
Calculation of carbon emissions and the difference of low-carbon development efficiency on city territorial space
ZHANG Zhen-long, HOU Yan-zhen, SUN Hong-hu
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (6) : 1464-1481.
Calculation of carbon emissions and the difference of low-carbon development efficiency on city territorial space
Low-carbon development of territorial space provides the basis for realizing the strategic goal of the carbon peak and the carbon neutrality. The city region is a key regional unit with dual attributes of target transmission and strategy implementation in territorial space. It is of great significance to promote the realization of the "dual carbon" goal and to reveal the level of carbon emissions and spatial difference of low-carbon development efficiency of territorial spatial in cities for shaping the low-carbon sustainable territorial spatial pattern. This study explored the methodological system for measuring carbon emissions in territorial space, analyzed the characteristics of spatial differences in the efficiency of low-carbon development in city territorial space from economic, social and ecological dimensions based on the measurement results, further proposed a spatial governance-oriented optimization strategy, and finally conducted an empirical analysis using Suzhou city as an example. The results showed that: (1) The built carbon emission measurement method and low-carbonization development model of city territorial space can effectively measure the carbon emission characteristics of Suzhou city and its spatial differences in low-carbonization development efficiency. (2) The total carbon emissions in Suzhou in 2020 were 238 million tons, and the high-value parcels of carbon emissions were concentrated in various industrial agglomerations, while the low-value parcels were dispersedly distributed in the rural areas and the main areas of various carbon sinks. The development efficiency of territorial spatial low-carbonization varied significantly at different scales, mainly reflecting regional differences at the county and district scales and urban-rural differences at the township scale. Meanwhile, regions with relatively high levels of economic and social development had higher economic and social low-carbonization development efficiency, but ecological low-carbonization development efficiency was often lower. (3) According to the different spatial types of districts and townships, this paper promotes the transformation of green development of economy and society, bringing into play the role of territorial spatial planning in emission reduction and carbon sequestration, and building a composite and coordinated, low-carbon and sustainable territorial spatial pattern.
territorial space / carbon emissions / low-carbon development / spatial differences / Suzhou {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Description of research data sources表1 研究数据来源 |
数据类型 | 具体数据 | 数据内容 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|
统计数据 | 能源数据 | 工业企业分行业能源消费量、城市居民日常生活能源消费量 | 《苏州统计年鉴(2021年)》《张家港统计年鉴(2021年)》《昆山统计年鉴(2021年)》《太仓统计年鉴(2021年)》《吴江年鉴(2021年)》《2020年苏州市交通发展年度报告》、苏州市第七次人口 普查 |
工业数据 | 水泥、玻璃、合成氨等主要工业产品产量 | ||
交通数据 | 公路、铁路、水运的客货运周转量、城市公共交通的年行驶里程 | ||
农业数据 | 农用机械量、农药量、化肥量、动物存栏量、农作物产量等 | ||
人口数据 | 常住人口数量 | ||
经济数据 | GDP数据,部分缺失数据结合《苏州市第四次全国经济普查》相关数据进行数据插补 | ||
空间数据 | 土地利用数据 | 根据高分二号遥感卫星图像解译,遥感图像空间分辨率 1 m,获取时间2018年5月。参照《第三次全国国土调查技术规程》进行分类,整体分类精度高于85% | 中国资源卫星应用中心 |
POI数据 | 2020年苏州市域POI数据,根据研究需要进行分类筛选与归并,并进行数据清洗、坐标转换 | 高德API | |
家庭户数数据 | 具有经纬度的小区户数数据 | 安居客 | |
道路数据 | 高速路、国道、省道、县道、乡道等城市分等级道路 | Open Street Map |
Table 2 Territorial spatial carbon emission allocation method based on multi-source data表2 基于多源数据的国土空间碳排放分配方法 |
碳排放 | 国土空间类型 | 分配指标 | 分配方法 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
工业 | 采矿业 | 采矿用地 | 行业POI数据 产品产量数据 | 统计对应地块内包含各类行业POI的数量比例,通过各类工业产品产量修正能源消耗量,按照最终参数分配碳排放量,最后累加综合[29] |
工业生产制造 | 工业用地 | |||
供应业 | 公用设施用地 | |||
建筑 | 居民生活 | 城镇居住用地农村宅基地 | 户数 | 依据地块户数比例分配碳排放量[13] |
商业服务与公共管理 | 商业服务业用地公共管理与公共服务用地 | 商业服务设施POI 公共管理设施POI | 统计对应地块内包含各类设施POI的数量比例,按照比例分配碳排放量,最后累加综合[13] | |
交通 | 货运 城际客运 城市客运 | 交通运输用地 | 城市道路数据交通设施POI数据 | 根据运输长度比例,分配铁路、水路以及轨道交通用地碳排放量;运用标准道路长度法,通过设施POI密度修正交通活动强度,按照最终参数分配碳排放量[30] |
农业 | 种植业 | 耕地、园地 | 土地利用面积 | 根据地块面积比例分配碳排放量[29] |
畜牧业 | 设施农用地 | |||
废弃物 | 工业排废 | 工业用地 | 土地利用面积 | 根据地块面积比例分配碳排放量 |
生活排废 | 公用设施用地 | |||
碳汇 | 非建设用地 | 林地、草地、水域、未利用地 | 土地利用面积 | 根据地块面积直接测算碳排放量 |
农作物 | 耕地、园地 | 根据地块面积比例分配碳排放量 |
Table 3 Carbon emissions in the city level territorial space表3 市域国土空间碳排放量 |
部门 | 国土空间类型 | CO2排放量/万t | 部门排放总量/万t | 比例/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
工业 | 工业用地 | 12430.46 | 19334.77 | 81.32 |
公用设施用地 | 6905.31 | |||
建筑 | 城镇居住用地 | 767.06 | 2882.76 | 12.21 |
农村宅基地 | 537.13 | |||
商业服务业用地 | 1030.09 | |||
公共管理与公共服务用地 | 548.48 | |||
交通 | 交通运输用地 | 1421.44 | 1421.44 | 5.98 |
农业 | 耕地、园地 | 94.68 | 100.70 | 0.42 |
设施农用地 | 6.02 | |||
废弃物 | 工业用地 | 1.02 | 288.30 | 1.21 |
公用设施用地 | 287.28 | |||
碳汇 | 耕地、园地 | 71.96 | -251.86 | -1.06 |
林地、草地、水域 | 179.9 | |||
合计 | 23776.11 | 23776.11 | 100.00 |
[1] |
熊健, 卢柯, 姜紫莹, 等. “碳达峰、碳中和”目标下国土空间规划编制研究与思考. 城市规划学刊, 2021, (4): 74-80.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[2] |
王海鲲, 张荣荣, 毕军. 中国城市碳排放核算研究: 以无锡市为例. 中国环境科学, 2011, 31(6): 1029-1038.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[3] |
顾朝林. 城市碳排放清单及其规划应用研究. 南方建筑, 2013, (4): 4-12.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[4] |
石洪昕, 穆兴民, 张应龙, 等. 四川省广元市不同土地利用类型的碳排放效应研究. 水土保持通报, 2012, 32(3): 101-106.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[5] |
姜洋, 何永, 毛其智, 等. 基于空间规划视角的城市温室气体清单研究. 城市规划, 2013, 37(4): 50-56, 67.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[6] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[7] |
曾紫琪, 王芳, 冯艳芬, 等. 碳中和视角下广东省城市低碳发展效率空间分异及其驱动机制. 广州大学学报: 自然科学版, 2022, 21(3): 74-80, 88.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[8] |
窦睿音, 焦贝贝, 张文洁, 等. 西部资源型城市绿色发展效率时空分异与驱动力. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(1): 238-254.
绿色发展是资源型城市高质量转型的重要体现。通过构建绿色发展效率评价体系,基于MinDs模型、泰尔指数、地理探测器等方法,测算2001—2019年西部资源型城市绿色发展效率时空分异特征,分析其驱动因素。结论如下:(1)西部资源型城市绿色发展效率以2015年为界,呈“先升后降”变化,西北、广西的资源型城市整体上升,西南和内蒙古的资源型城市近年呈下降趋势,成长型城市发展较为稳定,成熟型和再生型城市2017年后下降明显,衰退型城市呈上升趋势;(2)西部资源型城市绿色发展效率表现为极低和极高区间数量少、中间得分数量多的正态分布特征;(3)绿色发展效率空间非均衡的问题较为严重,其中,西北与西南地区的成熟型城市的变化是导致绿色发展效率差异扩大的主要原因;(4)经济发展、城市化、城市规模和技术创新能够显著提升西部资源型城市绿色发展效率,不同空间范围和不同生命周期下的资源型城市绿色发展效率驱动因素各有特点。研究对提升西部各类资源型城市绿色发展效率有实际意义。
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[9] |
杨颖. 四川省低碳经济发展效率评价. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2012, 22(6): 52-56.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[10] |
胡剑波, 高鹏, 左鹏飞. 中国碳排放福利绩效区域差异及其贡献度研究. 经济问题, 2018, (11): 54-60.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[11] |
潘竟虎, 张永年. 中国能源碳足迹时空格局演化及脱钩效应. 地理学报, 2021, 76(1): 206-222.
利用DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据和碳排放统计数据,构建碳排放面板数据模型,模拟了2000—2013年中国的碳排放量。运用探索性时空数据分析(ESTDA)框架体系,从时空交互视角分析2001—2013年碳足迹的空间格局和时空依赖动态演化;利用改进的Tapio脱钩模型对3个时间段336个地级单元环境碳负荷与经济增长之间的脱钩效应进行综合分析。研究表明:① 2000—2013年,中国的碳排放在时空演变上既表现出稳中有进的总体特征,也存在快速增长的阶段特征。② 碳足迹和碳赤字均呈逐年增长趋势,年均增长率分别为4.82%和5.72%;碳足迹和碳赤字整体北方大于南方,不同的行政单元尺度下碳足迹和碳赤字空间异质性特征明显。各地级单元碳足迹变异系数逐步增大,存在极为显著的空间自相关特征。③ LISA时间路径相对长度北方大于南方,且呈由沿海地区向中西部地区递增的趋势;LISA时间路径弯曲度整体上则由沿海地区向内陆地区递减。④ 综合脱钩指数整体以弱脱钩型为主,但弱脱钩型城市数量持续减少,扩张连接、扩张负脱钩区域数量逐渐增多且向中西部及东北地区聚集分布;全国平均脱钩弹性值逐步增长,变异系数持续下降。
[
The global environment issue resulting from carbon emissions has aroused worldwide concern for governments, the public and scientific communities. A precise measurement of the time-resolved and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint as well as its long-period evolution mechanism, can help clarify the relationship between environmental carbon load and economic growth, and are critical references to the formulation of scientific carbon emission reduction targets with reasonable and differential emission reduction policies. In this study, the mainland of China is taken as the research object. According to the quantitative correlations between DMSP-OLS nighttime light image data and carbon emission statistics, the carbon emission panel data model was simulated for China's carbon emissions in the period 2000-2013, and then the spatiotemporal evolving trend and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions in the 14-year research period were discussed using Theil-Sen Median trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test method. Based on the framework of exploratory spatial-temporal data analysis (ESTDA), the spatial pattern and spatiotemporal dynamic evolution of carbon footprint from 2001 to 2013 were analyzed from the perspective of spatiotemporal interaction. In the three periods, the decoupling effect between environmental carbon load and economic growth of 336 prefecture-level cities were analyzed using the improved Tapio decoupling model. The results show that the overall carbon emissions in China had been on the rise from 2000 to 2013, in which the stable-slow rise type was dominant. China's carbon footprint and carbon deficit increased year by year, and the central and western regions became the focus of the growth of carbon footprint and carbon deficit from 2001 to 2013. At different administrative city scales, the spatial distribution pattern of carbon footprint and carbon deficit show obvious administrative orientated and spatial zonal differentiation characteristics. The annual average of global Moran's I index of each level unit is 0.491, which indicates that there is a significant spatial auto-correlation feature in the carbon footprint of China's prefecture-level units. The relative length of the LISA time path is greater in the north than in the south, and it tends to increase from the coastal areas to the central and western regions. The curvature of LISA time path decreases from coastal areas to inland areas on the whole. The curvature of northeast and central regions is higher, while that of eastern and western regions is lower. There is a different trend of the decoupling effect of environmental carbon load in China. Meanwhile the expansion-connection and expansion of negative decoupling regions continuously increased and spatially agglomerated, presenting an "E"-shaped distribution pattern from the north to the south. The national average decoupling elastic value is gradually increasing, while the coefficient of variation continues to decline, and the decoupling type has a significant evolution trend. Therefore, the unbalanced trend of economic growth and carbon emissions in China will continue for a certain period. {{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[12] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[13] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[14] |
郑德高, 吴浩, 林辰辉, 等. 基于碳核算的城市减碳单元构建与规划技术集成研究. 城市规划学刊, 2021, (4): 43-50.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[15] |
国家发展和改革委员会应对气候变化司. 省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行). 北京, 2010.
[Department of Climate Change, National Development and Reform Commission. Guidelines for the provincial greenhouse gas inventories (for trial implementation). Beijing, 2010.]
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[16] |
杨欣, 蔡银莺, 张安录. 武汉城市圈碳排放的时空格局及影响因素分解研究: 基于2001—2009年市级面板数据的实证. 长江流域资源与环境, 2013, 22(11): 1389-1396.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[17] |
屈金凤, 楚春礼, 鞠美庭, 等. 居民生活能源消费碳排放驱动因素分解: 以天津市为例. 生态经济, 2017, 33(4): 38-42.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[18] |
孟凡强. 铁路实现绿色发展的路径探讨. 铁路节能环保与安全卫生, 2019, 9(5): 14-17.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[19] |
魏艳旭, 孙根年, 马丽君, 等. 中国旅游交通碳排放及地区差异的初步估算. 陕西师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2012, 40(2): 76-84.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[20] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[21] |
赵敏, 张卫国, 俞立中. 上海市居民出行方式与城市交通CO2排放及减排对策. 环境科学研究, 2009, 22(6): 747-752.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[22] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[23] |
杜金霜, 付晶莹, 郝蒙蒙. 基于生态网络效用的昭通市“三生空间”碳代谢分析. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(5): 1208-1223.
解析“三生空间”碳代谢有助于实现区域“三生空间”要素整合和结构优化,是寻求城市绿色低碳发展的有效途径之一。以昭通市为例,通过计算垂直方向上碳通量,构建水平方向的碳流模型,系统分析了2010—2018年“三生空间”碳代谢的时空分布,利用生态网络分析方法评价了“三生空间”演化对城市碳代谢的综合影响。结果显示:(1)2010—2018年间昭通市垂直方向上净碳通量和水平方向上净碳流均为负值,“三生空间”演化对昭通市碳代谢平衡产生了消极作用,造成碳排放量的增加。(2)“三生空间”用地在碳代谢系统中的生态关系以限制掠夺关系为主,生态空间被生活空间和生产空间挤占,影响了昭通市的碳代谢平衡。(3)整体生态效用函数J的值为0.85,小于1,说明“三生空间”演化对区域整体碳代谢平衡的综合作用是消极的,这与净碳流显示的结果相同。研究结果可为昭通市国土空间利用优化与低碳发展提供理论依据,这种研究方法可为国土空间优化与“三生空间”优化提供前期支持。
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[24] |
邱子健, 靳红梅, 高南, 等. 江苏省农业碳排放时序特征与趋势预测. 农业环境科学学报, 2022, 41(3): 658-669.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[25] |
赵荣钦, 黄贤金, 彭补拙. 南京城市系统碳循环与碳平衡分析. 地理学报, 2012, 67(6): 758-770.
城市是人类能源活动和碳排放的集中地,开展城市系统碳循环研究有助于深入了解城市在区域碳循环过程中的地位和作用。本文集成了城市碳储量和碳通量的核算方法,并以南京市为例开展了城市系统碳循环与碳平衡的实证研究。结论如下:① 南京市城市碳储量呈缓慢上升趋势,2009 年为6937 万t,其中自然碳储量占88%,且总量基本保持稳定;人为碳储量(特别是城市绿地和建筑物碳库) 呈大幅增长趋势;② 垂直碳输入通量以植物光合作用和水域碳吸收为主,历年来基本稳定;水平碳输入通量大幅增长,2009 年为3043 万t,其中能源和木材碳输入呈增长趋势,而食物碳输入则呈下降趋势;③ 垂直碳输出通量呈增长趋势,2009年为3295 万t,其中化石能源碳排放占近80%,自然过程仅占6%;水平碳输出通量以能源制品、水产品和含碳废弃物为主,其总量呈明显下降趋势;④ 南京市历年城市碳输出均高于碳输入,且两者的差额呈现扩大趋势。总体而言,“隐流碳和加工需求碳”的比重有所下降,说明碳的利用率有所提升;⑤ 南京市碳补偿率明显下降,这表明自然生态系统的碳吸收能力不足以补偿人为活动的碳排放,城市碳循环压力在不断加大。
[
Cities are areas where human energy activities and carbon emission concentrated. The study on carbon cycle of urban system is helpful to understand the role of cities in the regional carbon cycle process, and can provide theoretical reference for establishing urban carbon emission estimation standard and low-carbon urban development pattern. Based on the method of IPCC and other researches, systematic urban carbon storage and carbon flux estimation methods was established, carbon cycle of urban system of Nanjing city was studied, and carbon storage, carbon flux and carbon balance of Nanjing city were analyzed. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The total carbon storage of Nanjing city presented a slow rising trend. In 2009, the total carbon storage was 6937?10<sup>4</sup> t, in which natural carbon storage accounted for 88%. Human carbon storage, especially the carbon pool in urban greenbelt and buildings presented a drastically increasing trend. (2) Vertical carbon input flux of Nanjing city mainly included photosynthesis and water carbon absorption. Lateral carbon input flux rapidly increased and reached 3043?10<sup>4</sup> t, in which carbon input by energy and timber increased and carbon input by food deceased. (3) Vertical carbon output flux rapidly increased and reached 3295?10<sup>4</sup> t, in which carbon emission by fossil energy use accounted for nearly 80%, but carbon from natural process only accounted for 6%, indicating that human carbon emission constituted the main part of urban vertical carbon flux. Lateral carbon output flux presented a declining trend, which included energy products, aquatic products and organic waste. (4) In the past years, the carbon output was higher than carbon input of Nanjing city, and the balance between them showed an expanding trend. Generally, the percentage of hidden carbon flow and the carbon needed for manufacturing decreased, which indicated that the carbon efficiency was increasing. (5) Carbon compensation rate of Nanjing city obviously decreased, which indicated that the terrestrial carbon sink function of Nanjing city were not enough to compensate the anthropogenic carbon emissions, and the carbon balance of Nanjing city was seriously disturbed, which caused the increase of carbon cycle pressure.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[26] |
谢鸿宇, 陈贤生, 林凯荣, 等. 基于碳循环的化石能源及电力生态足迹. 生态学报, 2008, 28(4): 1729-1735.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[27] |
段晓男, 王效科, 逯非, 等. 中国湿地生态系统固碳现状和潜力. 生态学报, 2008, 28(2): 463-469.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[28] |
韩召迎, 孟亚利, 徐娇, 等. 区域农田生态系统碳足迹时空差异分析: 以江苏省为案例. 农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(5): 1034-1041.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[29] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[30] |
王堃, 高佳佳, 田贺忠, 等. 基于POI兴趣点的排放清单空间分配方法. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(6): 2377-2382.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[31] |
秦炳涛, 柳佳男. 长三角绿色发展效率时空演变及空间溢出分析: 基于Super-SBM模型和Tobit回归. 生态经济, 2022, 38(11): 64-71.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[32] |
李璐, 董捷, 徐磊, 等. 功能区土地利用碳收支空间分异及碳补偿分区: 以武汉城市圈为例. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(5): 1003-1015.
开展功能区土地利用碳收支评估并构建碳补偿分区优化框架,对于制定适应各功能区低碳策略、指导补偿额度流向、推动区域协调发展具有重要现实意义。以武汉城市圈县域为基本单元,在分析主体功能区划下土地利用碳收支空间分异特征的基础上,借助标准显示性比较优势指数法、SOM-K-means模型、二维关联矩阵等方法,对武汉城市圈进行了碳补偿类型区划分及优化。结果表明:武汉城市圈各县域土地利用碳排放总量地区差异显著,呈现“西高东低,中心最高”空间分布格局;主体功能区划下土地利用碳排放、碳吸收均具有明显空间分异特征,碳吸收与碳排放呈现出一定程度的相对空间分布趋势;武汉城市圈共有16个碳补偿支付区、11个碳补偿获补区以及12个碳补偿平衡区;结合主体功能区规划战略目标,最终形成7类碳补偿空间优化区,并对每一类型区提出了相应的低碳发展方向及策略。
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[33] |
林伯强, 孙传旺. 如何在保障中国经济增长前提下完成碳减排目标. 中国社会科学, 2011, (1): 64-76, 221.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[34] |
卢俊宇, 黄贤金, 戴靓, 等. 基于时空尺度的中国省级区域能源消费碳排放公平性分析. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(12): 2006-2017.
为深入了解各省级区域能源消费碳排放的差异性和公平性,论文通过对基尼系数内涵的扩展,构建碳排放公平性评价模型,计算1996-2008年能源消费碳排放的生态基尼系数和经济基尼系数,结果表明:从生态角度,能源消费碳排放的不公平程度逐渐减小,但仍然处于"高度不平均"状态;从经济角度,能源消费碳排放的不公平程度先上升后下降,位于"相对平均"区间。同时,提出经济贡献系数和生态承载系数以评价2008年各个省级区域能源消费碳排放的公平性和差异性,利用贡献系数矩阵对各个区域进行类型划分,阐述各个类别的特点,以期为国家制定区域差别化的节能减排政策提供依据,提升应对气候变化的整体能力。
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[35] |
王秋贤, 高志强, 宁吉才. 基于公平的中国省域碳排放差异模型构建探讨: 以中国2010年碳排放为例. 资源科学, 2014, 36(5): 998-1004.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[36] |
董捷, 魏旭华, 陈恩. 土地利用碳排放地域差异下减排责任分摊研究: 以武汉城市圈为例. 长江流域资源与环境, 2019, 28(4): 872-882.
[
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
{{custom_ref.label}} |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |