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Coupling development mechanism and typical ways of targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China:Case analysis based on forestry
Received date: 2018-08-28
Request revised date: 2018-12-20
Online published: 2019-05-28
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Eco-compensation is an important policy of ecological construction and environmental protection in China. Targeted poverty alleviation is also a significant measure to promote regional coordinated development and ensure that impoverished people can get rid of poverty on schedule. There are some coupling points between the two, such as objects, subjects, carriers, standards, ways and means. China has put forward "a set of poverty alleviation through eco-compensation". Many regions, in light of their actual situations, have also carried out relevant works by combining eco-compensation with targeted poverty alleviation. At present, there are some connections and coupling developments between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China. The five typical coupling developments are shown in the following. (1) Coupling development between poor population and eco-compensation object. For the poor people with labor capacity, the government will employ them as forest rangers. As for the targets of poverty alleviation, they will be directly included in the scope of preferential policies of eco-compensation funds and receive subsidies under eco-compensation policies. (2) Coupling development between poverty alleviation region and eco-compensation area. In China, most of the poverty-stricken areas, such as concentrated areas with special difficulties, key counties for poverty alleviation and development, and poverty stricken villages, are distributed in ecologically fragile areas whose ecosystems are sensitive and need to be protected. (3) Coupling development between poverty alleviation industry and eco-compensation measure. The local governments guide the poor to realize green transfer of production, help the impoverished villages to adjust and optimize their industrial structure and transform the mode of economic development, train the impoverished households in planting and raising, and help them to develop special industries such as rural forest tourism, famous and special cash crops, farm recreation, and under-forest economy. (4) Coupling development between poverty intensity and eco-compensation standard. In China, we have implemented regional differential compensation policies, such as appropriately raising eco-compensation standards for poverty stricken villages and poor households, raising subsidies for ecological public welfare forests, and increasing the salaries of forest rangers, etc. In some regions, when determining the key poverty alleviation targets, we, in addition to considering poverty factors such as economic income, should also figure out whether these poverty alleviation targets undertake ecological construction tasks, such as ecological public welfare forest protection, and finally determine the corresponding compensation standards based on their ecological contribution. (5) Coupling development between poverty alleviation policy and eco-compensation requirement. In defining the object of poverty alleviation, priority should be given to the impoverished population who bear the task of public forest protection. In the arrangement of poverty alleviation funds and development funds, such as subsidies for returning farmland to forests and subsidies for under-forest economy arranged by various sectors, are preferentially inclined to the poorer households under the same conditions. In the key areas of poverty alleviation, priorities should be given to the fields of ecological environment construction and protection, the ecological industry development, and some other aspects which are closely related to eco-compensation policies. Each has its own connotation and characteristics. In order to further promote the coupling development between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China, we can take measures in many aspects, such as strengthening theoretical researches, clearing the direction and focus of coupling, consolidating the public foundation, and innovating the development model.
LIU Chun-la , XU Mei , ZHOU Ke-yang , ZENG Fan-chao , LIU Zi-ming . Coupling development mechanism and typical ways of targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China:Case analysis based on forestry[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019 , 34(5) : 989 -1002 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20190507
Fig. 1 Connotation and logical framework of eco-compensation图1 生态补偿的内涵及逻辑框架 |
Fig. 2 Connotation and logical framework of targeted poverty alleviation图2 精准扶贫的内涵及逻辑框架 |
Fig. 3 Coupling points and basic framework of targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation图3 生态补偿与精准扶贫的对接点及基本框架 |
Table 1 Coupling development ways of targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China表1 中国精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接发展方式举例 |
省名 | 精准扶贫与生态补偿对接发展的主要做法 | 典型区县 |
---|---|---|
贵州 | 实施生态公益林补偿脱贫工程,选聘特殊困难地区、建档立卡精准扶贫对象户为生态护林员(贫困程度较深的家庭优先考虑),建立贫困户生态补偿脱贫信息档案和生态补偿清单,以天然林和退耕还林的生态林面积大的地区和生态区位重要的地区为重点,集中安排 | 凤冈县、独山县等 |
云南 | 新一轮退耕还林还草范围优先安排贫困乡、贫困村和建档立卡贫困户,加大贫困地区生态保护修复力度,就地转化符合条件、有劳动能力的建档立卡贫困人口为护林员;重点生态项目区护林员,从符合条件的建档立卡户和贫困人口中聘用 | 广南县、砚山县等 |
河北 | 利用生态补偿和生态保护工程资金,雇用贫困户为生态护林员、森林消防队员等,给予一定的管护工资,通过生态护林脱贫一批 | 宣化县、承德县等 |
甘肃 | 从建档立卡贫困人口中聘用生态护林员,给予补偿,优先考虑少数民族家庭、贫困程度较深的家庭 | 清水县等 |
湖南 | 实施生态补偿转岗脱贫工程,在贫困村落实公益林补偿;安排景区生态公益林补助资金,用生态补偿的方式为贫困林农增加收入 | 新宁县、龙山县等 |
河南 | 深山荒芜区、地质灾害区、生态保护(脆弱)区等林业生态补偿区建档立卡贫困人口为异地扶贫搬迁重点对象 | 鲁山县等 |
湖北 | 从建档立卡贫困人口中选聘身体健康、责任心强的贫困户为生态护林员,享受生态补偿资金。 | 宣恩县等 |
陕西 | 新一轮退耕还林优先满足贫困村需求,护林员优先安排给建档立卡贫困户;确定贫困户享受国家退耕还林、生态效益补偿等优惠政策;支持有劳动能力贫困人员参与生态补偿工程建设,增加收入 | 乾县、榆阳区等 |
安徽 | 生态保护补偿资金向建档立卡贫困人口倾斜,加大贫困地区重点生态功能区生态补偿力度,开展贫困地区生态综合补偿试点,让有劳动能力的贫困人口就地转成护林员等;对在贫困地区开发水电、矿产资源占用集体土地的,给原住居民补偿集体股权 | 歙县、绩溪县等 |
广西 | 在帮扶干部的引导和帮助下,贫困户利用自家房前屋后的森林资源,发展林下养蜂、养鸡;实施生态补偿、生态产业造林、护林员项目等,补助资金直接打入贫困户“一折(卡)通”上 | 南丹县、天峨县等 |
四川 | 贫困地区与生态补偿区高度重合,建档立卡贫困户就地转为生态护林员;启动省级湿地生态补偿试点,聘请贫困农牧民管护湿地;整合天保、退耕还林、防沙治沙等生态补偿项目资金投入扶贫工作 | 汶川县、平昌县等 |
山西 | 整合生态补偿扶贫政策资金,向贫困村、贫困户倾斜,让有劳动能力的贫困人口就地转成护林员或生态保护人员 | 兴县等 |
江西 | 将山区散落贫困户分期集中搬迁安置,给予生态补偿,同时移民户原住地山林经营权不变,扶持养殖业和个体户实现增收脱贫;选聘有劳动能力的建档立卡贫困人员作为生态护林员 | 修水县、遂川县等 |
新疆 | 每人1万元标准支持符合条件的建档立卡贫困人口从事森林管护工作,利用生态补偿和生态保护资金使当地有劳动能力的贫困人口转为护林员等 | 各县 |
重庆 | 实行林业生态扶贫政策,让建档立卡贫困户在参与“种树”中脱贫;实施高山林业生态扶贫搬迁,根据搬迁户的贫困程度安排搬迁区域 | 巫山县、武隆县等 |
内蒙古 | 聘用有劳动能力的贫困人口为公益林护林员、草原管护员等,增加贫困人口工资性收入;将贫困人口所承包的部分耕地纳入新一轮退耕还林工程,给予政策补贴,增加贫困人口财产性收入 | 武川县、翁牛特旗等 |
黑龙江 | 建立生态补偿脱贫机制,利用国家封山育林、退耕还林的补偿政策,发展大果榛子等林下经济,带动贫困户整体脱贫 | 通河县等 |
青海 | 将符合生态补偿政策条件的贫困户纳入到生态补偿机制,将森林生态效益补偿、天然林资源保护工程、新一轮退耕还林、村庄绿化、林业产业等紧密结合,安排林业生态管护岗位,实现贫困户脱贫、改善贫困村村庄绿化设施 | 海东市、大通县等 |
西藏 | 利用新一轮草原生态补助奖励,对无法外出务工、发展生产有困难的贫困群众,提供公共服务、工勤服务等辅助性生态补偿公益性岗位,生态补偿脱贫岗位与建档立卡贫困户精准对应 | 南木林县等 |
吉林 | 结合生态保护脱贫一批,重点支持天然林保护、退耕还林、水土保持、坡耕地治理、矿山恢复治理等工程,提高贫困人口参与度和受益水平 | 延边各县 |
宁夏 | 退耕还林农户补助资金实现贫困村人口和建档立卡贫困户“双覆盖”;结合退耕还林和生态修复工程,以建档立卡贫困户为重点,为山区增加生态护林员就业岗位;实施易地扶贫迁出区生态修复工程,扩大林地面积,逐年增加护林员指标,使一部分贫困人口从事林木管护工作,通过生态补偿实现脱贫 | 中宁县、中卫县等 |
海南 | 选择有劳动能力并符合护林协管员条件的贫困人员作为公益林护林协管员,实现生态补偿脱贫 | 万宁市等 |
辽宁 | 在贫困村实施退耕还林生态补偿的精准扶贫政策,在山坡地种上核桃、松树等经济林果 | 阜新县等 |
福建 | 提高生态公益林补偿标准,优先让有劳动能力的贫困人口就地转为生态保护人员 | 各县 |
广东 | 针对生态公益林保护补助,制定了梯次标准,扶贫对象为低收入村、且承担生态公益林保护任务 | 白云区等 |
Fig. 4 Coupling development framework of poverty and eco-compensation object图4 贫困人口与生态补偿对象对接框架 |
Fig. 5 Coupling development framework of poverty region and eco-compensation area图5 扶贫地域与生态补偿地区对接框架 |
Fig. 6 Coupling development framework of poverty industry and eco-compensation measure图6 产业扶贫与生态补偿措施对接框架 |
Fig. 7 Coupling development framework of poverty intensity and eco-compensation standard图7 贫困程度与生态补偿标准对接框架 |
Fig. 8 Coupling development framework of poverty alleviation policy and eco-compensation requirement图8 扶贫政策与生态补偿需求对接框架 |
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