JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES >
International experience and China's exploration of biodiversity accounting
Received date: 2024-04-15
Revised date: 2025-01-20
Online published: 2025-04-16
Biodiversity is the foundation for maintaining the security of the earth, human well-being, and economic prosperity. Biodiversity accounting can provide an in-depth understanding of the interconnection among biodiversity, economy and society, and provide information for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity. Based on the international biodiversity assessment actions, this paper rationally divides the formation stages of the accounting system in order to clarify its development pattern and the accounting essence. According to the specific content of the official texts of the United Nations, it analyses the update and evolution of the international standards from the four dimensions of accounting logic, accounting scope, core accounts and accounting methods. In the light of the global biodiversity conservation objectives, the practical experience of international accounting and its reference value are explored from the four dimensions of scope definition, region selection, account design and indicator construction. Finally, combining the results and challenges of China's practice, this paper puts forward specific ideas for promoting biodiversity accounting. By strengthening the scientific understanding of the accounting system and expanding the practical paths to promote accounting, this study helps to promote the theoretical discussion and practical research on biodiversity accounting in China.
Key words: biodiversity; ecosystem; international standards; sustainable development
TIAN Cheng-shi , QI Lin . International experience and China's exploration of biodiversity accounting[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2025 , 40(5) : 1141 -1156 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20250501
表1 生物多样性核算—物种核算的账户结构Table 1 Account structure of biodiversity accounting-species accounting |
物种或种群1 | 物种或种群2 | 物种或种群3 | 物种或种群4 | 物种或种群5 | … | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
计量单位 | ||||||
期初存量 | ||||||
期内增加 | ||||||
非管理增加 | ||||||
管理增加 | ||||||
期内减少 | ||||||
非管理减少 | ||||||
管理减少 | ||||||
期内变动 | ||||||
期末存量 |
表2 SEE-EEA与SEEA-EA中生物多样性核算的核心内容比较Table 2 Comparison of core elements of biodiversity accounting in SEE-EEA and SEEA-EA |
SEEA-EEA | SEEA-EA | 主要更新内容 | |
---|---|---|---|
核算逻辑 | 生态系统资产实物量核算的部分内容 | 生态系统核算的拓展专题核算 | 形成独立的生物多样性核算体系 |
核算范畴 | 生态系统范围趋势指标 物种丰度与分布趋势指标 受威胁物种状况趋势指标 遗传多样性变化指标 | 物种核算 栖息地和空间尺度的核算 遗传多样性核算 | 完善生物多样性核算思路与内容 |
核心账户 | 物种丰度账户 受威胁物种账户 | 可灵活编制的物种账户 | 提供可操作性更强的一般物种账户 |
物种核算重点对象 | 代表性物种 有研究价值的物种 | 受到广泛关注的物种 对提供生态系统服务功能有重要作用的物种 具有社会或文化意义的物种 对维持生态系统的功能具有重要价值的物种 | 总结4种具有优先级的物种核算类别 |
核算方法 | 直接观察法 推断方法及建模思路 综合指数法 | 直接观察法 推断方法及实施方案 | 提供推断方法应用难点的具体解决方案 |
表3 各国受威胁物种账户记录的风险类别总结Table 3 Summary of risk categories recorded in national threatened species accounts |
风险类别 | 灭绝 | 野外灭绝 | 极危 | 濒危 | 易危 | 近危 | 无危 | 数据缺乏 | 未予评估 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
荷兰 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
澳大利亚 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
巴西 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
表4 受威胁物种账户的一般结构Table 4 General structure of threatened species accounts |
《红色名录》类别 | 总数 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
灭绝 | 野外灭绝 | 极危 | 濒危 | 易危 | 近危 | 无危 | 数据缺乏 | 未予评估 | ||
期初存量 | ||||||||||
期内增加 | ||||||||||
来自更低威胁类别 | ||||||||||
来自更高威胁类别 | ||||||||||
新物种的发现 | ||||||||||
灭绝物种的重新发现 | ||||||||||
重新分类 | ||||||||||
更新评估 | ||||||||||
名单中新增内容 | ||||||||||
总增加量 | ||||||||||
期内减少 | ||||||||||
转为更低威胁类别 | ||||||||||
转为更高威胁类别 | ||||||||||
重新分类 | ||||||||||
局部灭绝 | ||||||||||
更新评估 | ||||||||||
总减少量 | ||||||||||
期末存量 |
表5 2006—2013年荷兰生态系统账户结构Table 5 Structure of ecosystem accounts in the Netherlands, 2006-2013 |
干燥自然 | 淡水 | 海洋 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
森林 | 草地 | 石楠地 | 湿地 | 沙丘 | 盐沼地 | 海滩 | 流沙 | |||||||
期初存量 | ||||||||||||||
期内增加 | ||||||||||||||
来自干燥自然 | ||||||||||||||
来自淡水 | ||||||||||||||
来自海洋 | ||||||||||||||
来自农田 | ||||||||||||||
来自城市 | ||||||||||||||
来自其他 | ||||||||||||||
增加总比例 | ||||||||||||||
期内减少 | ||||||||||||||
转为干燥自然 | ||||||||||||||
转为淡水 | ||||||||||||||
转为海洋 | ||||||||||||||
转为农田 | ||||||||||||||
转为城市 | ||||||||||||||
转为其他 | ||||||||||||||
减少总比例 | ||||||||||||||
期内净变化 | ||||||||||||||
净变化率 | ||||||||||||||
期末存量 | ||||||||||||||
农田 | 城市 | 其他 | ||||||||||||
农田 | 田间边界 | 建成区 | 公共建筑 | 公共绿地 | 未开发地 | 未知地 | ||||||||
期初存量 | ||||||||||||||
期内增加 | ||||||||||||||
来自干燥自然 | ||||||||||||||
来自淡水 | ||||||||||||||
来自海洋 | ||||||||||||||
来自农田 | ||||||||||||||
来自城市 | ||||||||||||||
来自其他 | ||||||||||||||
增加总比例 | ||||||||||||||
期内减少 | ||||||||||||||
转为干燥自然 | ||||||||||||||
转为淡水 | ||||||||||||||
转为海洋 | ||||||||||||||
转为农田 | ||||||||||||||
转为城市 | ||||||||||||||
转为其他 | ||||||||||||||
减少总比例 | ||||||||||||||
期内净变化 | ||||||||||||||
净变化率 | ||||||||||||||
期末存量 |
注:资料来源于荷兰统计局(https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb)。 |
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