[1] IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physics Science Basis [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[2] MONASTERSKY R. Global carbon dioxide levels near worrisome milestone [J]. Nature, 2013, 497(7447): 13-14.
[3] IPCC. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[4] PAN Y, BIRDSEY RA, FANG J, et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests [J]. Science, 2011, 333(6045): 988-992.
[5] BONDLAMBERTY B, THOMPSON A. Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record [J]. Nature, 2010, 464(7288): 579-582.
[6] LIU J X, ZHOU G Y, ZHANG D Q, et al. Carbon dynamics in subtropical forest soil: Effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen addition [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2010, 10(4): 730-738.
[7] HASHIMOTO S, CARVALHAIS N, ITO A, et al. Global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration modeled using a global database [J]. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2015, 12(5): 4331-4364.
[8] LE QUÉRÉ C, PETERS G P, ANDRES R J, et al. Global carbon budget 2013 [J]. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2014, 6: 235-263.
[9] PENG Y Y, THOMAS S C, TIAN DL. Forest management and soil respiration: Implications for carbon sequestration [J]. Environmental Research, 2008, 16: 93-111.
[10] ZHOU L Y, ZHOU X H, ZHANG B C, et al. Different responses of soil respiration and its components to nitrogen addition among biomes: A meta-analysis [J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(7): 2332-2343.
[11] GAO Q, HASSELQUIST N J, PALMROTH S, et al. Short-term response of soil respiration to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical evergreen forest [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014, 76: 297-300.
[12] MASYAGINA O V, EVGRAFOVA S Y, TITOV S V, et al. Dynamics of soil respiration at different stages of pyrogenic restoration succession with different-aged burns in Evenkia as an example [J]. Russian Journal of Ecology, 2015, 46(1): 27-35.
[13] MUÑOZ-ROJAS M, LEWANDROWSKI W, ERICKSON T E, et al. Soil respiration dynamics in fire affected semi-arid ecosystems: Effects of vegetation type and environmental factors [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 572: 1385-1394, doi:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.086.
[14] GAO S H, CHEN J Q, TANG Y X, et al. Ecosystem carbon (CO 2 and CH 4 ) fluxes of a Populus dettoides plantation in subtropical China during and post clear-cutting [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2015, 357: 206-219.
[15] PANG X Y, HU B, BAO W K, et al. Effect of thinning-induced gap size on soil CO 2 efflux in a reforested spruce forest in the eastern Tibetan Plateau [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2016, 220: 1-9.
[16] ZHANG J J, LI Y F, CHANG S X, et al. Understory management and fertilization affected soil greenhouse gas emissions and labile organic carbon pools in a Chinese chestnut plantation [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2015, 337: 126-134.
[17] TANG X L, FAN S H, QI L H, et al. Soil respiration and net ecosystem production in relation to intensive management in Moso bamboo forests [J]. Catena, 2016, 137: 219-228.
[18] ZHANG Y J, GUO S L, LIU Q F, et al. Responses of soil respiration to land use conversions in degraded ecosystem of the semi-arid Loess Plateau [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2015, 74: 196-205.
[19] CHANG S X, SHI Z, THOMAS B R. Soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in agricultural and afforested poplar plantation systems in northern Alberta [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2016, 52(5): 629-641.
[20] GIASSON M A, ELLISON A M, BOWDEN R D, et al. Soil respiration in a northeastern US temperate forest: A 22-year synthesis [J]. Ecosphere, 2013, 4(11): 1-28.
[21] QIN Y, YI S H, CHEN J J, et al. Responses of ecosystem respiration to short-term experimental warming in the alpine meadow ecosystem of a permafrost site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2015, 115: 77-84.
[22] NOH N J, KURIBAYASHI M, SAITOH T M, et al. Responses of soil, heterotrophic, and autotrophic respiration to experimental open-field soil warming in a cool-temperate deciduous forest [J]. Ecosystems, 2015, 19(3): 504-520.
[23] KARHU K, AUFFRET M D, DUNGAIT J A J, et al. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by microbial community response [J]. Nature, 2014, 513(7516): 81-84.
[24] LUAN J W, LIU S R, CHANG S X, et al. Different effects of warming and cooling on the decomposition of soil organic matter in warm-temperate oak forests: A reciprocal translocation experiment [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2014, 121(3): 551-564.
[25] DIB A E, JOHNSON C E, DRISCOLL C T, et al. Simulating effects of changing climate and CO 2 emissions on soil carbon pools at the Hubbard Brook experimental forest [J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(5): 1643-1656.
[26] LIU Y C, LIU S R, WAN S Q, et al. Differential responses of soil respiration to soil warming and experimental through fall reduction in a transitional oak forest in central China [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2016, 226/227: 186-198.
[27] LU M, XU H Z, QIANG Y, et al. Responses of ecosystem carbon cycle to experimental warming: A meta-analysis [J]. Ecology, 2013, 94(3): 726-738.
[28] UEYAMA M, IWATA H, HARAZONO Y. Autumn warming reduces the CO 2 sink of black spruce forest in interior Alaska based on a nine-year eddy covariance measurement [J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(4): 1161-1173.
[29] ZHONG Z M, SHEN Z X, FU G. Response of soil respiration to experimental warming in a highland barley of the Tibet [J]. SpringerPlus, 2016, 5(1): 137, doi:
10.1186/s40064-016-1761-0.
[30] SHARKHUU A, PLANTE A F, ENKHMANDAL O, et al. Soil and ecosystem respiration responses to grazing, watering and experimental warming chamber treatments across topographical gradients in northern Mongolia [J]. Geoderma, 2016, 269: 91-98.
[31] SONG X Z, PENG C H, ZHAO Z Y, et al. Quantification of soil respiration in forest ecosystems across China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 94: 546-551.
[32] XU Z F, TANG S S, XIONG L, et al. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in China’s forest ecosystems: Patterns and controls [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2015, 93: 105-110.
[33] 杨庆朋, 徐明, 刘洪升, 等. 土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响因素和不确定性 [J]. 生态学报, 2011, 31(8): 2301-2311. [YANG Q P, XU M, LIU H S, et al. Impact factors and uncertainties of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(8): 2301-2311. ]
[34] 韩营营, 黄唯, 孙涛, 等. 不同林龄白桦天然次生林土壤碳通量和有机碳储量 [J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(5): 1460-1469. [HAN Y Y, HUANG W, SUN T, et al. Soil organic carbon stocks and fluxes in different age stands of secondary Betula platyphylla in Xiaoxing’an Mountain, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(5): 1460-1469. ]
[35] 杨毅, 黄玫, 刘洪升, 等. 土壤呼吸的温度敏感性和适应性研究进展 [J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(10): 1811-1820.[YANG Y, HAUNG M, LIU H S, et al. The interrelation between temperature sensitivity and adaptability of soil respiration. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(10): 1811-1820. ]
[36] WANG Y F, HAO Y B, CUI X Y, et al. Responses of soil respiration and its components to drought stress [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014, 14(1): 99-109.
[37] BRYE K R, MCMULLEN R L, SILVEIRA M L, et al. Environmental controls on soil respiration across a southern US climate gradient: A meta-analysis [J]. Geoderma Regional, 2016, 7(2): 110-119.
[38] JASSAL R S, BLACK T A, NOVAK M D, et al. Effect of soil water stress on soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in an 18-year-old temperate Douglas-fir stand [J]. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(6): 1305-1318.
[39] NIKOLOVA P S, RASPE S, ANDERSEN C P, et al. Effects of the extreme drought in 2003 on soil respiration in a mixed forest [J]. European Journal of Forest Research, 2009, 128(2): 87-98.
[40] KIRSCHBAUM M U F, SAGGAR S, TATE K R, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the climate-change implications of shifting land use between forest and grassland: New Zealand as a case study [J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 2012, 68: 123-138.
[41] KIRSCHBAUM M U F, SAGGAR S, TATE K R, et al. Quantifying the climate-change consequences of shifting land use between forest and agriculture [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 465: 314-324.
[42] SCHARLEMANN J P, TANNER E V, HIEDERER R, et al. Global soil carbon: Understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool [J]. Carbon Management, 2014, 5(1): 81-91.
[43] KIM D G, KIRSCHBAUM M U F. The effect of land-use change on the net exchange rates of greenhouse gases: A compilation of estimates [J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 2015, 208: 114-126.
[44] ZHANG T, LI Y F, CHANG S X, et al. Responses of seasonal and diurnal soil CO 2 effluxes to land-use change from paddy fields to Lei bamboo ( Phyllostachys praecox ) stands [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 77: 856-864.
[45] GUNER S, TUFEKCI?OGLU A, GULENAY S, et al. Land-use type and slope position effects on soil respiration in black locust plantations in Artvin, Turkey [J]. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2010, 5(8): 719-724.
[46] SINGH M K, ASTLEY H, SMITH P, et al. Soil CO 2 -C flux and carbon storage in the dry tropics: Impact of land-use change involving bioenergy crop plantation [J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2015, 83: 123-130.
[47] HERGOUALC’H K, VERCHOT L V. Greenhouse gas emission factors for land use and land-use change in Southeast Asian peatlands [J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2013, 19(6): 789-807.
[48] DE GODOI S G, NEUFELD Â D, IBARR M A, et al. The conversion of grassland to acacia forest as an effective option for net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 169: 91-102.
[49] NAZARIES L, TOTTEY W, ROBINSON L, et al. Shifts in the microbial community structure explain the response of soil respiration to land-use change but not to climate warming [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015, 89: 123-134.
[50] MAZZETTO A M, FEIGL B J, CERRI C E, et al. Comparing how land use change impacts soil microbial catabolic respiration in southwestern Amazon [J]. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2016, 47(1): 63-72.
[51] RAICH J W, TUFEKCIOGLU A. Vegetation and soil respiration: Correlations and controls [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2000, 48(1): 71-90.
[52] CAMPOS C A. Response of soil surface CO 2 -C flux to land use changes in a tropical cloud forest (Mexico) [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2006, 234(1/3): 305-312.
[53] IQBAL J, HU R G, DU L J, et al. Differences in soil CO 2 flux between different land use types in mid-subtropical China[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40: 2324-2333.
[54] MUKHOPADHYAY S, MAITI S. Soil CO 2 flux in grassland, afforested land and reclaimed coalmine overburden dumps: A case study [J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2014, 25(3): 216-227.
[55] KOOCH Y, MOGHIMIAN N, BAYRANVAND M, et al. Changes of soil carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide fluxes in relation to land use/cover management [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2016, 188(1): 1-12.
[56] TUFEKCIOGLU A, OZBAYRAM A K, KUCUK M. Soil respiration in apple orchards, poplar plantations and adjacent grasslands in Artvin, Turkey [J]. Journal of Environmental Biology, 2009, 30(5): 815-820.
[57] 赵吉霞, 王邵军, 陈奇伯, 等. 滇中高原云南松天然林和人工林土壤呼吸特征的比较 [J]. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2015, 35(1): 96-103. [ZHAO J X, WANG S J, CHEN Q B, et al. Study on soil respiration under natural and artificial forests of Pinus yunnanensis in middle Yunnan plateau, China. Journal of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2015, 35(1): 96-103. ]
[58] 吴君君, 杨智杰, 翁发进, 等. 米槠天然林和人工林土壤呼吸的比较研究 [J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(6): 2426-2432. [WU J J, YANG Z J, WENG F J, et al. Comparison of soil respiration in natural Castanopsis carlesii forest and plantation forest. Environment Science, 2014, 35(6): 2426-2432. ]
[59] 盛浩, 李旭, 杨智杰, 等. 中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤CO 2 排放的影响 [J]. 地理科学, 2010, 30(3): 446-451. [SHENG H, LI X, YANG Z J, et al. Impact of land use/cover change on soil CO 2 efflux in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010, 30(3): 446-451. ]
[60] PAYEUR-POIRIER J L, COURSOLLE C, MARGOLIS H A, et al. CO 2 fluxes of a boreal black spruce chronosequence in eastern North America [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2012, 153(153): 94-105.
[61] 张睿, 白杨, 刘娟, 等. 亚热带天然阔叶林转换为杉木人工林对土壤呼吸的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(10): 2946-2952. [ZHANG R, BAI Y, LIU J, et al. Effects of conversion of natural broad-leaved forest to Chinese fir plantation on soil respiration in subtropical China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(10): 2946-2952. ]
[62] SHI Z, LI Y Q, WANG S J, et al. Accelerated soil CO 2 efflux after conversion from secondary oak forest to pine plantation in southeastern China [J]. Ecological Research, 2009, 24(6): 1257-1265.
[63] SHI B K, GAO W F, JIN G Z. Effects on rhizospheric and heterotrophic respiration of conversion from primary forest to secondary forest and plantations in northeast China [J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2015, 66: 11-18.
[64] LIU J, JIANG P K, WANG H L, et al. Seasonal soil CO 2 efflux dynamics after land use change from a natural forest to Moso bamboo plantations in subtropical China [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2011, 262: 1131-1137.
[65] SUN Z Z, LIU L L, MA Y C, et al. The effect of nitrogen addition on soil respiration from a nitrogen-limited forest soil [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2014, 197: 103-110.
[66] TRESEDER K K. Nitrogen additions and microbial biomass: A meta analysis of ecosystem studies [J]. Ecology Letters, 2008, 11(10): 1111-1120.
[67] 方华, 莫江明. 氮沉降对森林凋落物分解的影响 [J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(9): 3127-3136. [FANG H, MO J M. Effects of nitrogen deposition on forest litter decomposition. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(9): 3127-3136. ]
[68] DU Y H, GUO P, LIU J Q, et al. Different types of nitrogen deposition show variable effects on the soil carbon cycle process of temperate forests [J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(10): 3222-3228.
[69] BOWDEN R D, DAVIDSON E, SAVAGE K, et al. Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2004, 196(1): 43-56.
[70] MO J M, ZHANG W, ZHU W X, et al. Nitrogen addition reduces soil respiration in a mature tropical forest in southern China [J]. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(2): 403-412.
[71] GRIP H, JANSSON P E. Modelling 100 Years of C and N Fluxes at Fertilized Swedish Mountainous Spruce Forests. Management of Mountain Watersheds [M]. Berlin: Springer Netherlands, 2012: 200-206.
[72] VALLACK H W, LERONNI V, METCALFE D B, et al. Application of nitrogen fertilizer to a boreal pineforest has a negative impact on the respiration of ectomycorrhizal hyphae [J]. Plant and Soil, 2012, 352(1): 405-417.
[73] FAN H B, WU J P, LIU W F, et al. Nitrogen deposition promotes ecosystem carbon accumulation by reducing soil carbon emission in a subtropical forest [J]. Plant and Soil, 2014, 379(1): 361-371.
[74] 吴迪, 张蕊, 高升华, 等. 模拟氮沉降对长江中下游滩地杨树林土壤呼吸各组分的影响 [J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(3): 717-724. [WU D, ZHANG R, GAO S H, et al. Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on the each component of soil respiration in the Populus L. plantations in a riparian zone of the mid-lower Yangtze River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(3): 717-724. ]
[75] 王清奎, 李艳鹏, 张方月, 等. 短期施氮肥降低杉木幼林土壤的根系和微生物呼吸 [J]. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(12): 1166-1175. [WANG Q K, LI Y P, ZHANG F Y, et al. Short-term nitrogen fertilization decreased root and microbial respiration in a young Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(12): 1166-175. ]
[76] JASSAL R S, BLACK T A, TROFYMOW J A, et al. Soil CO 2 and N 2 O flux dynamics in a nitrogen-fertilized Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir stand [J]. Geoderma, 2010, 157(3/4): 118-125.
[77] TU L H, HU T X, ZHANG J, et al. Nitrogen addition stimulates different components of soil respiration in a subtropical bamboo ecosystem [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2013, 58: 255-264.
[78] 向元彬, 黄从德, 胡庭兴, 等. 华西雨屏区巨桉人工林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的响应 [J]. 林业科学, 2014, 50(1): 21-26. [XIANG Y B, HUANG C D, HU T X, et al. Response of soil respiration to simulated nitrogen deposition in an Eucalyptus grandis plantation in the rainy area of western China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2014, 50(1): 21-26. ]
[79] ZENG W J, WANG W. Combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization enhance ecosystem carbon sequestration in a nitrogen-limited temperate plantation of northern China [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2015, 341: 59-66.
[80] ALLISON S D, CZIMCZIK C I, TRESEDER K K. Microbial activity and soil respiration under nitrogen addition in Alaskan boreal forest [J]. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(5): 1156-1168.
[81] LÓPEZ-VALDEZN F, FERNÁNDEZ-LUQUEÑO F, LUNA-SUÁREZ S, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions and plant characteristics from soil cultivated with sunflower and amended with organic or inorganic fertilizers [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 412/413: 257-264.
[82] KRAUSE K, NIKLAUS P A, SCHLEPPI P. Soil-atmosphere fluxes of the greenhouse gases CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O in a mountain spruce forest subjected to long-term N addition and to tree girdling [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2013, 181: 61-68.
[83] SHRESTHA R K, STRAHM B D, SUCRE E B. Greenhouse gas emissions in response to nitrogen fertilization in managed forest ecosystems [J]. New Forests, 2015, 46(2): 167-193.
[84] JANSSENS I A, DIELEMAN W, LUYSSAERT S, et al. Reduction of forest soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition [J]. Nature Geoscience, 2010, 3(5): 315-322.
[85] ZHONG Y, YAN W M, SHANGGUAN Z P. The effects of nitrogen enrichment on soil CO 2 fluxes depending on temperature and soil properties [J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016, 25(4): 475-488.
[86] LIU L L, GREAVER T L. A global perspective on belowground carbon dynamics under nitrogen enrichment [J]. Ecology Letters, 2010, 13(7): 819-828.
[87] RYU S R, CONCILIO A, CHEN J, et al. Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning effects on belowground conditions and soil respiration in a mixed-conifer forest, California [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2009, 257(4): 1324-1332.
[88] KIM Y S, MAKOTO K, TAKAKAI F, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions after a prescribed fire in white birch-dwarf bamboo stands in northern Japan, focusing on the role of charcoal [J]. European Journal of Forest Research, 2011, 130(6): 1031-1044.
[89] SULLIVAN B W, KOLB T E, HART S C, et al. Wildfire reduces carbon dioxide efflux and increases methane uptake in ponderosa pine forest soils of the southwestern USA [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2011, 104(1): 251-265.
[90] TAN W W, SUN L, HU H Q, et al. Effect of fire disturbances on soil respiration of Larix gmelinii Rupr. forest in the Da Xing’an Mountain during growing season [J]. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012, 11(21): 4833-4840.
[91] MORISHITA T, NOGUCHI K, KIM Y, et al. CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes of upland black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska [J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2014, 61(1): 98-105.
[92] SUN L, HU T X, KIM J H, et al. The effect of fire disturbance on short-term soil respiration in typical forest of Greater Xing’an Range, China [J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 2014, 25(3): 613-620.
[93] ZHAO Y, WANG Y Z, XU Z H, et al. Impacts of prescribed burning on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in a suburban native forest of south-eastern Queensland, Australia [J]. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2015, 12(13): 6279-6290.
[94] 胡海清, 吴畏, 岳彩玲, 等. 火干扰后短期白桦林和落叶松林土壤呼吸及其组分的影响 [J]. 植物研究, 2015, 35(2): 279-288. [HU H Q, WU W, YUE C L, et al. Effect of fire disturbances on short-term soil respiration and its components of Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2015, 35(2): 279-288. ]
[95] GUO J F, YANG Y S, CHEN G S, et al. Effects of clear-cutting and slash burning on soil respiration in Chinese fir and evergreen broadleaved forests in mid-subtropical China [J]. Plantand Soil, 2010, 333(1): 249-261.
[96] TUFEKCIOGLU A, KUCUK M, BILMIS T, et al. Soil respiration and root biomass responses to burning in calabrian pine ( Pinus brutia ) stands in Edirne, Turkey [J]. Journal of Environmental Biology, 2010, 31(1/2): 15-19.
[97] KÖSTER K, BERNINGER F, LINDÉN A, et al. Recovery in fungal biomass is related to decrease in soil organic matter turnover time in a boreal fire chronosequence [J]. Geoderma, 2014, 235/236: 74-82.
[98] FEST B J, LIVESLEY S J, FISCHER J C V, et al. Repeated fuel reduction burns have little long-term impact on soil greenhouse gas exchange in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015, 201: 17-25.
[99] KULMALAA L, AALTONEN H, BERNINGER F, et al. Changes in biogeochemistry and carbon fluxes in a boreal forest after the clear-cutting and partial burning of slash [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2014, 188: 33-44.
[100] KÖSTER E, KÖSTER K, BERNINGER F, et al. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from podzols of a fire chronosequence in the boreal forests in Värriö, Finnish Lapland [J]. Geoderma Regional, 2015, 5: 181-187.
[101] 韩春兰, 邵帅, 王秋兵, 等. 兴安落叶松林火干扰后土壤有机碳含量变化 [J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(9): 3023-3033. [HAN C L, SHAO S, WANG Q B, et al. The variability of soil organic carbon content in Larix gmelinii forests after fire disturbances. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(9): 3023-3033. ]
[102] GUO J F, CHEN G S, XIE J S, et al. Effect of heat-disturbance on microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration in Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) forest soils [J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 2015, 26(4): 933-939.
[103] WANG Q K, ZHONG M C, WANG S L. A meta-analysis on the response of microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, respiration, and N mineralization in mineral soil to fire in forest ecosystems [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012, 271: 91-97.
[104] LI F, LEVIS S, WARD D S. Quantifying the role of fire in the Earth system-Part 1: Improved global fire modeling in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) [J]. Biogeosciences, 2013, 10(4): 2293-2314.
[105] 郭剑芬, 杨玉盛, 陈光水, 等. 火烧对森林土壤有机碳的影响研究进展 [J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(9): 2800-2809. [GUO J F, YANG Y S, CHEN G S, et al. A review of effects of fire on soil organic carbon in forests. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(9): 2800-2809. ]
[106] MARAÑÓN-JIMÉNEZA S, CASTRO J, KOWALSKI A S, et al. Post-fire soil respiration in relation to burnt wood management in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2011, 261(8): 1436-1447.
[107] AGUILOS M, TAKAGI K, LIANG N, et al. Dynamics of ecosystem carbon balance recovering from a clear-cutting in a cool-temperate forest [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2014, 197: 26-39.
[108] TEMPLETON B S, SEILER J R, PETERSON J A, et al. Environmental and stand management influences on soil CO 2 efflux across the range of loblolly pine [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2015, 355: 15-23.
[109] POIRIER V, PARÉ D, BOIFFIN J, et al. Combined influence of fire and salvage logging on carbon and nitrogen storage in boreal forest soil profiles [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014, 326: 133-141.
[110] WILLIAMS C A, VANDERHOOF M K, KHOMIK M, et al. Post-clearcut dynamics of carbon, water and energy exchanges in a midlatitude temperate, deciduous broadleaf forest environment [J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(3): 992-1007.
[111] PAUL-LIMOGES E, BLACK T A, CHRISTEN A, et al. Effect of clearcut harvesting on the carbon balance of a Douglas-fir forest [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015, 203: 30-42.
[112] KIM C. Soil CO 2 efflux in clear-cut and uncut red pine ( Pinus densiflora S.et Z.) stands in Korea [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, 255(8/9): 3318-3321.
[113] TAKAGI K, FUKUZAWA K, LIANG N, et al. Change in CO 2 balance under a series of forestry activities in a cool-temperate mixed forest with dense undergrowth [J]. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(5): 1275-1288.
[114] ZHA T S, BARR A G, BLACK T A, et al. Carbon sequestration in boreal jack pine stands following harvesting [J]. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(6): 1475-1487.
[115] LAVOIE M, KELLMAN L, RISK D. The effects of clear-cutting on soil CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O flux, storage and concentration in two Atlantic temperate forests in Nova Scotia, Canada [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, 304: 355-369.
[116] 王旭, 周广胜, 蒋延玲, 等. 长白山阔叶红松林皆伐迹地土壤呼吸作用 [J]. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 355-362.[WANG X, ZHOU G S, JIANG Y L, et al. Soil respiration in a clear-cut broad-leaved korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 355-362. ]
[117] MORONI M T, CARTER P Q, RYAN D A. Harvesting and slash piling affects soil respiration, soil temperature, and soil moisture regimes in new found land boreal forests [J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2009, 89(3): 343-355.
[118] WEBSTERA K L, WILSON S A, HAZLETT P W, et al. Soil CO 2 efflux and net ecosystem exchange following biomass harvesting: Impacts of harvest intensity, residue retention and vegetation control [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2016, 360: 181-194.
[119] YASHIRO Y, WAN R K, OKUDA T, et al. The effects of logging on soil greenhouse gas (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O) flux in a tropical rain forest, Peninsular Malaysia [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2008, 148(5): 799-806.
[120] KAARAKKA L, HYVÖNEN R, STRÖMGREN M, et al. Carbon and nitrogen pools and mineralization rates in boreal forest soil after stump harvesting [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2016, 377: 61-70.
[121] GONZALEZ-BENECKE C A, SAMUELSON L J, MARTIN T A, et al. Modeling the effects of forest management on in situ and ex situ longleaf pine forest carbon stocks [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2015, 355: 24-36.
[122] HYVÖNEN R, KAARAKKA L, LEPPÄLAMMI-KUJANSUU J, et al. Effects of stump harvesting on soil C and N stocks and vegetation 8-13 years after clear-cutting [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2016, 371: 23-32.
[123] CHENG X Q, KANG F F, HAN H R, et al. Effect of thinning on partitioned soil respiration in a young Pinus tabulaeformis plantation during growing season [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015, 214/215: 473-482.
[124] 孟春, 王立海, 沈微. 择伐对小兴安岭针阔叶混交林土壤呼吸的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19(4): 729-734.[MENG C, WANG L H, SHEN W. Effects of selective cutting on soil respiration in conifer/broad-leaved mixed forests in Xiao-xing’anling. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(4): 729-734. ]
[125] SULLIVAN B W, KOLB T E, HART S C, et al. Thinning reduces soil carbon dioxide but not methane flux from southwestern USA ponderosa pine forests [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, 255(12): 4047-4055.
[126] TIAN D L, YAN W D, FANG X, et al. Influence of thinning on soil CO 2 efflux in Chinese fir plantations [J]. Pedosphere, 2009, 19(3): 273-280.
[127] OLAJUYIGBE S, TOBIN B, SAUNDERS M, et al. Forest thinning and soil respiration in a Sitka spruce forest in Ireland [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2012, 157: 86-95.
[128] 刘可, 韩海荣, 康峰峰, 等. 山西太岳山油松人工林生长季土壤呼吸对择伐强度的响应 [J]. 生态学杂志, 2013, 32(12): 3173-3181. [LIU K, HAN H R, KANG F F, et al. Responses of soil respiration to selective cutting intensity in Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Taiyue Mountain of China during growing season. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2013,32(12): 3173-3181. ]
[129] JÓNSSON J Á, SIGURDSSON B D. Effects of thinning and fertilization on soil respiration in a cottonwood plantation in Iceland [J]. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2009, 6(5): 9257-9278.
[130] WU J P, LIU Z F, CHEN D M, et al. Understory plants can make substantial contributions to soil respiration: Evidence from two subtropical plantations [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43(11): 2355-2357.
[131] 李海防, 夏汉平, 傅声雷, 等. 剔除林下灌草和添加翅荚决明对尾叶桉林土壤温室气体排放的影响 [J]. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6): 1015-1022. [LI H F, XIA H P, FU S L, et al. Emissions of soil greenhouse gases in response to under-story removal and Cassia alata addition in an Eucalyptus urophylla plantation in Guangdong Province, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(6): 1015-1022. ]
[132] 李海防, 张杏锋. 剔除灌草和添加翅荚决明对厚荚相思林土壤温室气体排放的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(3): 563-568. [LI H F, ZHANG X F. Soil greenhouse gases emission from an Acacia crassicarpa plantation under effects of under-story removal and Cassia alata addition. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(3): 563-568. ]
[133] ZHANG J J, LI Y F, CHANG S X, et al. Understory vegetation management affected greenhouse gas emissions and labile organic carbon pools in an intensively managed Chinese chestnut plantation [J]. Plant and Soil, 2014, 376(1): 363-375.
[134] KONDO M, MURAOKA H, UCHIDA M, et al. Refixation of respired CO 2 by understory vegetation in a cool-temperate deciduous forest in Japan [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2005, 134(1/4): 110-121.
[135] 贺同鑫, 李艳鹏, 张方月, 等. 林下植被剔除对杉木林土壤呼吸和微生物群落结构的影响 [J]. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(8): 797-806. [HE T X, LI Y P, ZHANG F Y, et al. Effects of understory removal on soil respiration and microbial community composition structure in a Chinese fir plantation. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(8): 797-806. ]
[136] 刘娟, 陈雪双, 吴家森, 等. 剔除杂草对山核桃林土壤温室气体排放的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(3): 666-674. [LIU J, CHEN X S, WU J S, et al. Effects of understory removal on soil greenhouse gas emissions in Carya cathayensis stands. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(3): 666-674. ]
[137] WAN S Z, ZHANG C L, CHEN Y Q, et al. Interactive effects of understory removal and fertilization on soil respiration in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations [J]. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 8(3): 284-290.
[138] WANG X L, ZHAO J, WU J P, et al. Impacts of understory species removal and/or addition on soil respiration in a mixed forest plantation with native species in southern China [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2011, 261(6): 1053-1060.
[139] LI H F, FU S L, ZHAO H T, et al. Forest soil CO 2 fluxes as a function of understory removal and N-fixing species addition [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011, 23(6): 949-957.
[140] QIAO Y F, MIAO S J, SILVA L C R, et al. Understory species regulate litter decomposition and accumulation of C and N in forest soils: A long-term dual-isotope experiment [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014, 329: 318-327.
[141] WANG F M, ZOU B, LI H F, et al. The effect of understory removal on microclimate and soil properties in two subtropical lumber plantations [J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2014, 19(1): 238-243.
[142] MATSUSHITA K, TOMOTSUNE M, SAKAMAKI Y, et al. Effects of management treatments on the carbon cycle of a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest and its potential as a bioenergy source [J]. Ecological Research, 2015, 30(2): 293-302.
[143] 方精云, 王娓. 作为地下过程的土壤呼吸: 我们理解了多少? [J]. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 345-347. [FANG J Y, WANG W. Soil respiration as a key belowground process: Issues and perspectives. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 345-347. ]