JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES >
Conservation-compatible livelihoods in protected areas: Concept and the implementation approach
Received date: 2022-02-10
Revised date: 2022-07-19
Online published: 2023-04-11
This research proposed a concept of conservation-compatible livelihoods (CCLs) and a systematic implementation approach based on the conservation-compatible idea and the "people-oriented" conservation policies and practices. A large number of case studies, plans, and management policies of protected areas with the key element of "conservation-compatible" were screened, and analysed in an inductive way to review the sustainable livelihoods in protected areas. This process led to the proposal of CCLs. The CCLs return to the reciprocity of humans and nature and are centered on the shift of the global conservation discourse from "fortress conservation" to "community conservation". We defined CCLs as the way of making a living from natural resource use and management, and production and operation based on or dominated by certain rural land use in the social-ecological system composed of the protected areas and their boundary communities. We identified four groups of CCL activities and summarised their major features concerning the ecological, economic, cultural and social aspects. Aiming at synergising local resource use and global biodiversity conservation, we suggested a triple-judgement approach for the conservation agency and local government to help communities to achieve CCLs, namely, the identification of the livelihood demands, whether they are compatible with conservation targets, and whether their economic returns are acceptable. We further constructed a master model of the mechanism of the conservation-compatible livelihood approach and illustrated how to reach a fair and sustainable rural livelihood through sustainable resource use and value-adding processes based on local resource endowment and multi-stakeholder participation. This mechanism also confirmed the application of the CCL approach beyond the scope of protected areas to a larger conservation network. We argued that the CCL approach is feasible concerning the on-going institutional changes in China, and promoting conservation-compatible livelihoods in conservation practices is very supportive to coordinate rural development and protected area management, and to secure the development needs of developing countries when they are taking great responsibility in global biodiversity conservation causes. Finally, we pointed out that it is necessary to apply the CCL approach in other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) at the landscape scale to enrich the way to achieve CCL and expand the appropriate spatial areas. Tracking the progress of CCLs and evaluating their outcomes are also important.
HE Si-yuan , MIN Qing-wen . Conservation-compatible livelihoods in protected areas: Concept and the implementation approach[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2023 , 38(4) : 862 -873 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20230402
表1 保护兼容性生计活动的常见类型Table 1 A typology of conservation-compatible livelihoods |
保护兼容性活动 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
产业 | 自然资源收获与消耗 | 生态生产 | 非消耗性产品 和服务 | 其他支持服务 |
采集狩猎 | 适度狩猎捕鸟 | 狩猎牧场 | ||
种养殖业 | 传统农业 生态农业:农业复合系统 养蜂和蜂蜜生产,菌类种植,酿酒 庭院生态种植 | |||
牧业 | 生态牧场 适度放牧 | |||
林业 | 适度伐木 非木质林产品收获和售卖 受控药用资源、野花采集 | 传统林业 社区林业 碳汇林业 | ||
渔业 | 非破坏性捕捞 | 自然饲料渔业 可持续水产养殖 | ||
旅游业 | 手工艺品制作和售卖 | 生态旅游 野生动物旅游 民族手工艺 访客食宿供给 食品加工 小型杂货商店 环境教育解说 | ||
其他产业 | 低生态足迹采矿 替代能源 | 传统知识服务 文创产品开发 | 生态监测管理 信息技术服务 商业服务 金融服务 |
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