
Crop specialization and chemical fertilizer reduction: The pathway of operation scale
ZENG Lin-lin, LI Xiao-yun, YANG Zhi-hai
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2022, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (7) : 1707-1721.
Crop specialization and chemical fertilizer reduction: The pathway of operation scale
This paper analyses the effects of crop specialization on the fertilizer reduction from two dimensions, horizontal crop specialization and vertical division of agricultural production process (vertical specialization). Based on the panel data of 13 major grain producing provinces in China from 1980 to 2018, the effect of crop planting specialization on the reduction of agricultural chemical fertilizer and its mechanism were investigated. The results indicate that, first of all, with the development of horizontal and vertical specialization the fertilizer application intensity reduces and the fertilizer use efficiency increases. The deepening in vertical specialization would enhance the positive effects of expanding horizontal specialization on fertilizer reduction. Secondly, the crop specialization may reduce the fertilizer via two pathways. Pathway 1 is that the increasing horizontal specialization could increase farm operation scale, which contributes to fertilizer reduction. Pathway 2 is that the increasing of horizontal specialization could increase farm operation scale, which further enhances the positive effects of vertical specialization on reduction. However, there is an optimal value for the proper operation scale, and it would be increased with deeper merger of horizontal and vertical specialization. Therefore, it is of great importance to encourage the horizontal and vertical specialization to reduce chemical fertilizer application. It is critical to inspire farmers to expend the operation scale and then further promote the reduction of fertilizer use.
horizontal crop specialization / vertical specialization / operation scale / chemical fertilizer reduction {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Descriptive statistics and data sources表1 各变量描述性统计及数据来源 |
变量名称 | 观测值/个 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
作物种植横向专业化 | 507 | 45.074 | 7.257 | 27.793 | 65.449 | 《中国农村统计年鉴》 |
纵向专业化/(万元/千hm2) | 507 | 6.439 | 6.767 | 0.044 | 36.642 | 《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》 |
农业劳动力/(万人/千hm2) | 507 | 1.193 | 0.758 | 0.314 | 5.343 | 《中国农村统计年鉴》、各省统计年鉴 |
农业政策 | 507 | 0.385 | 0.487 | 0 | 1 | — |
灌溉率 | 507 | 0.356 | 0.110 | 0.072 | 0.770 | 《中国农村统计年鉴》 |
自然灾害 | 507 | 7.496 | 4.481 | 0.308 | 25.745 | 《中国农村统计年鉴》 |
经营规模/(亩/人) | 338 | 3.001 | 2.758 | 0.940 | 13.560 | 《中国统计年鉴》 |
Table 2 The impact of crop specialization on fertilizer application intensity表2 作物种植专业化对化肥施用强度的影响 |
变量 | (1)化肥 | (2)氮肥 | (3)磷肥 | (4)复合肥 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
横向专业化 | -0.013*** (0.002) | — | -0.012*** (0.002) | — | -0.008*** (0.003) | — | -0.008*** (0.002) | — |
纵向专业化 | — | -0.024*** (0.003) | — | -0.029*** (0.003) | — | -0.020*** (0.005) | — | -0.006* (0.003) |
农业劳动 | 0.266*** (0.033) | 0.309*** (0.035) | 0.181*** (0.034) | 0.235*** (0.034) | 0.281*** (0.043) | 0.317*** (0.041) | 0.321*** (0.038) | 0.332*** (0.035) |
农业政策 | -0.123* (0.065) | -0.067 (0.050) | -0.156** (0.066) | -0.082* (0.048) | -0.105 (0.077) | -0.056 (0.069) | -0.008 (0.064) | -0.001 (0.059) |
灌溉率 | 0.942*** (0.126) | 0.835*** (0.128) | 1.255*** (0.125) | 1.190*** (0.126) | 0.263 (0.167) | 0.213 (0.178) | -1.166*** (0.179) | -1.275*** (0.170) |
自然灾害 | 0.006** (0.003) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.008*** (0.003) | 0.002 (0.002) | -0.000 (0.004) | -0.004 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.002) |
常数项 | 1.756*** (0.082) | 1.211*** (0.065) | 1.481*** (0.094) | 0.943*** (0.064) | 0.695*** (0.137) | 0.323*** (0.087) | 1.060*** (0.096) | 0.765*** (0.064) |
观测值/个 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 442 | 442 |
R2 | 0.896 | 0.904 | 0.868 | 0.892 | 0.737 | 0.749 | 0.921 | 0.920 |
注:*、**和***分别表示在10%、5%和1%的置信水平上显著,括号中的数值代表标准误,下同。 |
Table 3 The impact of crop specialization on fertilizer use efficiency表3 作物种植专业化对化肥利用效率的影响 |
变量 | (1)化肥 | (2)氮肥 | (3)磷肥 | (4)复合肥 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
横向专业化 | 0.021*** (0.003) | — | 0.021*** (0.003) | — | 0.022*** (0.005) | — | 0.040*** (0.004) | — |
纵向专业化 | — | 0.049*** (0.003) | — | 0.058*** (0.004) | — | 0.057*** (0.008) | — | 0.062*** (0.004) |
常数项 | 2.787*** (0.155) | 3.705*** (0.077) | 3.133*** (0.186) | 4.098*** (0.084) | 4.303*** (0.246) | 5.313*** (0.129) | 3.203*** (0.187) | 4.813*** (0.100) |
观测值/个 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 442 | 442 |
R2 | 0.710 | 0.782 | 0.716 | 0.806 | 0.569 | 0.629 | 0.836 | 0.865 |
注:其他变量的估计结果略,下同。 |
Table 4 The fertilizer reduction: The interaction of horizontal specialization and vertical specialization表4 化肥减量施用:不同维度作物种植专业化的交互影响 |
变量 | (1)化肥 | (2)氮肥 | (3)磷肥 | (4)复合肥 |
---|---|---|---|---|
施用强度的影响 | ||||
横向专业化 | -0.029*** (0.006) | -0.144 (0.121) | -0.122 (0.197) | -0.016** (0.007) |
纵向专业化 | -0.019*** (0.007) | -0.027 (0.039) | -0.001 (0.058) | -0.005 (0.060) |
横向专业化×纵向专业化 | -0.0365* (0.020) | -0.0005*** (0.000) | -0.0003** (0.000) | -0.0002** (0.000) |
常数项 | 0.461* (0.278) | 1.485*** (0.448) | 0.728 (0.747) | 0.576** (0.288) |
观测值/个 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 442 |
R2 | 0.832 | 0.889 | 0.746 | 0.854 |
利用效率的影响 | ||||
横向专业化 | 0.009*** (0.003) | 0.007** (0.003) | 0.238 (0.291) | 0.020*** (0.005) |
纵向专业化 | 0.029*** (0.009) | 0.037*** (0.010) | 0.038 (0.089) | 0.013 (0.016) |
横向专业化×纵向专业化 | 0.0003** (0.000) | 0.0003** (0.000) | 0.0009*** (0.000) | 0.0008*** (0.000) |
常数项 | 3.403*** (0.140) | 3.872*** (0.156) | 4.413*** (1.101) | 4.130*** (0.183) |
观测值/个 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 442 |
R2 | 0.792 | 0.812 | 0.622 | 0.884 |
Table 5 The impact of crop specialization on fertilizer reduction: Robustness test表5 作物种植专业化对化肥减量的影响:稳健性检验 |
变量 | (1)替换核心自变量 | (2)粮食作物 | (3)经济作物 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
施用强度的影响 | ||||||||
横向专业化 | -0.011*** (0.003) | — | -0.004* (0.002) | — | — | -0.017*** (0.002) | — | — |
纵向专业化 | — | — | — | -0.019*** (0.002) | — | — | -0.025*** (0.003) | — |
横向专业化×纵向专业化 | — | -0.019*** (0.007) | — | — | -0.0005*** (0.000) | — | — | -0.0003*** (0.000) |
常数项 | 1.417*** (0.070) | 0.591** (0.247) | 1.511*** (0.121) | 1.217*** (0.066) | 0.928*** (0.161) | 2.520*** (0.178) | 1.244*** (0.0693) | 1.898*** (0.191) |
观测值/个 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 |
R2 | 0.891 | 0.905 | 0.889 | 0.904 | 0.910 | 0.901 | 0.902 | 0.909 |
利用效率的影响 | ||||||||
横向专业化 | 0.031*** (0.003) | — | 0.012*** (0.003) | — | — | 0.021*** (0.003) | — | — |
纵向专业化 | — | — | — | 0.036*** (0.003) | — | — | 0.046*** (0.004) | — |
横向专业化×纵向专业化 | — | 0.276** (0.130) | — | — | 0.0008*** (0.000) | — | — | 0.0007*** (0.000) |
常数项 | 3.202*** (0.104) | 54.50*** (12.63) | 2.953*** (0.176) | 3.669*** (0.084) | 3.546*** (0.605) | 2.005*** (0.269) | 3.621*** (0.092) | 2.767*** (0.847) |
观测值/个 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 | 507 |
R2 | 0.726 | 0.652 | 0.689 | 0.765 | 0.786 | 0.710 | 0.753 | 0.775 |
Table 6 The impact of horizontal crop specialization and operation scale on fertilizer reduction表6 横向专业化与经营规模对化肥减量的影响 |
变量 | (1)经营规模 | (2)化肥 | (3)氮肥 | (4)磷肥 | (5)复合肥 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
施用强度的影响 | |||||
横向专业化 | 0.009*** (0.002) | -0.012*** (0.002) | -0.011*** (0.002) | -0.003 (0.006) | -0.010*** (0.002) |
经营规模 | — | -0.265*** (0.092) | -0.362*** (0.092) | -0.056 (0.234) | -0.424*** (0.132) |
常数项 | 0.552*** (0.076) | 2.278*** (0.091) | 2.011*** (0.095) | 0.682*** (0.258) | 1.557*** (0.160) |
观测值/个 | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | 0.984 | 0.937 | 0.925 | 0.736 | 0.938 |
利用效率的影响 | |||||
横向专业化 | — | 0.014*** (0.003) | 0.014*** (0.004) | 0.002 (0.008) | 0.026*** (0.004) |
经营规模 | — | 0.909*** (0.144) | 1.039*** (0.165) | 0.586* (0.330) | 1.256*** (0.200) |
常数项 | — | 1.985*** (0.165) | 2.262*** (0.210) | 4.377*** (0.451) | 2.515*** (0.186) |
观测值/个 | — | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | — | 0.767 | 0.782 | 0.677 | 0.871 |
Table 7 The impact of horizontal crop specialization on operation scale: IV method表7 横向专业化对经营规模的影响:工具变量法 |
变量 | (1)横向专业化 | (2)经营规模 |
---|---|---|
横向专业化 | — | 0.112*** (0.023) |
相邻省份横向专业化 | 0.811*** (0.070) | — |
常数项 | 5.322** (2.395) | -4.491*** (0.745) |
观测值/个 | 312 | 312 |
R2 | 0.769 | 0.408 |
Table 8 The interaction impact of vertical specialization and operation scale on fertilizer reduction表8 纵向专业化与农地经营规模的交互对化肥减量的影响 |
变量 | (1)化肥 | (2)氮肥 | (3)磷肥 | (4)复合肥 |
---|---|---|---|---|
施用强度的影响 | ||||
纵向专业化 | -0.005 (0.004) | -0.009* (0.005) | -0.005 (0.303) | -0.465 (0.422) |
经营规模(对数) | -0.209* (0.110) | -0.214** (0.105) | -0.130 (1.391) | -1.802 (1.950) |
纵向专业化×经营规模 | -0.008 (0.019) | -0.037* (0.021) | -0.046* (0.026) | -0.014 (0.039) |
常数项 | 2.183*** (0.105) | 1.935*** (0.122) | -0.032 (1.707) | 0.012 (2.783) |
观测值/个 | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | 0.904 | 0.882 | 0.617 | 0.652 |
利用效率的影响 | ||||
纵向专业化 | 0.121* (0.064) | 0.195*** (0.072) | 0.226** (0.103) | 0.029** (0.015) |
经营规模(对数) | 0.617** (0.262) | 0.713** (0.296) | 0.081 (0.405) | 0.539* (0.298) |
纵向专业化×经营规模 | 0.106** (0.047) | 0.114** (0.054) | 0.121 (0.093) | 0.017* (0.008) |
常数项 | 2.685*** (0.305) | 2.944*** (0.348) | 4.793*** (0.454) | 4.294*** (0.318) |
观测值/个 | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | 0.777 | 0.801 | 0.700 | 0.883 |
Table 9 The interaction impact of vertical specialization and operation scale (quadratic term) on fertilizer reduction表9 纵向专业化与农地经营规模的交互(二次项)对化肥减量的影响 |
变量 | (1)化肥 | (2)氮肥 | (3)磷肥 | (4)复合肥 |
---|---|---|---|---|
施用强度的影响 | ||||
纵向专业化 | -0.044 (0.053) | -0.100* (0.052) | -0.032 (0.111) | -0.227** (0.089) |
经营规模(对数) | -1.062*** (0.302) | -1.421*** (0.325) | -1.842*** (0.503) | -1.050* (0.576) |
纵向专业化×经营规模(对数) | 0.101* (0.054) | 0.097* (0.053) | 0.095 (0.105) | 0.574*** (0.161) |
经营规模(对数)平方项 | 0.191* (0.105) | 0.298*** (0.108) | 0.653*** (0.159) | 0.322 (0.213) |
纵向专业化×经营规模(对数)平方项 | -0.004** (0.002) | -0.005** (0.002) | -0.009** (0.004) | -0.207*** (0.065) |
常数项 | 2.246*** (0.232) | 2.447*** (0.254) | 1.714*** (0.379) | 1.447*** (0.378) |
观测值/个 | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | 0.934 | 0.925 | 0.749 | 0.944 |
利用效率的影响 | ||||
纵向专业化 | 0.287*** (0.072) | 0.357*** (0.078) | 0.109*** (0.034) | 0.140 (0.093) |
经营规模(对数) | 2.207*** (0.494) | 2.645*** (0.540) | 2.651*** (0.743) | 1.462* (0.747) |
纵向专业化×经营规模(对数) | -0.209*** (0.063) | -0.218*** (0.069) | -0.085** (0.043) | -0.196** (0.078) |
经营规模(对数)平方项 | -0.540*** (0.154) | -0.660*** (0.169) | -0.980*** (0.270) | -0.293 (0.216) |
纵向专业化×经营规模(对数)平方项 | 0.014*** (0.002) | 0.016*** (0.003) | 0.034*** (0.013) | 0.016*** (0.003) |
常数项 | 1.669*** (0.384) | 1.707*** (0.428) | 3.432*** (0.553) | 3.651*** (0.575) |
观测值/个 | 338 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | 0.797 | 0.820 | 0.746 | 0.877 |
Table 10 The crop specialization and operation scale表10 作物种植专业化与农地经营规模 |
变量 | 化肥利用效率 | ||
---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
横向专业化 | 0.014*** (0.004) | — | 0.022*** (0.005) |
纵向专业化 | — | 0.287*** (0.072) | 0.262*** (0.059) |
经营规模(对数) | 1.855*** (0.409) | 2.207*** (0.494) | 1.874*** (0.501) |
纵向专业化×经营规模(对数) | — | -0.209*** (0.063) | — |
横向专业化×纵向专业化×经营规模(对数) | — | — | 0.0004*** (0.000) |
经营规模(对数)平方项 | -0.222** (0.101) | -0.540*** (0.154) | -0.538*** (0.163) |
纵向专业化×经营规模(对数)平方项 | — | 0.014*** (0.002) | — |
横向专业化×纵向专业化×经营规模(对数)平方项 | — | — | -0.0005*** (0.000) |
常数项 | 1.187*** (0.338) | 1.669*** (0.384) | 1.122*** (0.387) |
观测值/个 | 338 | 338 | 338 |
R2 | 0.753 | 0.797 | 0.811 |
农地经营规模临界点 | 1.229 | 1.544 | 1.920 |
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