Dynamics of Urban Food Metabolism with Water-Carbon Footprint Respond: A Case Study of Beijing

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20171137

PDF(5995 KB)

JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11) : 1886-1896. DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20171137

Resource Ecology

Dynamics of Urban Food Metabolism with Water-Carbon Footprint Respond: A Case Study of Beijing

XIONG Xin¹, ZHANG Li-xiao¹, ZHANG Peng-peng¹, HAO Yan¹, CHANG Yuan², WANG Can³

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Food metabolism is one of the basic processes of urban metabolism. Continuously growing urban population drives sharply increasing food demand with related impacts. Aimed at providing adequate information about dynamic process of urban food metabolism and related environmental footprint to identify measures for future diet optimization and impact reduction, this study systematically analyzed the dynamic characteristics of urban food metabolism on metabolic flux, structure and efficiency during 1978-2015 based on a case study of Beijing. Life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to calculate water-carbon footprint caused by food consumption, and an eco-efficiency index E was constructed to evaluate the efficiency of food metabolism in Beijing. At last, this study explored several effective ways to optimize urban food metabolism. The results indicated that: 1) In 2015, the urban food metabolic flux was 881.4×10⁴ t in Beijing, which increased 3.3 times compared with the one in 1978, while water footprint and carbon footprint increased 6.1 times and 4.4 times respectively. 2) The structure of both metabolic flux and environmental footprint presented the evolution characteristics of shifting from staple food as main food to non-staple food as main food and from plant-derived food dominated diet to diet with equal importance of plant-derived food and animal-derived food. 3) The over-consumption diets, especially high proportion of meat consumption, not only affected the health status of urban inhabitants in Beijing, but also pushed tempestuously per capita environmental footprint of urban inhabitants into a high level, resulting in the eco-efficiency’s decreasing from 1.27 to 0.32. 4) Alleviating the environmental footprint impacts of urban food metabolism should be based on the following aspects: optimizing the industrial supply chain; sparkplugging healthy diet habits and sustainable consumption patterns.

Key words

environmental footprint / food metabolism / resource loading / urban metabolism

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

XIONG Xin, ZHANG Li-xiao, ZHANG Peng-peng, HAO Yan, CHANG Yuan, WANG Can. Dynamics of Urban Food Metabolism with Water-Carbon Footprint Respond: A Case Study of Beijing[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2018, 33(11): 1886-1896 https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20171137

References

[1]WOLMAN A.The metabolism of cities[J]. Scientific American, 1965, 213: 179.
[2]WARREN-RHODES K, KOENIG A.Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971-1997[J]. AMBIO, 2001, 30(7): 429.
[3]BAKER L A, HARTZHEIM P M, HOBBIE S E, et al.Effect of consumption choices on fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through households[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 2007, 10(2): 97-117.
[4]FISSORE C, BAKER L A, HOBBIE S E, et al.Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fluxes in household ecosystems in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, urban region[J]. Ecological Applications, 2011, 21(3): 619-639.
[5]世界自然基金会. 地球生命力报告2014[R]. 瑞士格朗, 2014.
[World Wide Fund for Nature or World Wildlife Fund. Living Planet Report 2014. Gland, Switzerland, 2014. ]
[6]VERMEULEN S J, CAMPBELL B M, INGRAM J S I. Climate change and food systems[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2012, 37: 195-222.
[7]WACKERNAGEL M, REES W.Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth[M]. Gabriola Island, B C; Philadelphia, P A: New Society Publishers, 1996.
[8]VRINGER K, BLOK K.The direct and indirect energy requirements of households in the Netherlands[J]. Energy Policy, 1995, 23(10): 893-910.
[9]刘晶茹, 王如松, 王震, 等. 中国城市家庭代谢及其影响因素分析[J]. 生态学报, 2003, 23(12): 2672-2676.
[LIU J R, WANG R S, WANG Z, et al.Metabolism and driving forces analysis of Chinese urban households. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(12): 2672-2676. ]
[10]HUANG T, SHI F, TANIKAWA H, et al.Materials demand and environmental impact of buildings construction and demolition in China based on dynamic material flow analysis[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2013, 72(2): 91-101.
[11]HUANG C, HAN J, CHEN W Q.Changing patterns and determinants of infrastructures’ material stocks in Chinese cities[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2017, 123: 47-53.
[12]HUANG W, HUANG Y F, LIN S Z, et al.Changing urban cement metabolism under rapid urbanization—A flow and stock perspective[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 173: 197-206.
[13]赵颜创, 赵小锋, 林剑艺, 等. 厦门市城市能源代谢综合分析方法及应用[J]. 生态科学, 2016, 35(5): 110-116.
[ZHAO Y C, ZHAO X F, LIN J Y, et al.An integrated analysis of urban energy metabolism: A case study of Xiamen city. Ecological Science, 2016, 35(5): 110-116. ]
[14]FACCHINI A, KENNEDY C, STEWART I, et al.The energy metabolism of megacities[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 186: 86-95.
[15]黄和平, 王丽影. 基于能源代谢分析的南昌市能源消费碳排放综合生态效率研究[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(12): 4191-4197.
[HUANG H P, WANG L Y.EMA-based analysis on the eco-efficiency of carbon emission of energy consumption: A case study of Nanchang. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(12): 4191-4197. ]
[16]党玉婷. 基于物质代谢理论视域下的城市土地可持续利用研究[J]. 德州学院学报, 2014, 30(S2): 46-50.
[DANG Y T.Study on sustainable utilization of urban land based on the theory of material metabolism. Journal of Dezhou University, 2014, 30(S2): 46-50. ]
[17]崔雪竹, 王东. 代谢论视角下城市土地可持续利用机理研究[J]. 工程管理学报, 2014, 28(3): 62-66.
[CUI X Z, WANG D.Urban land sustainable use under social metabolism perspective. Journal of Engineering Management, 2014, 28(3): 62-66. ]
[18]许翠. 物质代谢视角下武汉市土地利用变化效应分析[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2015.
[XU C.Studies on the Effect of Land Use Change in Wuhan from the Perspective of Material Metabolism. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2015. ]
[19]LU Y S Y, GENG Y, QIAN Y Y, et al. Changes of human time and land use pattern in one mega city’s urban metabolism: A multi-scale integrated analysis of Shanghai[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 133: 391-401.
[20]WANG Y Y, CHEN C M, HE W.Food consumption and dietary pattern in China during 1990-1998[J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2000, 29(5): 288-293.
[21]高利伟, 徐增让, 成升魁, 等. 西藏农村居民食物消费结构及膳食营养特征分析[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(1): 168-174.
[GAO L W, XU Z R, CHENG S K, et al.Food consumption structure and dietary nutrition of residents in rural Tibet. Resources Science, 2017, 39(1): 168-174. ]
[22]曹志宏, 陈志超, 郝晋珉. 中国城乡居民食品消费变化趋势分析[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2012, 21(10): 1173-1178.
[CAO Z Y, CHEN Z C, HAO J M.Analysis on food consumption change tendency of Chinese urban and rural residents. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2012, 21(10): 1173-1178. ]
[23]郭娟. 我国城乡居民食品消费结构的演变与趋势分析[J]. 市场周刊, 2009(4): 100-101.
[GUO J.Analysis on the evolution and trend of the food consumption structure of urban and rural residents in China. Market Weekly, 2009(4): 100-101. ]
[24]潘建伟. 北京市城乡居民食品消费行为比较分析[J]. 中国流通经济, 2012, 26(4): 49-49.
[PAN J W.The comparative analysis on the food consumption behaviors of urban and rural residents. China Business and Market, 2012, 26(4): 49-49. ]
[25]李瑾, 杨利琼, 秦向阳, 等. 北京市城镇居民食物消费特征与发展趋势[J]. 广东农业科学, 2010(8): 345-348.
[LI J, YANG L Q, QIN X Y, et al.Food consumption characteristics and development trends of urban residents in Beijing. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2010(8): 345-348. ]
[26]HIRST E.Food-related energy requirements[J]. Science, 1974, 184(4133): 134.
[27]KASTNER T, RIVAS M J, KOCH W, et al.Global changes in diets and the consequences for land requirements for food[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012, 109(18): 6868.
[28]田甜, 唐增, 孙廷艳. 中国不同地区食物消费对土地资源需求的影响研究[J]. 草业学报, 2017, 26(2): 53-60.
[TIAN T, TANG Z, SUN T Y.Land requirements for food in different regions of China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(2): 53-60. ]
[29]VANHAM D, GAWLIK B M, BIDOGLIO G.Food consumption and related water resources in Nordic cities[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2017, 74: 119-129.
[30]吴燕, 王效科, 逯非. 北京市居民食物消耗生态足迹和水足迹[J]. 资源科学, 2011, 33(6): 1145-1152.
[WU Y, WANG X K, LU F.Ecological footprint and water footprint of food consumption in Beijing. Resources Science, 2011, 33(6): 1145-1152. ]
[31]HUANG J, RIDOUTT B G, ZHANG H, et al.Water footprint of cereals and vegetables for the Beijing market[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2013, 18(1): 40-48.
[32]冼超凡, 欧阳志云. 城乡居民食物氮足迹估算及其动态分析——以北京市为例[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(8): 2413-2421.
[XIAN C F, OUYANG Z Y.Calculation and dynamic analysis of the food nitrogen footprints of urban and rural residents in Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(8): 2413-2421. ]
[33]UMAS M, FROSSARD E, SCHOLZ R W.Modeling biogeochemical processes of phosphorus for global food supply[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 84: 798-805.
[34]王进, 吝涛. 食物源CNP的城市代谢特征——以厦门市为例[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(21): 6366-6378.
[WANG J, LIN T.Characterizing the urban metabolism of food-sourced carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous: A case study of Xiamen. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(21): 6366-6378. ]
[35]罗婷文, 欧阳志云, 王效科, 等. 北京市城市化进程中居民食物碳消费动态[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(12): 3252-3258.
[LUO T W, OUYANG Z Y, WANG X K, et al.Dynamics of urban food-carbon consumption in Beijing households. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(12): 3252-3258. ]
[36]吴开亚, 王文秀, 朱勤. 上海市居民食物碳消费变化趋势的动态分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2009, 19(5): 161-167.
[WU K Y, WANG W X, ZHU Q.Dynamic analysis of change tendency of food-carbon consumption in Shanghai. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 34(4): 1636-1644. ]
[37]闫祯, 崔胜辉, 李桂林, 等. 厦门城市化进程中的居民食物碳消费及其环境负荷[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(4): 1636-1644.
[YAN Z, CUI S H, LI G L, et al.Dynamics and environmental load of food carbon consumption during urbanization: A case study of Xiamen city, China. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(4): 1636-1644. ]
[38]吴燕, 王效科, 逯非. 北京市居民食物消费碳足迹[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(5): 1570-1577.
[WU Y, WANG X K, LU F.The carbon footprint of food consumption in Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(5): 1570-1577. ]
[39]北京市统计局. 北京统计年鉴1979—2016 [M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 1979—2016.
[Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. Beijing Statistical Yearbook 1979-2016. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 1979-2016. ]
[40]北京市地方志编纂委员会. 北京志·人民生活志 [M]. 北京: 北京出版社, 2007.
[Beijing municipal commission of local Chronicles. Beijing Annals: People’s Life Annals. Beijing: Beijing Press, 2007. ]
[41]国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴 [M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 1979—2016.
[National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook 1979-2016. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 1979-2016. ]
[42]SONG G B, LI M J, SEMAKULA H M, et al.Food consumption and waste and the embedded carbon, water and ecological footprints of households in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 529: 191-197.
[43]CHAPAGAIN A K, HOEKSTRA A Y.Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade[J]. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2002, 11(7): 835-855.
[44]CHAPAGAIN A K, HOEKSTRA A Y.Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products[M]. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 13. Delft: UNESCO-IHE, 2003.
[45]张丹, 成升魁, 高利伟, 等. 城市餐饮业食物浪费碳足迹——以北京市为例[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(18): 5937-5948.
[ZHANG D, CHENG S K, GAO L W, et al.The carbon footprint of catering industry food waste: A Beijing case study. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(18): 5937-5948. ]
[46]STIGSON B.What is eco-efficiency [R]. Sydney: World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1999.
[47]智静, 高吉喜. 中国城乡居民食品消费碳排放对比分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2009, 28(3): 429-434.
[ZHI J, GAO J X.Analysis of carbon emission caused by food consumption in urban and rural inhabitants in China. Progress in Geography, 2009, 28(3): 429-434. ]
[48]北京市卫生和计划生育委员会. 北京市卫生与人群健康状况报告[R]. 北京, 2015.
[Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning. Report on health and population health in Beijing. Beijing, 2015. ]
[49]陈文辉, 谢高地, 张昌顺, 等. 北京市消耗食物生态足迹距离[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(4): 904-914.
[CHEN W H, XIE G D, ZHANG C X, et al.The ecological footprint distance of food consumed in Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(4): 904-914. ]
[50]李皇照. 消费者驱动低碳农业发展——食品配销与消费策略之探讨[J]. 台湾农业探索, 2010(4): 12-18.
[LI H Z.Consumers drive low-carbon agriculture—Discussion on food distribution and consumption strategy. Taiwan Agricultural Research, 2010(4): 12-18. ]
[51]曹淑艳, 谢高地. 城镇居民食物消费的生态足迹及生态文明程度评价[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(7): 1073-1085.
[CAO S Y, XIE G D.Footprint and degree of ecological civilization assessment of Chinese urban food consumption. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(7): 1073-1085. ]

Funding

National Key R ɭ Program of China, No. 2017YFC0505703; Funds for International Cooperation and Exchanges of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 51661125010; Joint Fund Project of State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation