When socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, the economy has been in a critical period of transforming and upgrading, and there is the new missions and new requirements for natural resources security. The newly established Ministry of Natural Resources brings new opportunities for the comprehensive management of natural resources in the new era. The time scale of the new era is over 30 years, and the medium-to-long-term strategy should be made based on a systemic summary of the change of natural resources in the past few decades and a strategic estimation of resources supply and demand in the future. To sum up, the following conclusions can be made: 1) It could be sure that the demand for water resources in China will continue rising and the pressure on the grain supply of arable land will be increasing, which will directly affect the well-being of the people’s livelihood. 2) The growing demands for all types of minerals have changed to differentiated demands for different types of minerals, and the overall demand for mineral resources will remain high. 3) The pressure on the wood supply of forest resources, which affects the construction of the modern economic system, will be aggravated. It is critical to resources security of China that we believe “Green waters and clear mountains are invaluable assets” and persist in saving resources and protecting the environment under the guideline of “ecological civilization strategy”. To enhance the comprehensive security and sustainable development capacity of China’s resources for the two centenary goals, we put forward the following suggestions: 1) paying close attention to the research on resources strategy and the top level planning in the new era, 2) implementing the stringent regulations of resources management and environment protection, 3) optimizing the structure of resources supply to serve the modernization and the needs of the people’s livelihood and accelerating technological innovation to expand the transforming value of the resource industry chain, 4) improving the efficiency of resource utilizing and promoting circular utilization of resources based on domestic efforts, and at the same time strengthening the international cooperation in the field of resources.

Ecosystem service value is the base of decision-making for ecological protection, ecological regionalization and ecological compensation, and it appears the dynamic spatio-temporal changes which are closely connected with the variations of ecological structure and function. However, it is still lack of a universal and integrated dynamic evaluation method for ecosystem service value in China. Based on literature survey, expert knowledge, statistical data and remote sensing data, using model simulations and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper modified and developed the method for evaluating the value equivalent factor in unit area, and proposed an integrated method for dynamic evaluation on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service value. This method can realize the comprehensive and dynamic assessment of ecosystem service value for 11 service types of 14 different types of terrestrial ecosystem at monthly and provincial scales in China. The preliminary application indicated that the total ecosystem service value was 38.1×10¹² yuan in 2010, in which the value from forest ecosystem was the highest, accounting for about 46%, followed by water body and grassland. Among different ecosystem service types, the contribution from regulation function was the highest, especially the values from hydrological regulation and atmospheric regulation which accounted for about 39.3% and 18.0% of total service value, respectively. Moreover, ecosystem service value presented apparent spatio-temporal patterns in China. Spatially, the ecosystem service value decreased from southeast to northwest and the highest value appeared in southeastern and southwestern regions. Temporally, the ecosystem service value for most of the ecosystems attained the peak in July and reached the trough during December and January except desert, barren and glacier ecosystem. Generally, although this established method still needs to be developed and optimized, it is the first to provide a relatively comprehensive approach for the spatio-temporal dynamic evaluation of ecosystem service value in China, which will be helpful to the scientific decision-making on natural capital rating and ecological compensation.