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Influencing factors and multiple paths of tourism development in resource-declining cities: A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach
Received date: 2022-04-11
Revised date: 2022-06-16
Online published: 2023-03-08
Resource-based cities are the cities that take the exploitation and processing of natural resources (minerals, forests, etc.) in the region as the leading industries (including prefecture-level cities, regions and other prefecture-level administrative regions, and county-level cities, counties and other county-level administrative units). They are important guarantees for the protection and utilization of energy resources in China and promote the sustainable development of the national economy. However, in the process of development, resource-based cities are facing problems such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and lack of endogenous power of transformation. Therefore, promoting resource-based cities transformation and development is a key measure to accelerate the construction of ecological civilization and build a new development pattern in the new era. This study takes 19 resource-declining cities (prefecture-level cities) as the research object, and constructs an influencing factor index system of tourism transformation and development of resource-based cities, including four dimensions of ecological environment, resource environment, economic environment and cultural environment. On this basis, using the method of qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets, this paper makes necessity analysis of single variable and multivariate path configuration analysis to explore the influencing factors and driving types of tourism transformation and development of resource-based cities. It is found that: (1) Environmental regulation is a single necessary condition for the transformation and development of tourism in resource-declining cities. Under the guidance of the government, effective environmental regulation can reduce the damage to the ecological environment caused by the economic growth of resource-declining cities, and then provide a good ecological environment for tourism development. (2) There are four driving types in the transformation and development of tourism in resource-declining cities: economic development driven, environment-culture driven, environment-energy-culture driven and environment-economy-culture driven models. On this basis, by comparing the core conditions of various types, we can further find that the environment and culture play a more important role in the process of tourism transformation. (3) There are four driving types leading to the transformation and development of non-tourism: environment-economy inhibition, environment-economy-culture inhibition, cultural endowment inhibition and economy-culture inhibition. It can be seen that economic development, cultural endowment and environment are the key to restricting the tourism development of resource-declining cities. From the perspective of configuration, this study combs the influencing factors and action mechanism in the process of tourism transformation in resource-declining cities, and further analyzes the driving types of "tourism transformation development" and "non-tourism transformation development". The research results not only enrich the relevant academic achievements of the transformation and development of resource-based cities, but also provide academic support and theoretical reference for their practical development.
ZHANG Sai-yin , LEI Ting , SUN Jie , LU Guang-juan , WANG Jin-wei . Influencing factors and multiple paths of tourism development in resource-declining cities: A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2023 , 38(3) : 601 -617 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20230303
表1 前因变量和结果变量的指标权重Table 1 Index weights of conditional and outcome variables |
一级变量 | 二级变量 | 测量指标 | 权重 |
---|---|---|---|
旅游业 | 旅游发展水平 | 旅游综合收入/亿元 | 0.483 |
旅游接待人数/万人次 | 0.517 | ||
环境治理 | 环境压力EP | 工业SO2排放量/t | 0.262 |
工业废水排放量/万t | 0.375 | ||
工业烟(粉)尘排放量/t | 0.363 | ||
环境规制ER | 建成区绿化覆盖率/% | 0.192 | |
节能环保支出占公共预算支出比例/% | 0.308 | ||
生活垃圾无害化处理率/% | 0.089 | ||
污水处理率/% | 0.080 | ||
道路清扫保洁面积/万m2 | 0.331 | ||
能源利用 | 资源依赖RP | 采掘业从业人员占总就业人数的比例/% | 1.000 |
资源耗费RC | 综合能源消费量/万tce | 1.000 | |
经济发展 | 发展阶段DS | 人均GDP/元 | 1.000 |
基础设施INF | 人均固定资产投资/元 | 1.000 | |
文化禀赋 | 资源丰度RA | A级景区数量、全国重点文物保护单位数量、博物馆纪念馆数量、国家级非物质文化遗产数量之和 | 1.000 |
支持力度SS | 文化体育与传媒支出、一般公共预算支出/% | 0.792 | |
文化体育和娱乐业就业人数占总就业人数的比例/% | 0.271 |
表2 前因变量和结果变量校准结果Table 2 Calibration of conditional and outcome variables |
结果和前因变量 | 校准点 | ||
---|---|---|---|
完全隶属 | 交叉点 | 完全不隶属 | |
旅游发展水平 | 0.587 | 0.319 | 0.052 |
环境压力EP | 0.229 | 0.146 | 0.064 |
环境规制ER | 0.614 | 0.476 | 0.339 |
资源依赖RP | 0.104 | 0.055 | 0.005 |
资源耗费RC | 1273.110 | 849.061 | 425.013 |
发展阶段DS | 55658.200 | 45383.100 | 35108.000 |
基础设施INF | 64967.819 | 40435.422 | 15903.025 |
资源丰度RA | 47.000 | 34.000 | 21.000 |
支持力度SS | 0.309 | 0.245 | 0.180 |
表3 单变量必要性分析Table 3 Necessity analysis of single variable |
变量 | 一致性 | 覆盖率 | 变量 | 一致性 | 覆盖率 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境压力(EP) | 0.711934 | 0.577308 | ~环境压力(~EP) | 0.406036 | 0.295704 |
环境规制(ER) | 0.921811 | 0.554913 | ~环境规制(~ER) | 0.220850 | 0.233672 |
资源依赖(RD) | 0.356653 | 0.302326 | ~资源依赖(~RD) | 0.780521 | 0.547115 |
资源耗费(RC) | 0.513031 | 0.410088 | ~资源耗费(~RC) | 0.611797 | 0.451417 |
发展阶段(DS) | 0.702332 | 0.554113 | ~发展阶段(~DS) | 0.456790 | 0.341189 |
基础设施(INF) | 0.651577 | 0.460271 | ~基础设施(~INF) | 0.484225 | 0.406682 |
资源丰度(RA) | 0.444444 | 0.487952 | ~资源丰度(~RA) | 0.274348 | 0.229095 |
支持力度(SS) | 0.508386 | 0.561343 | ~支持力度(~SS) | 0.644719 | 0.380259 |
表4 多元路径组态分析结果Table 4 The result of multiple path configuration |
序号 | 路径 | 原始覆盖率 | 唯一覆盖率 | 一致性 |
---|---|---|---|---|
结果变量:资源衰退型城市旅游转型发展 | ||||
1 | ~环境压力*环境规制*~资源依赖*~资源耗费*发展阶段*基础设施*~支持力度 | 0.2292 | 0.1536 | 0.9227 |
2 | 环境压力*环境规制*~资源依赖*~资源耗费*~发展阶段*~基础设施*资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1166 | 0.0686 | 0.9551 |
3 | 环境压力*环境规制*~资源依赖*资源耗费*发展阶段*基础设施*资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1975 | 0.1317 | 0.9730 |
4 | 环境压力*环境规制*资源依赖*资源耗费*~发展阶段*~基础设施*资源丰度*支持力度 | 0.1495 | 0.0947 | 0.9910 |
5 | 环境压力*环境规制*~资源依赖*~资源耗费*发展阶段*基础设施*资源丰度*支持力度 | 0.1399 | 0.0658 | 1.0000 |
总体解的覆盖率:0.6283 | ||||
总体解的一致性:0.9683 | ||||
结果变量:资源衰退型城市非旅游转型发展 | ||||
1 | ~环境压力*~环境规制*~资源依赖*资源耗费*~发展阶段*~基础设施*~资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
2 | ~环境压力*环境规制*~资源依赖*~资源耗费*~发展阶段*~基础设施*资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
3 | ~环境压力*~环境规制*资源依赖*~资源耗费*~发展阶段*基础设施*资源丰度*支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
4 | ~环境规制*资源依赖*~资源耗费*~发展阶段*~基础设施*~资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
5 | ~环境压力*环境规制*~资源依赖*资源耗费*~发展阶段*基础设施*资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
6 | 环境规制*~资源依赖*资源耗费*发展阶段*基础设施*~资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
7 | 环境压力*环境规制*资源依赖*资源耗费*发展阶段*~基础设施*~资源丰度*支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
8 | 环境压力*环境规制*资源依赖*资源耗费*~发展阶段*~基础设施*资源丰度*~支持力度 | 0.1025 | 0.0632 | 0.9836 |
总体解的覆盖率:0.7319 | ||||
总体解的一致性:0.9805 |
表5 资源衰退型城市旅游转型发展组态路径Table 5 The path of resource-based city transforming to tourism development |
A | B1 | B2 | C | D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境压力EP | $\otimes$ | ● | ● | ● | ● |
环境规制ER | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
资源依赖RD | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ |
资源耗费RC | $\bigotimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | ● | $\bigotimes$ |
发展阶段DS | ● | $\bigotimes$ | ● | $\otimes$ | ● |
基础设施INF | ● | $\otimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ | ● |
资源丰度RA | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
支持力度SS | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | ● |
原始覆盖率 | 0.2292 | 0.1166 | 0.1975 | 0.1495 | 0.1399 |
唯一覆盖率 | 0.1536 | 0.0686 | 0.1317 | 0.0947 | 0.0658 |
一致性 | 0.9227 | 0.9551 | 0.9730 | 0.9910 | 1.0000 |
总体解的覆盖率:0.6283 | |||||
总体解的一致性:0.9683 |
注:●表示核心条件存在,●表示边缘条件存在,$\bigotimes$表示核心条件缺失,$\otimes$表示边缘条件缺失,下同。 |
表6 资源衰退型城市“非旅游转型发展”的组态路径Table 6 The path of resource-based city not transforming to tourism development |
a1 | a2 | a3 | b1 | b2 | c1 | c2 | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境压力EP | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | ● | ● | ||
环境规制ER | $\bigotimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | ● | ● | ● | ● |
资源依赖RD | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | ● | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | ● |
资源耗费RC | ● | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | ● | ● | ● |
发展阶段DS | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | $\otimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | ● | ● | $\bigotimes$ |
基础设施INF | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ | ● | ● | $\otimes$ | $\bigotimes$ |
资源丰度RA | $\otimes$ | ● | ● | $\otimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | ● |
支持力度SS | $\otimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ | $\bigotimes$ | $\otimes$ | ● | $\bigotimes$ |
原始覆盖率 | 0.1025 | 0.0897 | 0.1204 | 0.1810 | 0.0777 | 0.1990 | 0.0760 | 0.0837 |
唯一覆盖率 | 0.0632 | 0.0640 | 0.0974 | 0.1435 | 0.0350 | 0.1503 | 0.0495 | 0.0538 |
一致性 | 0.9836 | 0.9545 | 0.9527 | 0.9907 | 0.9192 | 0.9668 | 0.9570 | 0.9333 |
总体解的覆盖率:0.7319 | ||||||||
总体解的一致性:0.9805 |
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