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The influence of tourism development on rural residents' livelihood type and characteristics under the goal of common prosperity
SU Wei-feng, MA Xiao-long, JIA Wen-tong, CHEN Ling-jing
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (2) : 474-489.
PDF(3808 KB)
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The influence of tourism development on rural residents' livelihood type and characteristics under the goal of common prosperity
({{custom_author.role_en}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_en_index++;}}With the advent of post-industrial society and the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, tourism development has gradually become a key force to shape the livelihood characteristics of rural residents. However, the existing research pays little attention to the differentiated influence of tourism development on the livelihoods of rural residents. Through in-depth interviews and fieldwork, this article takes the case of Longtan village in Fujian province to explore the type division and characteristics of rural residents' livelihood under the influence of tourism development from the perspective of spatial capital theory. The results show that: (1) The formation of the characteristics of rural residents' livelihood types is affected by the spatial capital endowment, family interest demands as well as motivation for self-employment, which reflects the fundamental logic of uneven capital movement. (2) Affected by tourism development directed by government and external enterprises, the overall livelihood of rural residents has been significantly improved, but on the individual level, they use self-renewal, rent-seeking, neighborhood investment, and migration work as livelihood strategies. (3) Tourism development intensifies social inequality among rural residents within the community, and the livelihood characteristics of the four categories of residents are significantly different. This article constructs a classification framework for rural residents' livelihood characteristics and proposes a path to common prosperity through the optimization of spatial capital and balancing of interest demands. The findings can help deepen the understanding of the socioeconomic influence of tourism development in non-Western contexts and provide new insights for the sustainable development of rural tourism.
common prosperity / tourism development / types of livelihoods / spatial capital theory {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Decoupling analysis of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017表1 东北地区煤炭城市2003—2017年脱钩分析 |
| 城市 | E2003 | 2003年脱钩状态 | E2017 | 2017年脱钩状态 | DF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 抚顺 | 0.86 | 弱脱钩 | -8.98 | 强脱钩 | 0.73 |
| 阜新 | 0.98 | 弱脱钩 | -141.31 | 强脱钩 | 0.96 |
| 辽源 | 3.26 | 扩张性负脱钩 | -4.24 | 强脱钩 | 0.90 |
| 鸡西 | 2.04 | 扩张性负脱钩 | -0.17 | 强脱钩 | 0.76 |
| 鹤岗 | 0.59 | 弱脱钩 | -1.27 | 强脱钩 | 0.77 |
| 双鸭山 | 0.91 | 弱脱钩 | -0.41 | 强脱钩 | 0.77 |
| 七台河 | 0.99 | 弱脱钩 | -0.60 | 强脱钩 | 0.78 |
Table 2 Evolution of employment structure of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017表2 东北地区煤炭城市2003—2017年就业结构演进情况 |
| 城市 | 就业增加最多的产业/万人 | 就业增长率最大的产业/% | 2017年就业比例最大的产业/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 抚顺 | 卫生、社会保险和社会福利业（0.44）;房地产业（0.17） | 房地产业（72.74）;卫生、社会保险和社会福利业（43.37） | 制造业（25.06）;采掘业（12.74） |
| 阜新 | 金融业（0.52）;卫生、社会保险和社会福利业（0.52） | 房地产业（120.22）;金融业（74.70） | 公共管理和社会组织业（15.94）;教育业（13.97） |
| 辽源 | 制造业（2.90）;公共管理和社会组织业（0.33） | 制造业（163.76）;房地产业（115.20） | 制造业（35.39）;采掘业（13.56） |
| 鸡西 | 水利、环境和公共设施管理业（0.63）;金融业（0.56） | 水利、环境和公共设施管理业（203.23）;金融业（95.54） | 农林牧渔业（25.80）;采掘业（16.14） |
| 鹤岗 | 卫生、社会保险和社会福利业（0.41）;电力煤气及水生产供应业（0.29） | 租赁和商业服务业（200.00）;信息传输、计算机服务和软件业（166.40） | 农林牧渔业（29.75）;采掘业（19.03） |
| 双鸭山 | 公共管理和社会组织业（1.59）;房地产业（0.66） | 房地产业（550.00）;租赁和商业服务业（215.89） | 公共管理和社会组织业（24.11）;采掘业（17.38） |
| 七台河 | 公共管理和社会组织业（0.30）;卫生、社会保险和社会福利业（0.25） | 卫生、社会保险和社会福利业（106.21）;信息传输、计算机服务和软件业（99.83） | 采掘业（39.45）;公共管理和社会组织业（13.10） |
Table 3 Evaluation results of economic transformation quality of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017表3 东北地区煤炭城市2003—2017年经济转型质量评价结果 |
| 经济水平绩效得分（%∆RLED） | 生态效率绩效得分（%∆EEOE） | 社会福利绩效得分（%∆ESSW） | 经济转型综合质量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 抚顺 | -11.98 | 336.45 | 234.61 | 0.06 |
| 阜新 | 15.37 | 757.17 | 288.79 | 0.41 |
| 辽源 | 77.65 | 1438.24 | 303.27 | 0.72 |
| 鸡西 | -14.28 | 539.54 | 331.72 | 0.28 |
| 鹤岗 | -7.94 | 571.25 | 349.4 | 0.33 |
| 双鸭山 | 7.59 | 114.93 | 442.03 | 0.25 |
| 七台河 | -20.2 | 517.03 | 292.1 | 0.10 |
Table 4 Technology and innovation of coal cities in Northeast China in 2010-2017表4 东北地区煤炭城市2010—2017年科技和创新情况 |
| 科学事业费占财政支出比例/% | 每万人专利申请量/件 | 2017年R&D内部经费占GDP比例/% | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 抚顺 | 0.83 | 4.54 | 0.79 |
| 阜新 | 0.43 | 3.40 | 0.67 |
| 辽源 | 0.54 | 1.53 | 0.14 |
| 鸡西 | 0.65 | 2.28 | 0.03 |
| 鹤岗 | 0.63 | 3.66 | 0.03 |
| 双鸭山 | 0.41 | 3.11 | 0.47 |
| 七台河 | 0.27 | 2.75 | 1.18 |
| 黑吉辽三省 | 1.47 | 7.66 | 1.30 |
| 注：科学事业费占财政支出比例和每万人专利申请量均为2010—2017年平均数据,其中鹤岗的专利数据缺少部分年份,采用移动平均与线性插值方法填补缺失数据。 |
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In recent years, China's rural tourism has developed rapidly, but in the meanwhile many rural destinations have experienced some serious social conflicts in a way that host residents have heavily resisted tourism development to the extent that such development is hampered or even stopped. It is thus deemed important to examine the antecedents of resistance by host community towards tourism development. Currently, the studies on residents' negative behavior have predominantly employed the theoretical framework of social exchange theory, which has a few evident limitations. There have been thus increasing calls for new theories that can offer a new and complementary understanding of host resistance. In response to such appeal, this study introduces relative deprivation theory-a classic social psychology theory which has been argued to have certain advantages in examining people's deviant and resisting behavior but has rarely documented in tourism literature - to investigate the causes and ways in which host community develops negative attitudes towards and thus resist tourism development. The conceptual framework of relative deprivation theory-the latitudinal, longitudinal, and value-based comparison as well as the distinction between individual relative deprivation and group relative deprivation-was presented and discussed as it relates to tourism research. A necessity of empirical research verifying the distinctiveness of the theory in studying the social issues associated with the uneven development in destination communities was noticed. An empirical study was thus conducted on Wuyuan, a famous rural destination of China, which has experienced a rapid development of tourism but serious social conflicts in the past decades. Specifically, Likeng and Sixi were selected as case villages given their well-recognized reputation in terms of tourism development and their critical situation of community issues. With the guidance of the theoretical framework of relative deprivation theory, a qualitative analysis was performed to examine the causes and forms of residents’ negative tourism behaviors on the basis of in-depth interviews, field observations and document analysis. Different from the traditional research findings based on social exchange theory, this study notes that the negative behavior of residents in Likeng and Sixi has no explicit relation to the longitudinal perception of the negative impacts of tourism, but mainly relevant to the latitudinal deprivation caused by tourism development. Value-based deprivation was reported by a few interviewees but has no explicit relation to residents resisting behavior either. It was also found to be a confusing notion and can be integrated into the latitudinal and longitudinal dimensions. Besides, residents’ perceptions of individual relative deprivation and group relative deprivation may individually or jointly affect their resisting behavior towards tourism. The findings show that the relative deprivation theory can be a unique and novel construct to investigate host resistance towards tourism, and has great potential for advancing the knowledge of the field. Based on the findings, several practical suggestions are given in regard to preventing and managing the social conflicts emerged in rural destinations. A few future research directions are provided regarding enhancing the application of the theory into examining the complex tourism sphere. {{custom_citation.content}}
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Rural tourism development inevitably reconstructs the human-environment relationship, which exerts a significant impact on household and rural communities, and different tourism development modes directly affect the development performance of rural tourism. Firstly, this paper takes three types of rural sightseeing place as an example, on the basis of summarizing the differences of resources, management and development subject. It is found that three types of patterns have formed, which are characterized by folk experience of community collective development, "Nong Jia Le" leisure of community leading and ruins scenic spots leisure of government leading. And then, this article uses the sustainable livelihoods framework and tourism effect theory to systematically analyze the impact of tourism development modes on changes of households' livelihood and communities. It turns out that the three modes of livelihood strategies are from the traditional agricultural livelihood to a new tourism business livelihood. Household finance, material and social capital increase notably; the resource development mode determines the households' livelihood diversity and selection of migrant workers, and the mode of tourism management affect the change direction of livelihood capital and the difference of community tourism effects. Secondly, the role of the three types of tourism development model is explained by the logistic regression model, and the theoretical explanation of the mechanism of effects is presented. This research points out that the approach of influence of the three tourism modes are dominated by the households' finance and physical capital promotion as well as rural social and economic development. In comparison, Yuanjia village mode, which is operated by communities in a collective way and is household-oriented, takes "people" as the core, promoting the comprehensive development of rural tourism. In general, differences in resources and the foundation of communities are the driving force of households' livelihood changes and community impacts. At the same time, the role of government, the function of communities (enterprises) and the interest of households are the core of tourism development and management. Only the three conditions, namely, effective management of government, dominant position of households and external forces all carried out properly, can ensure ordered operation of rural tourism and thus promote the development and transformation of rural communities. {{custom_citation.content}}
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：感谢课题组助理张丽甜、党妮娜、雪瑞在田野调查方面的协助；感谢屏南乡村振兴研究院、龙潭村委会提供数据资料支持。
PDF(3808 KB)
Fig. 1 Five-dimensional evaluation framework of economic transformation performance of resource-based cities
Table 1 Decoupling analysis of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017Fig. 2 Development of industrial economy and three industries of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017Table 2 Evolution of employment structure of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017Table 3 Evaluation results of economic transformation quality of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017Table 4 Technology and innovation of coal cities in Northeast China in 2010-2017Fig. 3 The curve of GDP growth rate of coal cities in Northeast China in 2003-2017/
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