The Ruoergai Plateau is the largest distribution area of peatland in China, various natural features, such as, relatively depressed lands during the Quaternary, Geomorphic features of wide Valley and mild hilly land as well as cool and humis climate. Provided a good condition for development of mires and peat accumulation, and therefore a particular ecological environment of upland mires was formed. The main type of mires is the waterlogged peat land on the wide valley with rare species of helophytes and many birds and few beasts, hence it formed a specific landscape. The grassland of mires in the region is a good grazing land and peat is an impro-tant resource. Both area of distribution is about the same over 4600 km²; and storage capacity of peat which is the first place in China is reached to 76 × 10⁸m³ and has an improtant value for exploitation. The exploitation of mires and peat resource must follow the principle of pursuing ecological and economic benefits.At present, there is an indication that the Ecological environment trends to be worse, for example, the environment is in danger of being desert, and therefore attention is must paid to-that.The large scale drainage of in ire is not suitable in this region and the extablishment of ecological mire conservancy area is urgemly needed. The Potential of peat exploitation which is of importance in local economy is vary great and the principle of comprehensive exploitation and utilization of the resource combined with conservation is must followed.