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Analysis of aquaculture farmers' adaptation behavior toward typhoon disaster in Zhoushan Islands and Dongtou Islands and its influencing factors
Received date: 2021-06-07
Request revised date: 2021-11-04
Online published: 2022-06-28
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The IPCC special report on global warming of 1.5 °C and the IPCC special report on climate change and land both identify aquaculture as one of the key sectors that requires attention on global food security and the upgrading of adaptation policy. Research on the disaster-adaptive behavior and its influencing factors at the farmer level is of great value for enhancing the adaptive capacity to disasters, ensuring the livelihood of aquaculture farmers, and the sustainable development of islands, so as to revitalize fishing villages. However, very few studies have been conducted at the farmer level. Using survey data obtained from 202 aquaculture farmers from the Zhoushan and Dongtou Island regions and applying multivariate probit model, this study analyzes the disaster adaptation strategies of aquaculture farmers during the whole process of disaster management and the influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) Diverse multilevel adaptive strategies were adopted in study areas to deal with typhoon disaster. Up-front strategies, simple early strategies and future-benefits strategies were used significantly less than no-regret reaction and low-regret tactics by aquaculture farmers, making most farmers' adaptation strategies less effective. More than half of the farmers are willing to adopt the up-front, simple early and future-benefits strategies in the future if conditions facilitate usage of these strategies. (2) Each factor affected adaptation strategies of aquaculture farmers negatively and positively at the same time, and there was also significant complementary and substitutive relationship among the adaptive strategies selected by the aquaculture farmers. (3) Age, family labor, and the number of disasters occurring in the past 5 years were important factors influencing aquaculture farmers' adaptive behavior. Input, health status, disaster perception, income, education level, and social capital also had a significant impact on farmers' adaptive behavior. (4) Some influencing factors and their effects on the disaster adaptation behavior of aquaculture farmers in Zhoushan Islands and Dongtou Islands were different from those in other regions, which highlight the uniqueness of island regions. This study identifies the key influencing factors and weakness of adaptation behavior toward typhoon disaster, and the conclusions provide useful insight into the optimization and adjustment of the government and farmers' adaptation strategies.
YUAN Hai-hong , LYU Yi , ZHANG Shi-jing . Analysis of aquaculture farmers' adaptation behavior toward typhoon disaster in Zhoushan Islands and Dongtou Islands and its influencing factors[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2022 , 37(4) : 1089 -1103 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20220418
表1 变量定义及描述统计Table 1 Explanatory variables for multivariate probit model on aquaculture farmer's adaptive strategies to typhoon disasters |
变量 | 代码 | 变量描述 | 平均值 | 标准差 |
---|---|---|---|---|
户主年龄 | X1 | 实际年龄/岁 | 55.52 | 8.46 |
教育程度 | X2 | 按受教育年限/年,文盲=0;小学=6;初中=9;高中=12;大学及以上=16 | 7.72 | 2.86 |
健康状况 | X3 | 健康=1;间歇性小病=3;长期慢性病=4;患有大病=7 | 1.78 | 1.75 |
投入/养殖面积 | X4 | 实际投入/万元/15亩以下=1;15~30亩=2;30~50亩=3;50~80亩=4;80亩以上=5 | 2.85/21.81 | 1.05/20.47 |
家庭劳动力 | X5 | 实际从事养殖业的人数/人 | 1.5 | 0.62 |
5年平均收入 | X6 | 实际收入/万元 | 12.05 | 17.6 |
灾害损失 | X7 | 实际损失/万元 | 8.69 | 18.85 |
灾害感知 | X8 | 未来台风灾害对养殖业的危害程度:很小=1;小=2,一般=3,大=4,很大=5 | 4.45 | 0.74 |
五年遭灾次数 | X9 | 实际次数/次 | 3.77 | 1.19 |
社会资本 | X10 | 有亲友帮助,是为1,否为0;与村民聚在一起商讨相关应对措施,是为1,否为0;彼此互相帮助应对台风,是为1,否为0;政府或社区开展了应对台风的培训,是为1,否为0;参与渔农业合作组织,是为1,否为0;是否加入宗教等民间团体,是为1,否为0;是否与大学科研机构合作,是为1,否为0 | 1.37 | 1.14 |
注:调查中从事海水养殖业的90%以上是男性户主,样本性别差异非常小,因此性别没有作为解释变量。各解释变量对不同适应策略影响方向可能不同,因此预期影响方向暂不做判定。 |
表2 养殖户灾前、灾中的适应措施Table 2 Adaptation strategies of aquaculture farmers taken before and during a disaster |
编号 | 灾前、灾中适应措施 | 形式 | 频数/户 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 池塘内多蓄海水 | 技术 | 29 | 25.66 |
2 | 疏通排洪沟 | 技术 | 62 | 54.87 |
3 | 调整饲料、使用药物增强体质与抗应激能力 | 技术 | 96 | 84.96 |
4 | 检查相关设备,做好饲料及药品储备 | 技术 | 61 | 53.98 |
5 | 在养殖区周围筑起堤坝 | 基础设施 | 16 | 14.16 |
6 | 提前获取灾害预警信息 | 信息 | 198 | 98.02 |
7 | 争取政府支援 | 制度 | 3 | 1.5 |
8 | 与邻居等共同商讨应对策略 | 信息与制度 | 33 | 16.3 |
9 | 加固相关设施 | 基础设施 | 105 | 52.0 |
10 | 多样化收入来源 | 经济 | 21 | 10.3 |
11 | 养殖品种多样化 | 技术 | 101 | 50 |
12 | 购买保险 | 经济 | 10 | 4.95 |
13 | 将养殖产品转移到相对安全的区域 | 基础设施 | 6 | 3.0 |
注:编号1~5的适应策略是113户鱼虾蟹贝养殖户可能采用的,编号6~13的适应策略是所有202户养殖户可能采用的,因此计算比例时样本总量不同。 |
表3 养殖户灾后的适应措施Table 3 Adaptation strategies of aquaculture farmers in post-disaster phase |
编号 | 灾后适应措施 | 形式 | 频数/户 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 及时排水换水、消毒和水质调节等各种措施预防病虫害发生 | 技术 | 110 | 97.35 |
2 | 提高机体的免疫力,加强投喂优质饵料 | 技术 | 88 | 77.87 |
3 | 合理配置、使用增氧机 | 技术 | 34 | 30.09 |
4 | 对动物死体及时深埋处理,并做好隔离的各项工作,防止腐烂传播疾病 | 技术 | 12 | 10.62 |
5 | 重新购买苗种养殖 | 技术 | 23 | 11.4 |
6 | 重新修建破坏的设施 | 基础设施 | 149 | 73.76 |
7 | 向亲友和银行借贷 | 经济 | 61 | 15.35 |
8 | 政府补贴和救济 | 制度 | 3 | 1.49 |
9 | 保险赔偿 | 经济与制度 | 10 | 4.95 |
10 | 大学、科研机构或民间团体的帮助 | 经济与技术 | 6 | 2.97 |
注:编号1~4的适应策略是113户鱼虾蟹贝养殖户可能采用的,编号5~10的适应策略是所有202户养殖户可能采用的,因此计算比例时样本总量不同。 |
表4 养殖户应对台风灾害和气候变化的未来适应计划Table 4 Aquaculture farmers' future adaptive plans to typhoon disaster risk and climate change |
预期适应行为 | 频数/户 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|
扩大水产养殖业规模 | 23 | 11.39 |
缩小水产养殖业规模 | 27 | 13.37 |
暂继续目前的养殖规模,未来看收益情况决定扩大、缩小、或转行 | 118 | 58.42 |
放弃水产养殖 | 31 | 15.35 |
改变养殖品种 | 3 | 1.49 |
如果有合适的科技产品,愿意更多应用科技 | 80 | 39.6 |
如果有合适的保险产品,愿意购买保险 | 103 | 50.99 |
迁出本海岛 | 0 | 0 |
表5 Multivariate probit模型回归结果分析Table 5 Estimated results of the multivariate probit model of determinants of adaptation to typhoon disaster in aquaculture farming |
因变量 | 养殖品种多样化 | 加固设施 | 生计多样化 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
解释变量 | 系数 | dy/dx | 系数 | dy/dx | 系数 | dy/dx | ||||
年龄 | 0.098*** | 0.024 | -0.019 | -0.006 | -0.022 | -0.004 | ||||
教育程度 | 0.098** | 0.024 | -0.078** | -0.031 | 0.056 | 0.008 | ||||
健康状况 | -0.043 | -0.005 | 0.097* | 0.026 | -0.055 | -0.009 | ||||
投入 | 0.035*** | 0.008 | 0.013* | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
家庭劳动力 | -0.862*** | -0.234 | 0.13 | 0.034 | 0.049 | 0.014 | ||||
5年平均收入 | -0.031*** | -0.006 | 0.019*** | 0.006 | -0.003 | -0.001 | ||||
灾害损失 | 0.007 | 0.001 | -0.014 | -0.004 | -0.017 | -0.003 | ||||
灾害感知 | 0.108 | 0.033 | -0.605*** | -0.209 | 0.303 | 0.041 | ||||
5年遭灾次数 | -0.016 | 0.003 | -0.033 | -0.014 | -0.215* | -0.03 | ||||
社会资本 | 0.206* | 0.052 | -0.058 | -0.019 | 0.011 | 0.007 | ||||
常数 | -6.000*** | 3.866*** | -0.993 | |||||||
因变量 | 重修损坏设施 | 重买苗种养殖 | 借贷 | |||||||
解释变量 | 系数 | dy/dx | 系数 | dy/dx | 系数 | dy/dx | ||||
年龄 | -0.044*** | -0.015 | -0.068*** | -0.009 | -0.037*** | -0.013 | ||||
教育程度 | -0.079* | -0.028 | -0.06 | -0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | ||||
健康状况 | 0.07 | 0.017 | -0.136 | -0.015 | 0.227*** | 0.078 | ||||
投入 | -0.006 | -0.001 | -0.016 | -0.002 | 0.014** | 0.005 | ||||
家庭劳动力 | 0.241 | 0.062 | 0.452** | 0.066 | 0.139 | 0.036 | ||||
5年平均收入 | 0.017*** | 0.003 | -0.014 | -0.001 | 0.008 | 0.003 | ||||
灾害损失 | -0.017* | -0.001 | 0.017** | 0.002 | -0.006 | -0.002 | ||||
灾害感知 | -0.117 | -0.037 | 0.269 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.021 | ||||
5年遭灾次数 | 0.331*** | 0.095 | 0.321** | 0.047 | 0.245*** | 0.085 | ||||
社会资本 | -0.272*** | -0.057 | 0.069 | 0.008 | -0.017 | -0.004 | ||||
常数 | 2.683** | 0.0574 | 0.259 | |||||||
协方差矩阵 | DT | RF | DL | RD | RS | |||||
DT | ||||||||||
RF | -0.576*** | |||||||||
DL | 0.215 | -0.116 | ||||||||
RD | -0.382*** | 0.338*** | 0.631*** | |||||||
RS | -0.475*** | -0.168 | -0.302* | 0.112 | ||||||
DC | -0.045 | 0.165 | 0.153 | 0.282** | 0.038 | |||||
Log pseudo Likelihood=-510.2,Likelihood ratio test of rho21=rho31=rho41=rho51=rho61=rho32=rho42=rho52=rho62=rho43=rho53=rho63=rho54=rho64=rho65=0, chi2(15)=73.352, Prob>chi2=0.0000 |
注:DT、RF、DL、RD、RS、DC分别代表养殖品种多样化、加固设施、生计多样化、重修损坏设施、重买苗种养殖、借贷,*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平下通过显著性检验。 |
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