JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES >
Navigating nickel and cobalt supply uncertainty: Shocks from overseas reliance and countermeasures for self-sufficiency
Received date: 2025-01-20
Revised date: 2025-06-06
Online published: 2025-10-31
Facing complex international situation such as geopolitics, superpower games and resource nationalism, the overseas supply uncertainty of nickel and cobalt continues to increase, which not only seriously threatens the supply security, but also impacts self-supply. However, quantitative research addressing this issue remains limited. This study employs a system dynamics model coupled with scenario analysis to quantify the specific impacts of overseas supply uncertainty on the domestic self-supply of nickel and cobalt. It then delves into the positive effects of five mining and recycling strategies, both individually and in coordinated implementation. The results show that: (1) Compared with the expansion of overseas supply, its contraction has a greater impact on the self-supply, which increases the primary supply of nickel and cobalt in the short and medium terms, while is unfavorable to the long-term primary supply and nickel secondary supply. (2) The mining countermeasures are conducive to the increase of primary supply in the short term but not conducive to the long term. They accelerate the consumption of primary resources and advance the onset of "reserve shortages". Therefore, it is necessary to surmount reserves limitations. (3) The recycling strategies could effectively cope with the scenario of low overseas supply contraction by improving the secondary supply of nickel and cobalt. While due to the substitution effect, they have a negative impact on primary supply. (4) The coordinated implementation of mining and recycling strategies can balance sustainable resource utilization, demand adaptation, and self-supply support, while mitigating the risks from tightening overseas supply constraints. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for preventing overseas supply risks, as well as a practical reference for the development, utilization, and integrated allocation of primary and secondary nickel and cobalt resources in China.
ZHANG Zhou-yi , CHENG Jin-hua , SONG Yi , ZHANG Yi-jun . Navigating nickel and cobalt supply uncertainty: Shocks from overseas reliance and countermeasures for self-sufficiency[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2025 , 40(11) : 2956 -2978 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20251105
表1 主要参数取值一览表Table 1 List of main parameter values |
表2 情景设定一览表Table 2 List of scenario setting |
| 镍海外供给保障率 | 年均新查明储量/万t | 镍钴系统出矿量增速/% | 开采成本增速/% | 回收成本增速/% | 二次回收率 (2050年)/% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基准情景 | 1.0 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 低海外供给紧缩 | 0.9 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 高海外供给紧缩 | 0.8 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 低海外供给扩张 | 1.1 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 高海外供给扩张 | 1.2 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 突破储量限制 | 1.0 | 10 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 开采规模扩大 | 1.0 | 5 | 6.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 开采成本降低 | 1.0 | 5 | 6.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 60 |
| 回收成本降低 | 1.0 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 60 |
| 回收技术进步 | 1.0 | 5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 65 |
表3 对策协同实施情景Table 3 Scenarios of countermeasures collaborative implementation |
| 突破储量限制 | 开采规模扩大 | 开采成本降低 | 回收成本降低 | 回收技术进步 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 协同1 | 是 | 是 | — | 是 | — |
| 协同2 | 是 | 是 | — | — | 是 |
| 协同3 | 是 | — | 是 | 是 | — |
| 协同4 | 是 | — | 是 | — | 是 |
| 协同5 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | — |
| 协同6 | 是 | 是 | 是 | — | 是 |
| 协同7 | 是 | 是 | — | 是 | 是 |
| 协同8 | 是 | — | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 协同9 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
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