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Evaluation of tourism ecological carrying capacity based on multi-scale fusion: A case study on coastal counties of Jiangsu
WANG Yu-qing, LI Yu-feng, XU Wei, JIA Yue, ZHANG Yue, LIU Hong-yu
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2024, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (7) : 1575-1590.
PDF(3054 KB)
PDF(3054 KB)
Evaluation of tourism ecological carrying capacity based on multi-scale fusion: A case study on coastal counties of Jiangsu
({{custom_author.role_en}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_en_index++;}}A comprehensive understanding of tourism ecological carrying capacity was pivotal in guiding sustainable development of regional tourism. In this paper, we proposed a "multi-scale fusion" method for delineating evaluation units and introduced a "carrier-load" perspective to establish a novel tourism ecological carrying capacity evaluation framework. Taking the coastal counties of Jiangsu province as an example, we applied the proposed evaluation unit division and tourism ecological carrying capacity assessment approach. The results were as follows: (1) By employing the multi-scale fusion approach, the coastal region of Jiangsu province was divided into 4.9×105 evaluation units spanning across seven spatial scales. (2) The division of evaluation units revealed significant differences in the performance of tourism ecological carriers and tourism load evaluation indicators across various spatial scales. (3) The tourism ecological carrying capacity of the coastal counties in Jiangsu exhibited a gradual weakening trend from the sea towards the land, with the majority of areas facing a potential risk of exceeding their carrying capacity. This paper broke through the limitations of traditional evaluation unit scales and the "threshold" constraint on tourism ecological carrying capacity, aiming to provide new theoretical and methodological references for regional evaluation unit delineation and tourism ecological carrying capacity assessment.
multi-scale fusion / the perspective of "carrier-load" / tourism ecological carrying capacity / coastal counties in Jiangsu province {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Evaluation index system for tourism ecological carrying capacity of coastal counties in Jiangsu province表1 江苏省沿海县域旅游生态承载力评价指标体系[28] |
| 目标层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 指标含义 | 权重 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 旅游生态承载力 | 旅游生态载体 | 海岸类型（C1） | 研究区海岸类型（基岩、砂砾质、淤泥质） | 0.520 |
| 水域景观密度（C2） | 水域旅游资源丰富程度 | 0.211 | ||
| 水源养护指数（C3） | 水资源对植被、土壤等景观的养护能力 | 0.199 | ||
| 水土保持指数（C4） | 水土方面旅游环境的质量状况 | 0.004 | ||
| 植被覆盖指数（C5） | 植被资源覆盖程度 | 0.016 | ||
| 栖息地质量指数（C6） | 水鸟、麋鹿等动物栖息地资源质量状况 | 0.017 | ||
| 年降水量（C7） | 湿润程度 | 0.034 | ||
| 旅游载荷 | 海产品供给指数（L1） | 鱼、虾等海产品的供给质量和能力 | 0.517 | |
| 宾馆酒店密度（L2） | 住宿接待服务强度 | 0.077 | ||
| 公路密度（L3） | 交通服务强度 | 0.315 | ||
| A级景区禀赋（L4） | A级景区等级和数量/个 | 0.042 | ||
| 旅游收入（L5） | 旅游经济压力 | 0.024 | ||
| 游客人次（L6） | 游客压力 | 0.026 |
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快速城镇化导致中国城市群地区生态空间被大量挤占,生态承载压力加剧,已成为制约城市群健康发展的重要因素。本文界定并分析了京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区、成渝、长江中游5个特大城市群三生空间结构分布特征,解析了1990—2020年生态空间时空分异及其变化的影响因素,进一步通过水资源供给、水质调节、空气质量调节、休闲游憩探讨了近30年生态空间综合承载状态及其时空分异特征。研究结果表明：① 不同形成发育阶段的城市群呈现差异性的三生空间面积结构比、以多中心组合为主的生活空间拓展演变模式,以及屏障式、紧密、离散、全包围式的生态空间结构。② 1990—2020年城市群生活空间面积持续大幅度增加而生产空间呈现相反趋势,除粤港澳大湾区以外,生态空间均表现出增加态势尤其近10年增势明显。三生空间面积结构及其时空变化特征,说明特大城市群生产、生态空间的主要功能从供给转向调节和文化,并反映了中国从快速城镇化到新型可持续城镇化的转变。③ 5个城市群分别有78.6%、73.1%、54.5%、56.3%和25.8%市域呈现严重超载的综合生态承载状态,其中水资源供给、水质调节是制约城市群生态承载水平的要因,未来需要重视城市群生态空间保留量及其合理布局以减缓生态承载压力。本文可为城市群绿色可持续发展、三生空间结构优化和配置提供科学依据。
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The rapid urbanization of China's urban agglomerations in recent decades has resulted in over-occupied ecological space and increased ecological pressure, which has become an important factor restricting regional healthy development. This paper examines the structure and distribution characteristics of "production-living-ecological" spaces of five mega-urban agglomerations in China, namely, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), Chengdu-Chongqing (CY), and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR), and analyzes the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of ecological space and the influencing factors of its changes in 1990-2020. Then it explores the comprehensive ecological carrying capacity of water resource supply, water quality regulation, air quality regulation, and leisure and recreation space. The results show that: (1) Urban agglomerations at different developmental stages present different area ratios of the "production-living-ecological" spaces, living space expansion patterns dominated by multi-center combination, and structure of ecological space including barrier type, compact, discrete, and full enveloping type. (2) In the study period, the area of living space in urban agglomerations increased significantly while the area of production space decreased. The ecological space of all the urban agglomerations except the GBA increased. In the last 10 years, the increase of ecological space accelerated significantly. The spatial structure of "production-living-ecological" spaces and its characteristics of spatial and temporal evolution indicate that the main functions of production and ecological space in mega-urban agglomerations have shifted from supply to regulation and culture, and reflect the transition from rapid urbanization to new sustainable urbanization in China. (3) The ecologically overloaded cities in the BTH, YRD, GBA, CY, and MYR account for 78.6%, 73.1%, 54.5%, 56.3%, and 25.8% of the respective urban agglomeration. Water supply and water quality regulation are the main factors that restrict the ecological carrying capacity of BTH and YRD, while leisure and recreation services restrict the ecological carrying status of the GBA and CY urban agglomerations. In the future, we need to pay attention to the conservation and rational layout of ecological space to reduce the ecological pressure in urban agglomerations. {{custom_citation.content}}
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旅游生态化是实现旅游可持续发展的重要途径,而旅游生态化水平测度是旅游生态化研究的基础工作。本文创新性地构建了基于能值理论的旅游地生态化水平分析框架及测度模型。以武陵山片区为研究对象,基于研究区域2018年相关截面数据,以县级行政单位为研究单元对旅游生态化水平进行测度。测度结果表明：武陵山片区旅游生态化水平为中等偏下水平;县域单元等级数量呈“金字塔”形分布;评价体系目标层指标存在显著性差异。探索性空间数据分析方法分析表明研究区域旅游生态化水平空间分布上显示较为明显的集聚特征,显示较强的正相关,异质性弱。分指标空间分布显示大多数县域单元旅游社会经济的发展与环境保护不同步。
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冯琰玮, 甄江红, 马晨阳. 内蒙古生态承载力评价及生态安全格局优化. 地理研究, 2021, 40(4): 1096-1110.
生态安全水平对区域发展的约束作用不断增强,构建科学合理的生态安全格局可以有效缓解经济发展与环境保护之间的矛盾。以内蒙古自治区为研究区,2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年为间断点,建立区域生态承载力评价指标体系,探讨生态承载力时空演变特征;甄别生态优势斑块,结合自然保护区等重要生态斑块组建生态源地,建立生态源地扩展阻力指标体系,生成最小累积阻力面。一方面,结合“三生”用地类型构建区域生态安全格局;另一方面,识别重要廊道,架构生态安全网络,优化生态安全格局,对生态空间进行规划。结果表明：研究时段内,内蒙古生态承载力经历了先下降后回升的演变过程,其空间分布呈“西低东高”特征,空间演变阶段性特征明显;组建17个生态源地斑块,生成的最小累积阻力面分级后与“三生”用地类型相叠加,得到16个生态安全格局小区;识别一级生态廊道17条,补充其他重要廊道,生成“点、线、面”的生态安全网络架构,提出“一湾两带三屏四区多中心”的生态规划建议。
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Currently, the actual effects of regional development have been increasingly restrained by the degree of ecological security. Therefore, building a scientific and reasonable ecological security pattern is of great importance to ease the tensions and struggles between economic development and environmental protection. This article aims to formulate the evaluating index system of ecological carrying capacity and subsequently, to examine the case of Inner Mongolia autonomous region in the years of 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We argue that this evaluating index system is conducive to tracking the features of temporal and spatial evolution for ecological carrying capacity. Moreover, we are also committed to identifying ecological advantage patches, and ecological source areas based upon the nature reserves, building an evaluation index system of the expansion resistance, and finally generating minimum cumulative resistance surface. Overall speaking, this article on one hand was devoted to building a regionally-ecological security pattern grounded in land types of the “living-production-ecology”. On the other hand, we discerned the important corridors, built an ecological safety network, and formulated the ecological spatial planning. There are four major findings reported as follows. First, the ecological carrying capacity in Inner Mongolia has showed a fluctuant process which declined firstly and finally recovered during the research period. The spatial pattern has manifested as the feature of “low in the west and high in the east”, in which the obvious characteristics of period are unfolded. Second, through generating 17 ecological advantage patches and classifying the minimum cumulative resistance surface to further overlap with the land type of “living-production-ecology”, we have ultimately obtained 16 plots with the ecological security pattern. Third, we identified 17 first-class ecological corridors which supplement other established corridors. These results help give rise to the building of an ecological security network marked by the spatial pattern of “point-line-plane”. Last but not the least, grounded in these results, we put forward a state-of-the-art planning with the spatial imaginary of “one bay, two belts, three barriers, four districts and multi-centers”. We argue that this planning system will contribute to the sustainment of ecological carrying capacity in Inner Mongolia, where the regionally-ecological security pattern has been set as a high priority for development. {{custom_citation.content}}
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以历山自然保护区为研究案例地，多角度构建了游径附近森林群落生态环境承载力的评价指标体系；运用双向指示种分类法研究了旅游干扰下不同森林群落的类型特征，尤其是识别了其临界类型；基于除趋势对应分析法，提取了每个样地的综合生态信息，构建和测算了其生态距离与生态环境承载力；最后，分析了森林群落生态环境承载力及其指标与各地理因子之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）历山自然保护区游径附近森林群落可分为7个类型：无一年生植物—多幼苗—多地上芽组、无一年生植物—幼苗最多—无地上芽组、无一年生植物—无地上芽—地下芽最多组、少一年生植物—无地上芽—无地下芽组、一年生植物最多—幼苗居中—多地上芽组、多一年生植物—少幼苗—无灌木组、少一年生植物—幼苗最少—灌木较低组。（2）森林群落生态环境承载力测算结果显示：有33个样地处于生态环境承载力“未超载”状态，有7个样地处于“超载”状态，超载率为17.07%。（3）局部来看，评价森林群落生态环境承载力的大部分指标（灌木盖度、乔木景观重要值、灌木景观重要值、高位芽重要值比值、地面芽重要值比值以及幼苗量）与坡度之间存在显著或极显著的关系，与其他地理因子的相关性不明显。然而，总体来看，生态环境承载力与各地理因子之间却未呈现出明显的相关性；森林群落的生态环境承载力与其评价指标体系中的群落垂直和水平结构的大部分指标（乔木层盖度、草本层盖度、乔木景观重要值和草本景观重要值）显著相关，与生活型比例中的少部分指标（地上芽重要值比值和一年生重要值比值）显著相关。
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The present study was carried out in Lishan Nature Reserve. Firstly, the evaluation index system for the ecological environment carrying capacity in forest community near tourist roads was constructed from multiple angles in this paper. Secondly, all the samples were classified using a two-way indicator species analysis method, and the characteristics of different forest communities were studied, especially the critical types. Thirdly, the comprehensive ecological information of all the samples was extracted by detrended correspondence analysis method, the ecological distance of each sample was calculated, and their ecological environment carrying capacity was also measured. At last, the correlations among the ecological environmental carrying capacity in forest community and the evaluation indicators measuring for the ecological environmental carrying capacity in forest community and various geographic factors were identified. The results showed that: (1) Forest communities can be divided into 7 different types in Lishan Nature Reserve: the group of no therophytes-more seedlings-more chamaephytes, the group of no therophytes-the most seedlings-no chamaephytes, the group of no therophytes-no chamaephyte-the most cryptophytes, the group of less therophytes-no chamaephytes-no cryptophytes, the group of the most therophytes-medium seedlings-more chamaephytes, the group of more therophytes-few seedlings-no shrubs, the group of less therophytes-the least seedlings-less shrubs. (2) The calculation results of the ecological environment carrying capacity in forest community near tourist roads showed that: in all the samples, 33 were unoverloaded, and 7 were overloaded, with an overload rate of 17.07%. (3) In part, most of the evaluation indicators (such as the coverage of shrub layer, the important value of tree and shrub landscape, the important value ratio of phaenerophytes and hemicryptophyte and the quantity of seedling) which were used for measuring ecological environment carrying capacity in forest community were significantly correlated with slope, however, they had no correlation with other geographical factors. Nevertheless, the correlation between the ecological environment carrying capacity in forest community and the geographical factors was not significant on the whole. In addition, the correlation was significant between the ecological environment carrying capacity in forest community and the index in terms of not only the vertical and horizontal structure of the community (such as the coverage of tree and herbaceous layer and the landscape important value of trees and the herbaceous) but also the ratio of life form (such as the important value ratio of therophytes and chamaephytes). {{custom_citation.content}}
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在退耕还林工程背景下,以退耕还林实施后生态效果较显著的延安市为研究对象,基于解译的三期影像数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵,在2 km×2 km的格网尺度下测算延安市不同土地利用类型的生态服务价值（ESV）,并结合空间探索性数据分析,探讨ESV的不同土地利用类型转移的时间变化特征及空间转移的关联性和异质性。延安市的实证分析显示：（1）1990-2015年间,ESV的增减主要发生在耕地、林地和草地之间,林地和草地ESV合计转入21.29亿元,且转入量主要发生在退耕还林工程实施之后;（2）生态服务功能主要由林地和草地提供,ESV的时间变化经历了先下降后上升的过程,退耕还林工程的实施促进ESV的增长,2001-2015年间增长了5.34%;（3）空间探索性分析显示,ESV在格网尺度下呈现出显著的“南高北低”分布格局,并在空间上表现出正向的集聚性和依存性,ESV的高高集聚和低低集聚效果比较明显,并且高高集聚区与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合,低低集聚区与耕地、城乡建设用地的空间分布相吻合。整体而言,延安市土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林工程在时间上呼应、在空间上匹配,政府主导的退耕还林工程对生态环境恢复与保护起到显著的积极作用。因此,对于不同土地利用类型的生态服务功能,以耕地为主的北部地区应在基本农田保护制度基础上,注重农业生产与生态效益平衡,而林草资源丰富的南部地区则继续发挥生态屏障的调节作用。
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彭建, 李慧蕾, 刘焱序, 等. 雄安新区生态安全格局识别与优化策略. 地理学报, 2018, 73(4): 701-710.
雄安新区的设立对于调整、优化京津冀城市空间结构具有深远的历史意义。面向“生态标杆”的新区建设理念,生态安全格局识别及优化是保障雄安新区生态安全、实现可持续发展的基本空间途径。本文基于雄县、容城、安新三县生态本底特征,选取并定量评估粮食供给、产水、土壤保持、生境维持和近水游憩5种生态系统服务,识别生态源地;利用VIIRS/DNB夜间灯光数据修正基于地类赋值的基本阻力面,并运用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道;最后基于现状生态安全格局,探讨绿色生态宜居新城目标下的生态安全格局优化策略。研究结果表明：雄安三县生态源地占到全区土地总面积的41.88%,包含14个生态源地斑块,主要分布在白洋淀周边;生态廊道总长度107.21 km,分4大组团呈环状分布;现有生态源地辐射面积占到全区的70.6%,在雄县县城周边新建辐射面积为227 km<sup>2</sup>的生态源地可满足全区85%的源地辐射面积规模要求。本文提出的生态安全格局优化方案可为雄安新区开发建设提供空间指引。
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The establishment of Xiong'an New Area has far-reaching historical significance for adjusting and optimizing the urban layout and spatial structure of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Under the construction concept of ecological benchmark, the identification and optimization of ecological security pattern is the basic spatial approach to ensuring the ecological security and realizing sustainable development in Xiong'an New Area. Based on the ecological background characteristics of Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin, this study quantified and mapped five ecosystem services, namely grain yield, water yield, soil conservation, habitat conservation and near water recreation, and identified the ecological sources. Using the VIIRS/DNB Nighttime Light data, ecological resistance surface based on land-use types assignment was modified. The minimum cumulative resistance model was used to identify the ecological corridors. Based on the current ecological security pattern, the optimization strategy of the ecological security pattern was discussed under the goal of green, ecological and livable city. The results showed that, ecological sources, which accounted for 41.88% of the total area and contained 14 major ecological patches, were mainly distributed in the areas surrounding the Baiyangdian Lake. The total length of ecological corridors was 107.21 km, which was divided into four groups with a circle distribution. The radiating area of existing ecological sources reached 70.6% of the total area. Therefore, it is necessary to build a new ecological source with a radiating area of 227 km2 to meet the demand for 85% of radiating area of the ecological source. The ecological security pattern scheme proposed in this study can provide spatial guidance for the construction of green, ecological, and livable city in Xiong'an New Area. {{custom_citation.content}}
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张学渊, 魏伟, 颉斌斌, 等. 西北干旱区生态承载力监测及安全格局构建. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(11): 2389-2402.
以西北干旱区为研究区,通过引入生态环境弹性力、资源环境供容力、社会经济压力三个准则层,建立了生态承载力综合评价体系。在此基础上运用空间主成分分析法（SPCA）对西北干旱区2000年、2007年、2012年、2016年四期生态承载力时空变化进行监测评估,进而构建生态安全格局。研究结果表明：西北干旱区生态承载力以弱承载为主,且在研究时段弱承载区面积不断下降,而强承载区面积有上升趋势;从空间分布看,河西地区、北疆地区、内蒙古西部地区生态承载力呈上升趋势,而南疆地区则有所下降;利用MCR模型提取道路型廊道、河流型廊道、绿色廊道共51条,总长度7285.43 km;提取重要斑块区节点、河流湿地区节点、生态脆弱区节点等共71个。根据计算结果将西北干旱区划分为16个生态安全格局,并结合生态承载力变化情况,对现有的安全格局进行布局优化,以期为西北干旱区生态环境的保护和恢复治理提供科学参考。
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[Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China. Notice on issuing the Measures for Regional Ecological Quality Evaluation (Trial), https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk03/202111/t20211124_961564.html, 2021-11-18/2023-07-21.]
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章志琼, 何丹. 环境保护与经济发展的互动关系: 来自崇明的启示. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(4): 84-95.
环境保护与经济发展是世界面临的两大难题。本文选取2005—2018年的崇明时序数据，通过熵值法、格兰杰因果检验、VAR模型、脉冲响应函数以及方差分解等方法对环境保护与经济发展之间的互动关系进行分析。研究表明：崇明环境保护水平和经济发展水平总体得到提升，互为因果关系；环境保护水平对经济发展水平的冲击响应表现为正向效应，这主要得益于上海对崇明环境保护“硬输血”的直接财政支持，而经济发展水平对环境保护水平的冲击响应为先降后升的“V”型的负向影响，这与市区两级政府采取激励导向的“软输血”制度安排有关；环境保护水平对经济发展水平起着稳定的支撑作用，而经济发展水平对环境保护水平的影响效果不明显。最后提出了促进崇明经济发展和环境保护从“硬输血”和“弱输血”到“自我造血”的政策建议。
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Environmental protection and economic development is a global issue. Analyzing the construction process of Shanghai Chongming Eco-Island is helpful to understand the interactive relationship between them. Based on the time series data, this paper first used the entropy method to measure Chongming's environmental protection level and economic development level, then used Granger causality test, VAR model, pulse response function and variance decomposition to analyze the interaction between environmental protection and economic development in Chongming from 2005 to 2018. The results show that: Chongming's levels of environmental protection and economic development have generally improved from 2005 to 2018 and present two-way Granger causality. The economic development level has a positive effect on the environmental protection level, while the environmental protection level has a negative effect on the economic development level. The interaction between environmental protection and economic development are different in time and intensity. The impact of economic development on environmental protection is positive, meaning that Chongming's economic development contributes to environmental protection, but the effect gradually decreases over time. The main reason for this result is Shanghai's direct financial support. The influence of environmental protection on economic development is negative and presents the characteristics of "decreased first and then increased", which is mainly due to the incentive mechanism arrangements adopted by the two-tiered government. Although with the improvement of the environmental protection level, the negative effects on economic development will gradually weaken but will not disappear. Environmental protection still restricts economic development to a certain extent. The results of variance decomposition analysis show that environmental protection makes great contribution to the economic development,whereas economic development exerts less contribution on environmental protection. Based on the empirical results, the study finally puts forward the corresponding recommendations for Chongming to realize the coordinated development of economic development and environmental protection. {{custom_citation.content}}
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张姗姗, 张磊, 陈婷, 等. 江苏沿海地区生态承载力空间分异特征及优化. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(6): 2158-2168.
区域生态承载能力空间格局与优化研究是推动经济转型升级和生态保护修复统筹发展的需要。本研究以江苏沿海区域自然-社会-经济复合生态系统为研究对象,建立生态承载压力-状态-潜力(PSP)概念模型,用15项指标表征3个层面状态的交互关系,在GIS等空间技术支持下,通过分项和多项综合评价,分析研究区域生态承载力的量级、空间分异特征。结果表明: 江苏沿海区域分要素生态承载力适宜性的空间格局呈多种变化趋势,同一指标在不同市县的量级、面积、占比、布局等存在显著差异;从压力与状态叠加指数空间分异性可见,低压力适宜承载、低压力一般适宜承载、低压力不适宜承载、高压力适宜承载、高压力一般适宜承载、高压力不适宜承载的区域面积分别为3971.42、6885.21、3705.23、4597.03、6853.26、6403.97 km<sup>2</sup>,分别占总面积的12.3%、21.2%、11.4%、14.2%、21.1%、19.8%;状态与潜力叠加指数空间分异性结果显示,低潜力适宜承载、低潜力一般适宜承载、低潜力不适宜承载、高潜力适宜承载、高潜力一般适宜承载、高潜力不适宜承载的区域面积分别为3030.79、6545.30、5874.31、3253.31、7614.38、6097.83 km<sup>2</sup>,面积占比分别为9.4%、20.2%、18.1%、10.0%、23.5%、18.8%。在空间格局上大多呈现低压力承载区对应高潜力承载区、高压力承载区对应低潜力承载区的分布特征,压力与状态和状态与潜力之间存在相互影响、相互促进、协同提升的交互作用。
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PDF(3054 KB)
Fig. 1 Location of the research areaFig. 2 Multi-scale fusion evaluation unit division modelFig. 3 Interactive relationship between tourism ecological carrier and tourism load
Table 1 Evaluation index system for tourism ecological carrying capacity of coastal counties in Jiangsu provinceFig. 4 Division results of multi-scale fusion evaluation units of coastal counties in Jiangsu provinceFig. 5 Multi-scale fusion spatial evaluation unit of coastal counties in Jiangsu provinceFig. 6 Standardized evaluation indicators for tourism ecological carries of coastal counties in Jiangsu province at different scalesFig. 7 Standardized evaluation indicators for tourism load of coastal counties in Jiangsu province at different scalesFig. 8 Percentage of the relative area of each grade of tourism ecological carrying capacity of coastal counties in Jiangsu provinceat different scalesFig. 9 Spatial differentiation of tourism ecological carrying capacity of coastal counties in Jiangsu province at different scalesFig. 10 Spatial differentiation of tourism ecological carrying capacity of coastal counties in Jiangsu province/
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