JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES >
Spatiotemporal evolution and its influencing factors of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China
Received date: 2019-11-06
Request revised date: 2019-12-18
Online published: 2021-02-28
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The interaction between human beings and wild animals has a profound and complex history. Wildlife tourism has gradually been seen as a compatible medium for people to interact with nature and wild animals. Along with the increasing demand in China, the supply of wildlife-themed tourist attractions, to some extent, has disordered competition, resulting in a waste of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to sort and analyze the resource base of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China. Selecting 574 semi-consumptive wildlife tourism attractions in China from 1906 to 2019 as objects of study, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution, evolution characteristics as well as the related influencing factors of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China, using models such as inter-annual variability index, nearest neighbor index, geographic concentration index, the Gini coefficient and the nuclear density analysis. The results show that: (1) In terms of time, the opening time of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China is scattered, and can be roughly divided into four stages, namely the exploration stage (1906-1948), rapid development stage (1949-1959), slow development stage (1960-1992) and high-speed development stage (1993-2019). (2) In terms of space, the attractions present a cohesive distribution, and are geographically concentrated. The development between regions is highly unbalanced. Three high-density areas have formed with Beijing, Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai and Guangzhou as cores. Overall, there are more attractions in the eastern and southern coastal areas and less in the western part of China, with a transition in central China. Over time, the cohesion form continues and geographic concentration index gradually decreases approaching the assumed average level. However, the growth between regions is increasingly unbalanced. (3) The distribution of wildlife tourist attractions is influenced by development of history and national policies concerning the protection of wildlife animals, and has a certain positive correlation with the local factors such as population, the degree of economic development and the scale of tourism development. The attractions tend to be located in areas with great regional advantages, high population density, developed economy and leading tourism development. The research conclusion provides an overall cognition of spatial and temporal distribution of semi-consumptive wildlife attractions in China and will be the scientific basis and reference for investors and relevant managers to promote the further development and planning of wildlife tourism in the future.
CONG Li , YU Jia-ping , WANG Ling-en . Spatiotemporal evolution and its influencing factors of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions in China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020 , 35(12) : 2831 -2847 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20201202
表1 半资源消费型野生动物旅游景区分类Table 1 The classifications of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions |
分类 | 特征 | 类型 |
---|---|---|
城市动物园 | 多物种和圈养生境 | 动物园、园中园、动物角、商场内小型主题动物园、动植物园等 |
野生动物园 | 多物种和半圈养生境 | 野生动物园、野生动物世界、野生动物繁育和研究中心、森林动物园等 |
专类动物园 | 特定物种和其生境 | 鸟语林、狮虎园、鳄鱼园、鹿苑、熊猫园、蝴蝶谷、昆虫馆等 |
海洋主题公园(海洋世界、海洋公园、水族馆、海洋王国等) |
表2 SCWTA景区的地理集中指数表Table 2 The index of concentration of semi-consumptive wildlife tourist attractions |
指标 | 所有景区 | 城市动物园 | 野生动物园 | 专类动物园 | 海洋主题公园 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
实际的地理集中指数 | 21.527 | 21.832 | 26.813 | 21.813 | 23.671 |
假设的平均地理集中指数 | 17.961 | 18.257 | 20.851 | 17.669 | 19.612 |
表3 各时间阶段最邻近指数Table 3 The nearest neighbor index of each time phase |
指标 | 第一阶段 1906—1948年 | 第二阶段 1949—1959年 | 第三阶段 1960—1992年 | 第四阶段1993—2019年 |
---|---|---|---|---|
实际最邻近距离/km | 273.813 | 190.291 | 112.943 | 43.378 |
理论最邻近距离/km | 414.039 | 223.607 | 200.000 | 81.088 |
最邻近指数 | 0.661 | 0.851 | 0.565 | 0.535 |
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