JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES >
Research on the relationship between area-based conservation and tourism: Ideological origins and theory evolution
Received date: 2024-01-15
Revised date: 2024-05-11
Online published: 2024-10-16
In the transition context of China's ecological civilization, it is of practical significance to consciously trace the theoretical logic of the relationship between area-based conservation and tourism from western literature. Based on the evolution and social construction ontology of the relationship between conservation and tourism, a conceptual model is built for guiding the study. The critical literature analysis considers comparing the historical dynamics of the interaction between theory and practice in the process of repeated questioning to grasp the relationship complexity in the process of theories making and breaking. The results show that the relationship between conservation and tourism theoretically evolves through three typical stages, namely, "mutual rejection in theory", "consensus and governance in practice", and "neoliberal risks of the relationship". The evolution process is centered on the ultimate goal of effective conservation, incorporating the framework of sustainable development and cooperative governance. The evolution dynamics stems from the repeated gaps and adjustments between theory and practice. In the early stage of fortress-style conservation, conservation and tourism formed an exclusion dichotomy. The emergence and widespread of sustainable development in the new century has promoted the integration of conservation and development. Tourism, as an integrative practice, formed a consensual co-management relationship with conservation. Three types of governance programs emerged from the research around the pluralistic goals of consensus: integrated and sustainable development approach, community based eco-tourism, and adaptive co-management. Recent neoliberalism has promoted eco-social risks from the conservation-tourism nexus. Tourism, based on critical political ecology of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, acted as a justice practice role for conservation to promote tangible sustainable development change. The study provides an alternative inspiring domestic scholar to go beyond the simplified thinking of the conservation-tourism nexus in natural sciences. It helps to pay attention to the real practice of tourism in protected areas from the social complexity theoretical perspective, and to develop localized knowledge from Chinese ecological civilization in the light of the historical evolution of international theories.
ZHANG Hai-zhou . Research on the relationship between area-based conservation and tourism: Ideological origins and theory evolution[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2024 , 39(10) : 2383 -2398 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20241008
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