
Assessment on the cooling effect of urban green spaces in Shanghai
ZHANG Biao, XIE Zi-xia, GAO Ji-xi, SHE Xin-lu
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5) : 1334-1345.
Assessment on the cooling effect of urban green spaces in Shanghai
The phenomenon of urban heat island has become a critical environmental issue in many large cities. The trees and vegetation in the urban environment help to cool urban temperatures, whereas previous studies have concentrated on the field observation and factor analysis of cooling effect from urban green spaces in hot summer, but few studies have quantified the spatial coupling relationship between human settlement demand and cooling effect provision. This paper evaluated the cooling effect of urban green spaces in Shanghai based on the high-resolution images and observed results of typical sites, and analyzed theirs space consistencies between cooling effect and air temperature or population distribution with the help of GIS techniques. The results showed that, the green areas of Shanghai reached 104.5 thousand hectares in 2017, and could absorb 8.49×10 15 J of heat via evapotranspiration in summer, implying that the cooling effect saved 1457 million RMB for the electricity consumption of air conditioners. Approximately 46% and 33% of cooling effect were provided by the broad-leaved forest and mixed forest, respectively, and the green spaces in Pudong New Area, and Chongming and Fengxian districts jointly contributed about 67% of cooling effect, whereas the per hectare green spaces in districts of Hongkou, Huangpu and Xuhui presented higher values of cooling effect. Inconsistency, in particular, between cooling effect and air temperature or population density was observed in some parts of Shanghai. Around 28.62% of cooling effect from urban green space was loosely coupled with air temperature, and 7.31% of green spaces generated the low coupling between cooling effect and population density, especially the low coupling areas distributed mainly in the central urban regions. Therefore, we propose to enhance the temperature reduction capacities of urban forest in central district, and import the cooling effect from suburban green spaces through ecological corridors.
urban green space / cooling effect / value evaluation / space coupling / Shanghai {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Temperature reductions of different green spaces types from site observations in Shanghai表1 基于样地观测的上海城市绿地夏季降温幅度 |
绿地类型 | 降温幅度/℃ | 样本数/个 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
最大值 | 平均值 | 最小值 | ||
针叶林 | 4.30 | 2.64 | 1.60 | 10 |
阔叶林 | 4.00 | 2.44 | 1.22 | 10 |
混交林 | 4.50 | 2.91 | 1.40 | 9 |
竹林 | 3.90 | 2.86 | 1.60 | 5 |
灌木林 | 3.60 | 2.40 | 1.10 | 5 |
草地 | 2.30 | 1.21 | 0.14 | 6 |
Table 2 Grades of population density, air temperature and cooling effects of green spaces in Shanghai表2 上海市绿地植被降温效益、空气温度与人口密度分级 |
降温效益PV/[元/(hm2·d)] | 空气温度ET/℃ | 人口密度PD/(人/km2) | 排序值 |
---|---|---|---|
PV<6 | ET<26.5 | PD<1000 | 1 |
6<PV≤87 | 26.5<ET≤27.0 | 1000<PD≤4000 | 2 |
87<PV≤180 | 27.0<ET≤27.5 | 4000<PD≤10000 | 3 |
180<PV≤880 | 27.5<ET≤28.0 | 10000<PD≤40000 | 4 |
PV >880 | ET >28.0 | PD>40000 | 5 |
Table 3 Harmonized levels between the cooling effects of green spaces and air temperature or population density in Shanghai表3 上海市绿地植被夏季降温效益与空气温度及人口密度耦合程度 |
空气温度耦合分级 | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 人口密度耦合分级 | 面积/km2 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低耦合 | 284.9 | 28.62 | 低耦合 | 67.08 | 7.31 |
中耦合 | 440.11 | 44.21 | 中耦合 | 516.42 | 56.29 |
高耦合 | 270.38 | 27.16 | 高耦合 | 333.99 | 36.40 |
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