The land use sustainability in main agricultural production regions in China concerns the national food security. Based on the variable weight theory, the paper constructs a sustainability assessment model of land use with indicators covering three pillars of natural resource and environment, economy and society at the county level, with the aim to depict the status and dynamic changes of land use sustainability among the eight agricultural production regions in China. The results showed that, the maps clearly presented the spatial variability obviously existed among the three pillars: natural resource and environmental, economic and social sustainability, and the change range of the latter two aspects was larger than the first aspect between 2000 and 2008. In 2008, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, middle Yangtze River and Jianghuai region, and Sichuan Basin with the better resource environment and higher GDP, showed a higher natural resource and economic sustainability level than other regions, especially the ecological fragile regions like Xinjiang and eastern part of Inner Mongolia. As for the social sustainability, the sustainability above the moderate level in middle Yangtze River and Jianghuai region, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and Songnen Plain covered above 90% of the county proportion separately. Between 2000 and 2008, the natural and environmental sustainability in Sichuan Basin, Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain showed an increasing trend, with the county proportion increment above 10%, while west of South China, Xinjiang and eastern part of Inner Mongolia showed a decreasing trend. In terms of economic sustainability, different degree improvement occurred in the eight agricultural production regions. The noteworthy was the more contentious human-land conflict in Sichuan Basin and middle Yangtze River and Jianghuai region and the remarkable income gap between urban and rural area in west of South China.
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