
Analysis of willingness to pay for forest insurance and its influencing factors: From the perspective of heterogeneous forestry operators
FU Li-sha, PAN Huan-xue, QIN Tao
JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2022, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (3) : 769-783.
Analysis of willingness to pay for forest insurance and its influencing factors: From the perspective of heterogeneous forestry operators
Based on the expected utility function theory, this paper analyzed the willingness to pay for forest insurance and the difference of heterogeneous forest operators. Based on the survey data of 382 small forest farmers and 88 new forestry operators in Fujian province, the differences and influencing factors of willingness to pay of heterogeneous forestry operators were explored by using contingent valuation method (CVM) and Cox proportional hazards model. The results show that there are significant differences in the willingness to pay level of forest insurance between the traditional small forest farmers and the new forest operators, at four protection levels ranging from 1000-2500 yuan/mu, the pay willingness of the traditional small forest farmers is 1.911 yuan/mu, 2.941 yuan/mu, 3.532 yuan/mu and 3.979 yuan/mu, respectively, and that of the new forest operators is 1.632 yuan/mu, 3.971 yuan/mu, 5.809 yuan/mu and 6.864 yuan/mu, respectively. The willingness to pay of the two types of forest operators increased with the increase of the insured amount, but the increase of the new forest operators is much larger than that of the small forest farmers. Meanwhile, there are significant differences in the influencing factors of willingness to pay for forest insurance of heterogeneous forest operators, which is related to the obvious differences in the cognitive characteristics of forest insurance, the characteristics of forest production and management, the characteristics of forest damage, and the evaluation characteristics of forest insurance products. In addition, the area of forest land has a significant impact on the willingness to pay of the two types of forest operators, which indicates that large-scale and intensive forestry production and management could enhance the willingness to pay level of forest insurance.
forest insurance / willingness to pay / heterogeneous forestry operator / Cox proportional risk model / product supply characteristics {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Labor cost and raw material cost of eucalyptus, pine and fir (元/亩)表1 桉树林、马尾松林、杉木林人工费用与原材料费用汇总表 |
种类 | 2013年 | 2015年 | 2017年 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
总成本 | 人工费 | 原材料 | 总成本 | 人工费 | 原材料 | 总成本 | 人工费 | 原材料 | |||
桉树林 | 1123.71 | 407.71 | 716.00 | 1344.94 | 562.14 | 782.80 | 1648.13 | 801.81 | 846.32 | ||
马尾松林 | 960.68 | 412.30 | 548.38 | 1156.46 | 580.67 | 575.79 | 1427.03 | 822.37 | 604.66 | ||
杉木林 | 1064.13 | 462.70 | 601.43 | 1279.22 | 647.78 | 631.44 | 1534.85 | 871.92 | 662.93 |
注:依据课题组多年对福建省桉树(Eucalyptus)林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林和杉木(Cunninghamia Lanceolata)林相关调研数据整理。 |
Table 2 Estimated value of forest insurance premium in Fujian province under different insurance levels and insurance participation rates (元/亩)表2 不同保障水平与参保率下福建省森林保险保费估算值 |
保障水平 | 现行费率下 | 测算纯费率下 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
保费 | 75%补贴下保费 | 保费 | 75%补贴下保费 | 50%补贴下保费 | ||
1000 | 1.610 | 0.403 | 9.880 | 2.470 | 4.940 | |
1500 | 2.415 | 0.604 | 14.820 | 3.607 | 7.213 | |
2000 | 3.220 | 0.805 | 19.760 | 4.809 | 9.618 | |
2500 | 4.025 | 1.006 | 24.700 | 6.011 | 12.022 |
Table 3 Distribution of willingness to pay of heterogeneous forestry operators at different security levels表3 异质性营林主体在不同保障水平下的支付意愿分布 |
人数/人 (占比/%) | 1000元/亩 | 1500元/亩 | 2000元/亩 | 2500元/亩 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
传统 小林农 | 新型林业 经营主体 | 传统 小林农 | 新型林业 经营主体 | 传统 小林农 | 新型林业 经营主体 | 传统 小林农 | 新型林业 经营主体 | ||||
[0, 1.6) | 180 (47.12) | 49 (55.68) | 106 (27.75) | 14 (15.91) | 72 (18.85) | 3 (3.41) | 66 (17.28) | 1 (1.14) | |||
[1.6, 3.2) | 136 (35.60) | 27 (30.68) | 129 (33.77) | 23 (26.14) | 117 (30.63) | 7 (7.95) | 85 (22.25) | 4 (4.55) | |||
[3.2, 4.8) | 41 (10.73) | 8 (9.09) | 74 (19.37) | 22 (25.00) | 89 (23.30) | 17 (19.32) | 97 (25.39) | 11 (12.50) | |||
[4.8, 6.4) | 14 (3.66) | 3 (3.41) | 36 (9.42) | 14 (15.91) | 51 (13.35) | 31 (35.23) | 63 (16.49) | 19 (21.59) | |||
[6.4, 8.0) | 8 (2.09) | 1 (1.14) | 22 (5.76) | 8 (9.09) | 34 (8.90) | 15 (17.05) | 46 (12.04) | 27 (30.68) | |||
[8.0, 9.6) | 3 (0.79) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (3.40) | 4 (4.55) | 16 (4.19) | 9 (10.23) | 20 (5.24) | 15 (17.05) | |||
[9.6, 11.2) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.52) | 2 (2.27) | 3 (0.79) | 5 (5.68) | 5 (1.31) | 8 (9.09) | |||
[11.2, +∞) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.14) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (3.41) | |||
合计 | 382 (100) | 88 (100) | 382 (100) | 88 (100) | 382 (100) | 88 (100) | 382 (100) | 88 (100) | |||
χ2检验 | χ2(5)2.8.7;p=0.730 | χ2(5)=17.566;p=0.014 | χ2(5)=68.613;p=0.000 | χ2(5)=89.230;p=0.000 |
Table 4 Variable selection of influencing factors of willingness to pay for forest insurance表4 森林保险支付意愿影响因素变量选择 |
类型 | 变量 | 测量及赋值 |
---|---|---|
基本特征 | 年龄 | 户主实际年龄 |
受教育程度 | 小学及以下=1;初中=2;高中=3;大专及以上=4 | |
森林保险认知特征 | 森林保险认知度 | 完全不了解=1;一般=2;较为了解=3;非常了解=4 |
森林保险重要性 | 不重要=1;一般=2;比较重要=3;非常重要=4 | |
林业生产经营特征 | 林地面积 | 实际林地面积或经营规模 |
林业收入占比 | 10%以下=1;10%~30%=2;30%~50%=3,50%以上=4 | |
风险偏好程度 | 风险偏好试验的实际测试数值:风险厌恶型=1;风险中立性=2; 风险偏好型=3 | |
林业灾损特征 | 是否遭受灾损 | 近3年是否遭受自然灾害,否=0;是=1 |
受灾损失程度 | 10%以下=1;10%~30%=2;30%~50%=3;50%以上=4 | |
产品供给特征 | 保险责任评价 | 不满意=1;一般=2;比较满意=3;非常满意=4 |
保障水平评价 | 不满意=1;一般=2;比较满意=3;非常满意=4 | |
费率水平评价 | 不满意=1;一般=2;比较满意=3;非常满意=4 | |
赔付情况评价 | 不满意=1;一般=2;比较满意=3;非常满意=4 | |
保费补贴评价 | 不满意=1;一般=2;比较满意=3;非常满意=4 |
Table 5 Cox regression analysis of traditional small forest farmers表5 传统小林农Cox回归结果分析 |
变量 | 1000元/亩 | 1500元/亩 | 2000元/亩 | 2500元/亩 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
回归系数 | 显著水平 | 回归系数 | 显著水平 | 回归系数 | 显著水平 | 回归系数 | 显著水平 | ||||
年龄 | 0.003 | 0.631 | 0.018 | 0.362 | 0.085* | 0.083 | 0.102** | 0.032 | |||
受教育程度 | -0.189* | 0.074 | -0.531* | 0.051 | -0.793** | 0.034 | -0.828** | 0.018 | |||
森林保险认知度 | -0.024 | 0.527 | -0.048* | 0.076 | -0.207* | 0.087 | -0.251** | 0.040 | |||
森林保险重要性 | -2.536** | 0.043 | -2.111*** | 0.006 | -1.856** | 0.020 | -1.227** | 0.016 | |||
林地面积 | -0.589 | 0.144 | -1.005* | 0.068 | -1.110* | 0.012 | -1.138*** | 0.000 | |||
林业收入占比 | -1.256** | 0.035 | -0.957** | 0.011 | -1.877* | 0.076 | -2.140** | 0.037 | |||
风险偏好程度 | 0.301* | 0.086 | 0.522* | 0.053 | 0.793** | 0.041 | 0.816** | 0.026 | |||
是否遭受灾损 | -0.233** | 0.048 | -0.501** | 0.037 | -0.775* | 0.032 | -1.038 | 0.102 | |||
灾损程度 | -0.867** | 0.013 | -0.355** | 0.044 | -0.155*** | 0.003 | -0.889*** | 0.006 | |||
保险责任评价 | -0.558* | 0.074 | -0.125 | 0.277 | -1.040* | 0.062 | -1.303* | 0.073 | |||
保障水平评价 | -0.524 | 0.484 | -0.053 | 0.295 | 0.224* | 0.074 | 1.148** | 0.031 | |||
费率水平评价 | -1.025*** | 0.004 | -2.021** | 0.037 | -1.885 | 0.230 | -1.047 | 0.247 | |||
赔付情况评价 | -1.329 | 0.194 | -1.653 | 0.134 | -1.452 | 0.135 | -1.244 | 0.194 | |||
保费补贴评价 | -2.227** | 0.026 | -1.987*** | 0.007 | -1.784*** | 0.005 | -1.163*** | 0.001 | |||
对数似然比 | -379.650 | -333.412 | -422.058 | -431.749 | |||||||
显著性水平 | 0.036 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.010 |
注:***、**、*分别表示通过1%、5%、10%显著性水平检验,下同。 |
Table 6 Cox regression analysis of new forestry management entities表6 新型林业经营主体Cox回归结果分析 |
变量 | 1000元/亩 | 1500元/亩 | 2000元/亩 | 2500元/亩 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
回归系数 | 显著水平 | 回归系数 | 显著水平 | 回归系数 | 显著水平 | 回归系数 | 显著水平 | ||||
年龄 | -0.013 | 0.113 | 0.068* | 0.074 | 0.117 | 0.131 | 0.130* | 0.062 | |||
受教育程度 | -0.804* | 0.104 | -0.522* | 0.095 | -0.319* | 0.083 | -0.082* | 0.072 | |||
森林保险认知度 | -0.012** | 0.025 | -0.035** | 0.021 | -0.079** | 0.017 | -0.105*** | 0.010 | |||
森林保险重要性 | -1.395* | 0.074 | -1.073** | 0.038 | -0.917** | 0.042 | -0.827** | 0.036 | |||
林地面积 | -2.381** | 0.044 | -2.080** | 0.012 | -1.701*** | 0.000 | -1.1484*** | 0.000 | |||
林业收入占比 | -2.028* | 0.087 | -1.845* | 0.051 | -1.291** | 0.040 | -1.103** | 0.015 | |||
风险偏好程度 | 0.031* | 0.088 | 0.084* | 0.065 | 0.098** | 0.037 | 0.132** | 0.025 | |||
是否遭受灾损 | -1.107* | 0.083 | -0.602 | 0.319 | -0.096 | 0.307 | -0.077 | 0.164 | |||
灾损程度 | -1.285** | 0.036 | -1.584* | 0.048 | -1.751* | 0.062 | -1.907* | 0.068 | |||
保险责任评价 | -0.007 | 0.149 | -0.026 | 0.108 | -0.480* | 0.086 | -0.831* | 0.067 | |||
保障水平评价 | -0.024 | 0.141 | 0.137* | 0.087 | 0.588** | 0.036 | 1.274*** | 0.001 | |||
费率水平评价 | -0.102* | 0.064 | -0.609 | 0.143 | -1.018 | 0.138 | -1.529 | 0.104 | |||
赔付情况评价 | -0.525 | 0.431 | -0.633 | 0.369 | -1.024 | 0.276 | -1.105 | 0.109 | |||
保费补贴评价 | -1.536* | 0.083 | -1.373* | 0.075 | -1.198* | 0.085 | -0.871* | 0.097 | |||
对数似然比 | -408.562 | -429.573 | -438.722 | -454.735 | |||||||
显著性水平 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.007 |
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