JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES >
Spatio-temporal changes in remote sensing-based ecological index in China since 2000
Received date: 2020-05-11
Revised date: 2021-01-14
Online published: 2021-07-28
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has responded to a national land-system sustainability emergency via an integrated portfolio of large-scale programmes. A series of ecological restoration projects and land regulating and planning policies have been implemented for sustainable development, which substantially improved the security status of the country's ecology. However, comprehensive assessments of the ecological status based on objective data and framework are still limited. Remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) has been proposed as an objective and effective approach for assessing ecological security on a regional scale. However, a national scale application has not been conducted yet. Here we generated the annual RSEI products from 2000 to 2019 by using four indicators (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI), Wetness Index (Wet), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data as well as the Google Earth Engine (GEE)-a cloud computing platform. The results showed that the multi-year average RSEI showed higher values in the southeast coastal regions compared with the northwestern regions, the regions with superior hydrothermal conditions have high RSEI values, while the arid and semi-arid inland areas with higher elevations and cold-dry climates have low RSEI values and fragile ecological conditions. In general, the whole country experienced a significant improvement of RSEI, and all the provincial-level regions in China, except Shanghai, Tibet, and Macao, have shown an increasing RSEI. The three provinces with the fastest growing rates were Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Hebei, with increases of 0.29, 0.25, and 0.19, respectively. The RSEI increased significantly in the Northeast China Plain, Loess Plateau, south and north of the North China Plain, the north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, and the south of the Junggar Basin in the northwest desert region, while the RSEI decreased in the Tianshan Mountain range, the southwest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the central part of the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. This study quantitatively evaluated the macro patterns of RSEI changes based on GEE since 2000, and expecte to support decision making on land use management and ecological protection.
HE Ying-li , YOU Nan-shan , CUI Yao-ping , XIAO Tong , HAO Yuan-yuan , DONG Jin-wei . Spatio-temporal changes in remote sensing-based ecological index in China since 2000[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021 , 36(5) : 1176 -1185 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20210507
表1 20年间RSEI增加最多和减少最多的前三个省(市、区)Table 1 The three provinces with the fastest increase and decrease change of RSEI in China from 2000 to 2019 |
省(市、区) | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2019年 | 20年间差值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
山西 | 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.29 |
河北 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.19 |
甘肃 | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
西藏 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.08 | -0.06 | -0.01 |
澳门 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.38 | -0.02 |
上海 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.68 | -0.14 |
表2 2000—2019年每五年生态状况变化面积及占比Table 2 Change area and proportion of RSEI in China in every five years from 2000 to 2019 |
级别 | 2000—2005年 | 2005—2010年 | 2010—2015年 | 2015—2019年 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
面积/万hm2 | 百分比/% | 面积/万hm2 | 百分比/% | 面积/万hm2 | 百分比/% | 面积/万hm2 | 百分比/% | |
Ⅰ | 69 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 92 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Ⅱ | 5184 | 6 | 4146 | 4 | 5431 | 6 | 69 | 7 |
Ⅲ | 76117 | 81 | 77861 | 83 | 67253 | 72 | 782 | 84 |
Ⅳ | 11960 | 13 | 11289 | 12 | 19216 | 21 | 82 | 9 |
Ⅴ | 107 | 0 | 181 | 0 | 1466 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
注:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ表示生态状况的变化级别分别为明显变差、变差、不变、变好和明显变好。 |
表3 2000—2019年每五年生态状况变化面积转移矩阵Table 3 Transition matrix of the RSEI in China in every five years from 2000 to 2019 (万hm2) |
时段/年 | 生态级别 | 差 | 较差 | 中 | 良 | 优 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000—2005 | 差 | 17709 | 1199 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
较差 | 1768 | 18673 | 1043 | 21 | 2 | |
中 | 10 | 2862 | 9085 | 1242 | 38 | |
良 | 0 | 63 | 3005 | 11996 | 1374 | |
优 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 3569 | 13844 | |
2005—2010 | 差 | 16641 | 680 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
较差 | 2264 | 18872 | 933 | 8 | 0 | |
中 | 5 | 1866 | 9593 | 1072 | 11 | |
良 | 1 | 86 | 2659 | 11597 | 1199 | |
优 | 0 | 7 | 72 | 3787 | 16239 | |
2010—2015 | 差 | 16509 | 2084 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
较差 | 794 | 17746 | 1824 | 14 | 1 | |
中 | 18 | 2114 | 8463 | 1530 | 19 | |
良 | 2 | 127 | 2195 | 10627 | 1269 | |
优 | 0 | 8 | 70 | 3383 | 18823 | |
2015—2019 | 差 | 17062 | 1059 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
较差 | 1526 | 16757 | 1147 | 58 | 1 | |
中 | 6 | 2507 | 8916 | 1767 | 53 | |
良 | 0 | 52 | 2041 | 10776 | 2488 | |
优 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 1607 | 19739 |
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