region, the local region, and the southeast monsoon region. They contributed around 330.1 mm, 110.0 mm, 104.8 mm, and 65.6 mm in water depth of SWC in summer 1998, which accounted for 52.2%, 17.4%, 16.6%, and 10.4% of the tracked precipitation moisture, respectively. The southwest monsoon region, from the west Indochina Peninsula to the Indian subcontinent to the Indian Ocean, as the largest moisture source, contributed more than half the precipitation moisture. The extra moisture of the extreme precipitation during summer 1998 came mainly from the southwest monsoon region, the westerlies region, and the local region, contributing about 80.1 mm, 29.3 mm, and 27.1 mm, respectively, above the average moisture contribution, which together accounted for 99.9% of the extra precipitation. The southwest monsoon region dominated the extra moisture contribution once again. Further analyses revealed that the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) stretched to the southwest, forming two anomalous highs in the Northern Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. This change made moisture transport by the southwest monsoon to SWC extremely strong, which resulted in extreme precipitation in SWC.

Based on the data of land use data and statistics in 2005, 2010 and 2018, this paper explored the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics and synergy/tradeoff relations of the "Production-Living-Ecological" functions in Shanxi province by using the comprehensive evaluation model and mechanical model. The results revealed that: (1) The spatio-temporal differentiation feature of the "Production-Living-Ecological" function was obvious in Shanxi from 2005 to 2018. The production function value was generally in a state of decline, showing a pattern of "high in the plains and low in the mountains". The living function continued to rise, and its spatial distribution was similar to that of the production function. Meanwhile, the ecological function was on the rise. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the deterioration tendency and its spatial pattern. (2) During the study period, the coupling coordination of Shanxi province was improved and the trend was reasonable. The spatial distribution of coupling coordination had a certain overlap with that of production and living functions. (3) According to the deviation characteristics of the coordination degree of the "Production-Living-Ecological" functions, the function leading areas and required promotion areas were divided, and the functional characteristics of each county in Shanxi was clarified. The results can provide a basis for land spatial planning.

Analyzing the carbon metabolism process of "Production-Living-Ecological" space could contribute to achieving the regional elements integration and structure optimization of "Production-Living-Ecological" space, which could help to strive for green and low carbon development. Taking Zhaotong as an example, this research systematically analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon metabolism in "Production-Living-Ecological" space from 2010 to 2018 through calculating vertical carbon flux between urban system and atmosphere, and building horizontal carbon flows model between components of the urban system. Besides, ecological network analysis was used to evaluate the comprehensive ecological effects of the "Production-Living-Ecological" space evolution on urban carbon metabolism. The results suggested that: (1) The vertical net carbon flux and the horizontal net carbon flows in Zhaotong from 2010 to 2018 were both negative, which indicated that "Production-Living-Ecological" space evolution had a negative influence on the urban carbon metabolism balance, resulting in an increase in carbon emissions. (2) The main ecological relationship of "Production-Living-Ecological" land in carbon metabolism system was restrictive and predatory relationship. Ecological spaces were occupied by living spaces and production spaces, leading to the imbalance of carbon metabolism. (3) The value of whole ecological utility function J was 0.85 (< 1), showing that the comprehensive effect of "Production-Living-Ecological" space pattern change on urban carbon metabolism was negative. This result was consistent with the inference of net carbon flows calculations. The study results can provide theoretical and data basis for the optimization of land space utilization and low-carbon transition in the study area, as well as decision-making support for the development of "Production-Living-Ecological" space.

With the increase of per capita income and the advancement of urbanization, residents' meat consumption increases. It is of great significance to clarify the change of meat production pattern for sustainable meat supply. Based on the data of meat production at county level in China from 2000 to 2016, this study uses standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation, geographical detector and other methods to reveal the spatio-temporal evolution of meat production in China and its influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2016, the national meat output showed an increasing trend, up by 43.5%. The meat output of different regions showed a great difference. (2) The number of counties with high meat production in China increased significantly, the range expanded, and the barycenter shifted to the north as a whole. The agglomeration characteristics of production were significant and relatively stable, but there were some local differences. (3) Natural resource endowment, socio-economy and agricultural technology all affect the evolution of meat production spatial pattern at different stages. Grain output and value added of the primary industry were the main factors. The influence of the total power of agricultural machinery increased year by year, and the interaction between factors strengthened the effect of spatial differentiation of meat production.

Accurate identification of potential land-use conflicts is conducive to early warning, trade-off and coordination of conflict land, so as to promote the scientific planning of land space. In this paper, based on the revised data of the third national land survey, and assuming that a county should at least have ecological function, productivity and suitability for living (ecological-production-living suitability), we proposed an empirical model to identify and diagnose potential land use conflicts in tourism resorts by taking Hengfeng county with high vegetation coverage as an example. The land-use conflict recognition matrix was used in the research, and it includes five zones at different conflicting levels: zone without conflict, zone with intense conflicts, zone with moderate conflicts, zone with general conflicts, and zone with weak conflicts. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution and area composition of the "Production-Living-Ecological" suitable land in the study county are significantly different, and there are obvious spatial superimposition and conversion characteristics, which indicates the existence of competitions and conflicts in land use. (2) According to the land-use conflict recognition matrix results, the zone without conflict, zone with intense conflicts, zone with moderate conflicts, zone with general conflicts, and zone with weak conflicts accounted for 64.02%, 9.66%, 17.19%, 1.66%, and 7.48%, respectively. Among them, suitable zone for land use are relatively large, the zones with intense, moderate and general levels are reflected in the conflicts between production and life, which are in the transitional stage of human production, life and ecology. (3) The difference in the spatial distribution and manifestation of various conflict types in the study area determines that the countermeasures for conflict reconciliation must adapt to local conditions and be suitable for land use. In other words, targeted measures should be taken in areas with weak, intense, moderate and general conflicts. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the evaluation of the "Production-Living-Ecological" suitability of land use in counties with high vegetation coverage, as well as a basis for land space planning in asimilar counties.

Based on "Production-Living-Ecological" space theory, the productive, living and ecological spaces in Wuyuan county were classified based on the 30 m spatial resolution Landsat time-series images. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the three types of spaces were further analyzed. The kernel density estimation method was applied to explore the spatial features for the conversions among three types of spaces. In addition, to further identify the causes of these changes, Redundancy Analysis (RDA) method was applied to attribute the spatiotemporal changes to different socioeconomic factors. Results showed that the two indices, namely, mean area of patches and aggregation index, decreased in both living space and ecological space, while they increased in production space during 2002-2018. We revealed that the fragmentation and dispersion of production space and ecological space was enhanced due to increasing urban area and living spaces, which facilitated the splitting of the continuity of production space and ecological space. From the perspective of changing function, 56% and 44% of the increased living space area was from production space (mainly cropland) and ecological space (mainly forest or grassland), respectively. The living space area showed a significant (P<0.05) increasing trend, the ecological space area showed a non-significant increasing trend; while the production space area showed a significant decreasing trend. All this revealed that the urbanization rate was accelerated by the rapid growth of tourism economy, and the ecological environment improved in Wuyuan county during 2002-2018.