
Progress in the theoretical understanding and governance of "tragedy of the commons" and the implications for sustainable development
ZHUANG Shu-rong, YAN Xiang, CHEN Rui-shan
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (6) : 1651-1666.
Progress in the theoretical understanding and governance of "tragedy of the commons" and the implications for sustainable development
Commons often lead to a "tragedy of the commons" because they can be accessed freely, that is, overexploitation of commons usually leads to resource degradation. Since Garrett Hardin published an article "Tragedy of the Commons" in Science in 1968, there has been an increasing number of studies on commons governance to avert the tragedies. With the development of urbanization, industrialization and increase of population, the overexploitation of natural resources by human activities has become increasingly serious, such as air pollution, carbon emissions, marine pollution, and depletion of mineral resources In order to promote the sustainable use of commons, it is necessary to review the theoretical and practical progress of the "tragedy of the commons" theory and its related study of governance. Therefore, this paper first reviews the theory of "tragedy of the commons". Then, obtaining 43830 paper, documents, etc. from Google Scholar that have cited Harding's articles by the end of 2020, this paper analyzes the keyword time series of these citing literatures, and combines with the development context of the research to summarize the progress of theory. We found the theoretical progress includes five aspects: examination of "Tragedy of the Commons" theory, analyses of the property right system of public resources, multiple governance types of commons, sustainability analysis of Social-Ecological Systems (SES), and governance of global resources. Their inspirations for sustainable governance in China are: (1) There is no "panacea" for resource governance, and it is necessary to explore the "diversification" of the system; (2) Accelerate the improvement of the property rights system for natural resources, and build a property rights system for natural resources owned by all the people, based on China's national conditions; (3) Implement multiple governance types on natural resources and build a collaborative, co-governance and shared environment; (4) Implement systematic governance of natural resources to promote the harmonious coexistence between human and nature; (5) Govern global resources through institutional innovation, and build a community with a shared future for mankind. The review of the development of "the tragedy of the commons" and its governance can provide important theoretical and practical enlightenment for the sustainable development of China's resources and environment and the modernization of governance capabilities. This also indicates an interdisciplinary academic innovation path and proposes potential research directions.
commons / resources / institution / social-ecological systems / governance {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Five theoretical progresses of "the tragedy of the commons"表1 “公地悲剧”理论进展的五方面 |
研究维度 | 关键词分布 |
---|---|
“公地悲剧”理论模型检验 | 资源困境、社会困境、自然资源、公地困境、公共物品博弈 |
产权制度研究 | 公共财产、经济理论、社会资本、制度分析 |
治理类型 | 政策分析、制度分析、乡村发展、奥斯特罗姆 |
社会生态系统 | 奥斯特罗姆、可持续发展、环境的未来、环境危机、生态系统服务、环境伦理、国家公园 |
全球性资源的治理 | 拉丁美洲、发展中国家、国际合作、公共合作、全球公地、可持续发展 |
Table 4 The theoretical progress of "The Tragedy of the Commons", and its enlightenment to sustainable governance of resources in China表4 “公地悲剧”理论进展对我国资源可持续治理的启示 |
“公地悲剧”理论进展 | 主要论点(或结论) | 对中国的启示 |
---|---|---|
理论检验 | “公地悲剧”并不总是出现,因为关乎人与自然众多因素 | 对资源管理需要关注社会文化背景、地理差异等一系列因素,承认资源环境的差异性 |
产权制度分类 | 没有单一类型的产权制度能解决所有“公地悲剧”问题 | 应加快实施国家政策,明晰资源管理权责,以实现资产配置更加高效,收益管理制度更加完善 |
多元治理模式 | 随着资源利用的时空演变,治理类型可发生变化以应对不同“公地悲剧”现象 | 根据资源类型,以及资源的生命周期和空间尺度变化,采用不同的治理模式,如旅游地发展初期采用强权治理,中后期采用多主体协同治理;在旅游地核心和边缘区采用不同的治理模式。利用奥斯特罗姆提出的八项制度设计基本原则,设计公共资源的治理制度 |
社会生态系统可持续性分析 | 资源使用嵌入到复杂的社会生态系统中,识别资源是否具有可持续性要求综合分析区域的各类自然人文要素 | 需从更加系统的、多学科角度的理解区域自然资源治理问题,分析一个复杂整体内部的各个社会和自然变量及其相互关系。基于该分析结果,制定合适的治理制度,以实现治理过程中促进人与自然和谐共生,促进资源的可持续利用 |
全球性资源治理 | 随着时间演变,区域性“公地悲剧”可能演变为全球性问题。通过制度创新可促进全球性资源的有效治理 | 参与全球性资源的治理时,应当将人类视为命运共同体,寻求各个国家之间的合作,促使制度创新 |
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Black soilsare the most fertile ones in China,but they are suffering from deterioration, which includes water loss and soil erosion. The landform of black soils is undulated peneplain so that the soil is easy to be eroded. In this paper, the authors propose three antierosion measures: 1)Slope erosion prevention includes two parts, the first part is changing the aspect of the ridges of the land from slanting or parallel to vertical to horizontal direction, if the slope is less than 4 degrees; the second part is that if the slope is bigger than 4 degrees, the terrace should be made to avoid erosion. 2)Gully control includes building gully head embankment or dyke or even small reservoir, planting trees and grasses in the middle part; ducks, gooses, fishes and frogs could be raised in the pools or reservoirs to increase the economic efficiency. 3)Planting trees to make forest prevent wind and erosion. The authors also suggest that the management should be improved, the present situation is that there are laws in China protecting the crop land, but the laws can only protect the crop land quantatively.To guarantee the quality of the crop land, thorough study should be made, and the monitoring organization should be established.
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In order to exploit rationally the saline-alkali marsh land in the Songliao Plain,we have conducted the experiments on the comprehensive fishery utilization of the saline-alkali marsh land in the Da’an City during 1990-1993,By means of the fish culture models of small natural saline-alkali rotation of fish and sheat, field and pond, rice field, reed swamps and fish-reed-rice have been established,This kind of land harnessing covered about 676.91 ha in 4 years. These models of exploitation have achieved remarkable bene-fits of economy, ecology and society, and the environment and the ecological balance were protected in this area.
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朱江, 张国杰, 姚江春. 基于逻辑框架法的自然资源用途管制路径与方法研究. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(1): 59-69.
统一用途管制是自然资源管理的宏观核心目标。目前自然资源用途管制中仍存在事权划分不清、管制指标维度不一、管制空间重叠、监督评价不足等问题,需从管制逻辑框架和系统构成的层面进行综合研究。逻辑框架法是一种从问题出发,将宏观目标转换为具体目标和措施的有效方法。借助逻辑框架法思路,在分析自然资源用途管制基本内涵的基础上,建立自然资源用途管制的“宏观目标—具体目标—问题提出—管制措施—评价监管”的逻辑框架关系,同时在自然资源用途管制具体措施和评价监督等方面提出相关建议。
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Unifying the use regulation is the core objective of natural resources management. However, there remain several problems in current use regulation of natural resources, including unclear division of authority, non-uniform dimension of indexes, overlap of regulatory space, lacking of supervision and assessment. These problems are necessary to be synthetically researched from logical framework and systematic compositions of use regulation. The logical framework approach (LFA) is a method that starts from problems and converts broad objectives to specific goals and measures. Applying this approach, this paper built the logical framework of "broad objectives-specific goals-problems posing-regulatory measures-assessment and supervision" based on the analysis of fundamental connotation for use regulation of natural resources. Finally, it offered suggestions on specific measures, assessment and supervision of natural resources management. {{custom_citation.content}}
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[The website of the State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. Guiding opinions on promoting the reform of the property rights system of natural resources assets in an overall plan". http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/39595/41764/xgzc41770/Document/1664898/1664898.htm, 2019-04-14/2023.02.23.]
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Human wellbeing relies on the Biosphere, including natural resources provided by ocean ecosystems. As multiple demands and stressors threaten the ocean, transformative change in ocean governance is required to maintain the contributions of the ocean to people. Here we illustrate how transition theory can be applied to ocean governance. We demonstrate how current economic and social systems can adapt to existing pressures and shift towards ocean stewardship through incorporation of niche innovations within and across economic sectors and stakeholder communities. These novel approaches support an emergent but purposeful transition and suggest a clear path to a thriving and vibrant relationship between humans and the ocean. Oceans provide important natural resources, but the management and governance of the ocean is complex and the ecosystem is suffering as a result. The authors discuss current barriers to sustainable ocean governance and suggest pathways forward.
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何晶晶. 从《京都议定书》到《巴黎协定》: 开启新的气候变化治理时代. 国际法研究, 2016, (3): 77-88.
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孙九霞, 陈景, 黄秀波. 大理洱海旅游环境治理事件中的主体博弈与权益协商. 地理科学, 2020, 40(9): 1468-1475.
以大理洱海环境治理事件为典型案例,基于半结构式访谈、观察法等质性方法,从环境正义视角切入分析洱海环境治理中的主体博弈与权益协商议题。研究发现,洱海的环境治理是一种以环境名义开展地社会治理与目的地管理过程,逐渐从治理水环境延伸至环境、民生、产业升级等多方面的综合治理;洱海治理隐含权力张力与利益冲突,本地村民、旅游经营者及地方基层政府三方基于合情、合理与合法性原则,围绕“情、理、法”逻辑进行利益博弈与协商;乡村旅游中的环境治理应置于乡村与社会治理框架体系下进行,关照民生与发展。环境正义理论可解释乡村旅游中的环境治理与冲突现象,为揭示环境治理背后的利益冲突与社会问题提供独特视角。
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The relationships between human and nature, as well as development and environmental protection have become a major problem in the development of ethnic minority areas. Taking the Erhai Lake environmental governance issue in Dali,Yunan Province as a typical case, based on qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews and observation methods, this paper analyzes the bargain between subjects and negotiation of rights in environmental governance of Erhai Lake from the perspective of environmental justice and power game. This research finds that, environmental governance of Erhai Lake is a process of social governance and destination management in the name of the environment, which gradually extends from water environment governance to comprehensive governance of environment, people’s livelihood and economic upgrading. Erhaigovernance implies power tension and conflicts of interest. Based on the principles of reasonableness, rationality and legality, local residents, tourism operators and local government play power games and negotiate interests according to the logic of ‘emotion, rationality and law’. Environmental governance in rural tourism should be carried out within the framework of rural and social governance to take care of people’s livelihood and development. The theory of environmental justice can be used to explain the phenomenon of environmental governance and conflicts in rural tourism, and also provides a unique perspective for revealing conflicts of interest and social issues behind environmental governance. {{custom_citation.content}}
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